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rd\li5386\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo largo de la reaccin.}
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{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {in-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0
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//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencias_ambientales"}}{\fldrslt {ambientales}}}}\fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {, por ejemplo, el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*
\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertidor_catal%C3%ADtico"}}
{\fldrslt {convertidor cataltico}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los}\par\pa
rd\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {automviles y la dinmica d
el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikip
edia.org/wiki/Agujero_de_ozono"}}{\fldrslt {agujero de ozono}}}}\fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_
de_ozono"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Las reac-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ciones catalticas son las preferidas en la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%
ADmica_verde"}}{\fldrslt {qumica verde}}}}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para un medioambiente amigable debido a la reducida}\pa
r\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cantidad de residuo
s que gene{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {ra}}}}{\super \fs12\up3\
cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {[3]}}}}}\fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en lugar de las reac-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ciones}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\f
ldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometr%C3%ADa"}}{\fldrslt
{estequiomtricas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en las que se consumen todos l
os}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reactivos y s
e forman ms productos secundarios. El ca-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {talizador ms comn es el protn (H}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). Muchos}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_de_tran
sici%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {metales}}}}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx694
6\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {de transicin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {y los}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {complejos}}
}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los metales de transi-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin se utilizan en la catlisis. Los cat
alizadores llamados}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima"}}{\fldrs
lt {enzimas}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son importantes en}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0
\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biol
og%C3%ADa"}}{\fldrslt {Biologa}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolog%C3%ADa"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pa
rd\li5386\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El catalizador funciona
proporcionando un camino de}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {reaccin alternativo al producto de reaccin. La velocidad}\par\pard\li
5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la reaccin aumenta a medid
a que esta ruta alternati-}\par\pard\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {va tiene una menor}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_de_activaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fld
rslt {energa de activacin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que la ruta de}\par\pa
rd\li5386\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reaccin no mediada por e
l catalizador. La}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "h
ttps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismutaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {dismutacin}}}}\par\par
d\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols3\colno1\colw5240\colsr-0\colno2\colw146\colsr-0\colno3
\colw5706\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Esquema de
la}\i0 { }\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogenaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {hidrogenacin}}}}\i0 { }\fs16
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de un doble enlace C=C, cataliza-}\i0 \par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {da por un metal.}\i0 \par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx1080\*\
tx1853\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {catlisis}
\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el proceso por el cual se aumenta la}\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{H
YPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_reacci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {
velocidad}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de una}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_qu%C
3%ADmica"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin qumica}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fld
inst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_qu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fld
rslt {, }}}debido a la partici-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {pacin de una sustancia llamada}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {ca
talizador}\b0 { }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y aquellas}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que desactivan la catlisis son denominados
}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Inhibidores"}}{\fldrslt {inhibidores}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un caracterstica
importante es que la masa de cataliza-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dor no se modi\uc1\u64257Xca durante la reaccin qumica, lo
que lo}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferencia
de un}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivo"}}{\fldrslt {reactivo}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactivo"}}{\fldrslt
{, }}}cuya masa va disminuyendo a}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {1}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {d
el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikip
edia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {perxido de hidrgeno}}}}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para dar}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\
*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua"}}{\fldrslt {agua}}}}{ }
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno"}}{\fldrslt {oxgeno}}}}{ }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es una}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {reaccin que est fuertemente afectada por los cataliza-}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dores:}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {2 H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X 2 H}{\sub
\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O + O}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta reaccin est favorecida, en el s
entido de que los}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {p
roductos de reaccin son ms estables que el material}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de partida, sin embargo, la reaccin no catalizada
es len-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta. La desc
omposicin del perxido de hidrgeno es de}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pard\sect\sect
d\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn34
6\cols2\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {hecho tan lenta que las soluciones de perxido de hidr-}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {geno estn disponibles come
rcialmente. Tras la adicin}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {de una pequea cantidad de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldi
nst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_manganeso"}}{\fldrs
lt {dixido de manganeso}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLI
NK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_manganeso"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}el
pe-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rxido de hidrg
eno reacciona rpidamente de acuerdo}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {a la ecuacin anterior. Este efecto se ve fcilmente por}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efervescenci
a"}}{\fldrslt {efervescencia}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del oxgen{\field{\
*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {o.}}}}{\super \fs12\up3\cf2\f0\charscalex10
0 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {[4]}}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {El dixido de manganeso}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {puede ser recuperado sin cambios, y volver a utilizarse de}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {forma inde\uc1\u64257Xnida,
y por lo tanto no se consume en la reac-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin. En consecuencia, el dixido de manganeso}{ }\fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\i {cataliza}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {esta reaccin}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}{\super \fs14\up
2\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fldrslt {[5]}}}}}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-493\slmult0 \*\tx1200\fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {
2}\b0 \tab \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Caractersticas}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {La caracterstica general de la catlisis es que la reac-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4186\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin cataltica tiene un menor c
ambio de}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_de_Gibbs"}}{\fldrslt {energa libre}}}}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etapa_li
mitante"}}{\fldrslt {etapa limitante}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hasta el}
{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/Estado_de_transici%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {estado de transicin}}}}{ }\fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {reaccin no catalizada correspondiente, resultando en una}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor velocidad de reaccin a
la misma temperatura. Sin}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {embargo, el origen mecnico de la catlisis es complejo.}\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los catalizadores pueden afectar fa
vorablemente al en-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {torno de reaccin, por ejemplo, los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\f
ldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalizador_%C3%A1cido"}}{\fldrs
lt {catalizadores cidos}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {para las reacciones de los compuestos}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_carbonilo"}}{\fl
drslt {carbonlicos}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {for-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {man compuestos intermedios espec\uc1\u642
57Xcos que no se pro-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {ducen naturalmente, tales como los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\
*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster"}}{\fldrslt {steres
}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de Osmio en}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidroxilaci%C3%B3n_asim%C3%A9trica
_de_Sharpless"}}{\fldrslt {dihidroxilacin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{
}\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Alqueno"}}{\fldrslt {alquenos}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cataliz
adas por el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%B3xido_de_osmio"}}{\fldrslt {tetrxido}}}}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLI
NK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%B3xido_de_osmio"}}{\fldrslt {de osmio}
}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/Tetr%C3%B3xido_de_osmio"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}o hacer la ruptura de los r
eactivos a formas}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{reactivas, como el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {hidrgeno atmico}}}}{ }\
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogenaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {hidr
ogenacin}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catalti
ca.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fl
dinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tica_qu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fl
drslt {Cinticamente}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tica_qu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}las r
eacciones catalticas se comportan}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {como las}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPER
LINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_qu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fldrslt {reac
ciones qumicas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tpicas, es decir, la velo-}\par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cidad de reaccin depende
de la frecuencia de contacto}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {de los reactivos en la etapa determinante de velocidad}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(ver}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscal
ex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3n
_de_Arrhenius"}}{\fldrslt {ecuacin de Arrhenius}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3n_de_Arrhe
nius"}}{\fldrslt {). }}}Normalmente, el cataliza-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dor participa en esta etapa lenta, y las veloci
dades estn}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {limitad
as por la cantidad de catalizador. En}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\
fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis_heterog%C3%A9nea
"}}{\fldrslt {catlisis he-}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A
1lisis_heterog%C3%A9nea"}}{\fldrslt {terognea}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la
difusin de los reactivos a la super\uc1\u64257Xcie de}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contacto y la difusin de los productos desde
dicha su-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {per\uc
1\u64257Xcie puede ser la etapa determinante de la velocidad.}\par\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Eventos similares relacionados con
la unin del}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrato_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {sustrato}}}}\par\pard
\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la disociacin del product
o se aplican en la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis_homog%C3%A9nea"}}{\fldrslt {catlisis
ho-}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\
*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis_homog%C3%A9nea
"}}{\fldrslt {mognea}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aunque los catalizadores no son consumidos p
or la propia}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reac
cin, pueden resultar inhibidos, desactivados o des-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {truidos por procesos secundarios. En la catlisi
s hetero-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gnea, pr
ocesos secundarios tpicos incluyen el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\f
ldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coque"}}{\fldrslt {coqueo}}}}\fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {donde el catalizador se cubre por productos secunda-}\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rios}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADmero"}}{\
fldrslt {polimricos}}}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADmero"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Adems, los cataliza
dores heterogneos}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
pueden disolverse en la solucin en un sistema slido-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lquido o evaporarse en un sistema slido-gas.}\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-480\slmult0 \*\tx1200\fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3
}\b0 \tab \fs28\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Principios generales de la catli-}\b0 \pa
r\pard\li1200\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {sis}\b0 \par\colu
mn\pard\li480\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \*\tx786\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3}\i0 \ta
b \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {PRINCIPIOS GENERALES DE LA CATLISIS}\i0 \par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.1 Mecanismo tpico}\b0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los catalizadores generalmente reaccionan con uno o}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms de los reactivos para
formar productos intermedios}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {que, posteriormente, conducen al producto \uc1\u64257Xnal de reac-}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin. En el proceso se
regenera el catalizador. El siguiente}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {esquema es tpico de una reaccin cataltica, donde}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {re-}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presenta el catalizador, X e Y so
n los reactivos, y Z es el}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {producto de la reaccin de X con Y:}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {X +}{ }\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594
X X}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(1
)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Y + X}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X XY}
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(2)}\p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {XY}\fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Z (3)}\par\pard\
li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Z \uc1\u8594X}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {C}\b0 \i0 { }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ Z (4)}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Aunque el catalizador
es consumido por la reaccin 1,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {posteriormente es producido por la reaccin 4, por lo que}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la reaccin global es:}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\b {X + Y \uc1\u8594X Z}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como el cataliz
ador se regenera en una reaccin, a menu-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {do bastan pequeas cantidades del catalizador para incre-}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mentar la velocidad de
una reaccin. Sin embargo, en la}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {prctica los catalizadores son algunas veces consumidos}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en procesos secundarios.}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Como ejemplo de este proce
so, en 2008, investigadores}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {daneses revelaron por primera vez la secuencia de sucesos}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charsc
alex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diox%C3%ADg
eno"}}{\fldrslt {oxgeno}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihidr%
C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {hidrgeno}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se combinan en
la super-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u642
57Xcie del}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_titanio"}}{\fldrslt {dixido de titanio}}}}{
}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(TiO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {, o}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {titania}\i0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {) para producir}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {agua. Con una serie de imgenes de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopio_de_efecto_
t%C3%BAnel"}}{\fldrslt {microscopa de efec-}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.or
g/wiki/Microscopio_de_efecto_t%C3%BAnel"}}{\fldrslt {to tnel}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {a intervalos, determinaron que las molculas su-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {fren}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorci%C3%B3n"}}{\fld
rslt {adsorcin}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disociaci%C3%B3n"}}{\f
ldrslt {disociacin}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difusi%C3%B3n_(
f%C3%ADsica)"}}{\fldrslt {difusin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {antes de reac
cionar.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los estados
intermedios de reaccin fueron: HO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {, H}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {luego H}{\sub \fs14\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {2}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el producto \uc1\u64257Xnal de la reaccin
(}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/D%C3%ADmero_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {dmeros}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la mo
lcula de agua), tras lo cual la molcula de agua se}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia
.org/wiki/Desorci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {desorbe}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
de la super\uc1\u64257Xcie del catalizado{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#6"}}{\fl
drslt {r.}}}}{\super \fs14\up3\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLIN
K "#6"}}{\fldrslt {[6]}}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100\b {3.2 Catlisis y energtica de la reaccin}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los
catalizadores funcionan proporcionando un mecanis-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mo (alternativo) que involucra un}{ }\fs20\cf1\
f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es
tado_de_transici%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {estado de transicin}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {di-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {feren
te y una menor}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http
s://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_de_activaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {energa de
activacin}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_de_activaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Por lo tan
to,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms colisiones mo
leculares tienen la energa necesaria pa-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ra alcanzar el estado de transicin. En consecuencia, los}\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catalizadores permiten
reacciones que de otro modo es-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {taran bloqueadas o ralentizadas por una barrera cintica.}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El catalizador puede aumentar
la velocidad de reaccin o}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de la selectividad, o permitir que la reaccin ocurra a me-}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nores temperaturas. Este efecto pue
de ser ilustrado con}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{una}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wi
kipedia.org/wiki/Distribuci%C3%B3n_de_Boltzmann"}}{\fldrslt {distribucin de Boltz
mann}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y un}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fie
ld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_perfil_de_ene
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40\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.
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3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los catalizadores}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\b {no}\b0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cambian el rendimiento de una rea
c-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin:}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\b {no}\b0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen efecto en el}{
}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia
.org/wiki/Equilibrio_qu%C3%ADmico"}}{\fldrslt {equilibrio qumico}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {de una}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {reaccin, debido a que la velocidad, tanto de la reaccin}\par\pard\sect\sectd
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}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn346\col
s3\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw4306\colsr-0\colno3\colw1400\pard\li773\ri
0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {3.3 Materiales catalticos tpicos}\i
0 \par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3.3 Materiales catalticos tpicos}\b0 \par\co
lumn\pard\li0\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}\par\pard\sect\se
ctd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw538
6\colsr-0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\i {Diagrama genrico de energa potencial mostrando el efecto de}\i0 \par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {un catalizador en una h
ipottica reaccin qumica exotrmica X}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs14\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {+ Y para producir Z. La presencia del catalizador abre un c
a-}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mino de
reaccin diferente (mostrado en rojo) con una energa}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {de activacin menor. El resultado \uc1\u642
57Xnal y la termodinmica glo-}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {bal son la misma.}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
26\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {directa como de la inversa, se ven afecta
das (ver tambin}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica"}}{
\fldrslt {termodinmica}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). El hecho de que un catal
izador no cam-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bi
e el equilibrio es una consecuencia de la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field
{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_ley_de_la_termodin%
C3%A1mica"}}{\fldrslt {segunda ley}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Segunda_ley_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica"}}{\fldrslt {de la termodinmica}}}}\fs18\cf
Segunda_ley_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Supongamos que hay un cat
aliza-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dor que mo
di\uc1\u64257Xca el equilibrio. La introduccin del ca-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {talizador en el sistema dara lugar a la reac
cin para ir}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de nue
vo al equilibrio, produciendo energa. La produc-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin de energa es un resultado necesario, puesto que
las}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reacciones s
on espontneas s y slo s se produce}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst
{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Gibbs"}}{\fldrsl
t {energa}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fie
ld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_libre_de_Gib
bs"}}{\fldrslt {libre de Gibbs}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y si no hay una
barrera energtica no}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {hay necesidad de un catalizador. En consecuencia, la eli-}\par\pard\li773\ri0
\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {minacin del catalizador tambin resulta
ra en una reac-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cin
, produciendo energa; esto es, tanto la adicin, como}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su proceso inverso, la eliminacin, produciran en
erga.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {As, un catali
zador que pudiera cambiar el equilibrio se-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ra un}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldins
t{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3vil_perpetuo"}}{\fldrslt {mvil
perpetuo}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es
.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3vil_perpetuo"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}en contradiccin con las
leyes de}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la term
odinmic{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {a.}}}}{\super \fs14\up3\cf2\
f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[7]}}}}}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx2240\*\tx2933\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si un c
atalizador}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {cambia}\b0 \tab \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {el equilibrio, entonces debe}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consumirse a medida que avanza la reaccin, y por lo tan-}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {to tambin es un reac
tivo. Algunos ejemplos ilustrativos}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {son la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPE
RLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3lisis"}}{\fldrslt {hidrlisis}}}}{
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fl
dinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ster"}}{\fldrslt {steres}}}}
{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catalizada por bases, donde}\par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_carbox%C3%ADl
ico"}}{\fldrslt {cido carboxlico}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producido reacc
iona inmediatamente}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {con el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://w
ww.google.co.uk/webhp?hl=en#hl=en&q=catalizador+b%25C3%25A1sico+%2522base+cataly
st%2522"}}{\fldrslt {catalizador bsico}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y as el eq
uilibrio de la reaccin}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {se desplaza hacia la hidrlisis.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {La}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLIN
K "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidades_derivadas_del_Sistema_Internacional"}}
{\fldrslt {unidad derivada SI}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para medir la}{
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {actividad cataltica}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de un catalizador es el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal"}}
{\fldrslt {katal}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "ht
tps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katal"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}que es igual a moles por se-
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gundo. La activi
dad de un catalizador puede ser descrita}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {por el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst
{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_conversiones"}}{\fldrsl
t {nmero de conversiones}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERL
INK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_conversiones"}}{\fldrslt {, }}
}o TON (del ingls}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {turn}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {over number}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {), y la e\uc1\u64257Xciencia cataltica por la}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {frecuencia}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {de conversiones}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, TOF (del ingls}{ }\fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100\i {turn over frequency}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {). El
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {equivalente bioq
umico es la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_actividad_enzim%C3%A1tica"}}{\fldrslt {unidad de
actividad enzim-}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_activid
ad_enzim%C3%A1tica"}}{\fldrslt {tica}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Para ms inf
ormacin sobre la e\uc1\u64257Xciencia de la cat-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lisis enzimtica, ver el artculo de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3
%A1lisis_enzim%C3%A1tica"}}{\fldrslt {Catlisis enzimtica}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El catali
zador estabiliza el estado de transicin ms que}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los que estabiliza el material inicial. Disminuye
la ba-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rrera cint
ica al disminuir la}{ }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {diferencia}\i0 { }\fs18\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {de energa entre}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {el material inicial y el estado de transicin.}\par\column\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {La naturaleza qumica de los catalizadores es tan diversa}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {como la catlisis misma, aunque p
ueden hacerse algunas}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {generalizaciones. Los}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPER
LINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido"}}{\fldrslt {cidos}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {prticos son probablemente}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los catalizadores ms ampliamente usados, especialmente}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para muchas reaccion
es que involucran agua, incluyendo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {la hidrlisis y su inversa. Los slidos multifuncionales a}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menudo suelen ser catalticame
nte activos, por ejemplo}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {las}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolita"}}{\fldrslt {zeolitas}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{, la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BAmina"}}{\fldrslt {almina}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {y ciertas formas de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERL
INK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono"}}{\fldrslt {carbono}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {gra-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {ftico. Los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https
://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_de_transici%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {metales de transi
cin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son utilizados a menu-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do para catalizar reacciones}{ }\fs18\c
/Reducci%C3%B3n-oxidaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {redox}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {(oxigenacin, hidroge-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {nacin). Muchos procesos catalticos, especialmente los}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que involucran hidrgeno, requieren metales
del}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_del_platino"}}{\fldrslt {grupo}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240
\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wi
kipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_del_platino"}}{\fldrslt {del platino}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Alguno
s de los llamados catalizadores son, en realidad,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {precatalizadores}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{. Los precatalizadores se convierten en}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el catalizador en el transcurso de la reaccin. Por ejem-}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {plo, el}{ }\fs20\cf1
\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
atalizador_de_Wilkinson"}}{\fldrslt {catalizador de Wilkinson}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {RhCl(PPh}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {)}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pie
rde un}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ligando}{ }\
g/wiki/Trifenilfosfina"}}{\fldrslt {trifenilfos\uc1\u64257Xna}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {antes de entrar en el verdadero ci-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {clo cataltico. Los precatalizadores son ms fciles
de al-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {macenar, per
o son fcilmente activados}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {in situ}\i0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {. Debido a}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {esta etapa de preactivacin, muchas reacciones catalticas}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {involucran un perodo de induccin.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las especies qumicas q
ue mejoran la actividad cataltica}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {son denominadas}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {co-catalizadores}
\b0 { }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {promotores
}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, en la}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {catlisis cooperativa}\b0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4 Tipos de catli
sis}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los catalizadores pueden ser homogneos o heterog-}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neos, dependiendo de
si existe un catalizador en la misma}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1
\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F
ase_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {fase}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que el}{
org/wiki/Sustrato_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {sustrato}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {. Los}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima"}}{\fldrslt {biocatalizadores}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {son vistos a me-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {nudo como un grupo separado.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.1 Catalizadores heterogneos}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Los catalizadores heterogneos son aquellos que actan}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en una}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fiel
d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fl
drslt {fase}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferente que los}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\
charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/React
ivo"}}{\fldrslt {reactivos}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La mayora de}\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los catalizadores heterogneo
s son}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wi
kipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lidos"}}{\fldrslt {slidos}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {que actan so-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bre
sustratos en una mezcla de reaccin}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fld
inst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido"}}{\fldrslt {lquida}}}
}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o gaseosa.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se conocen diversos mecanismos para las}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\
charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacc
iones_en_superficies"}}{\fldrslt {reacciones en}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Reacciones_en_superficies"}}{\fldrslt {super\uc1\u64257Xcies}}}}\fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, dependiendo de cmo se lleva a cabo la ad-}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sorcin (}\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacciones_en_su
perficies_#_mecanismo_de_Langmuir_Hinshelwood"}}{\fldrslt {Langmuir-Hinshelwood}
}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacciones_en_superficies_#_Mecanism
o_Eley-Rideal"}}{\fldrslt {Eley -Rideal}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\
*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacciones_en_superficies_#_M
ecanismo_Eley-Rideal"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}y Mars-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {van Krevelen).}{\super \fs14\up3\cf2\f0\charscalex10
0 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[8]}}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {El rea super\uc1\u64257Xcial total del slido tiene}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un efecto importante en la velocidad de reacc
in. Cuanto}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {menor sea
el tamao de partcula del catalizador, mayor}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el rea super\uc1\u64257Xcial para una masa dada de par
tculas.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por ejemplo,
en el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_Haber"}}{\fldrslt {proceso de Haber}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc
eso_de_Haber"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldi
nst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierro"}}{\fldrslt {hierro}}}}{ }\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u64257Xnamen-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {te dividido sirve como un catalizador para la sntesis d
e}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldins
t{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco"}}{\fldrslt {amonaco}}}}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a partir de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fiel
d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt
{nitrgeno}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\f
ield{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldr
slt {hidrgeno}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Los}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"}}{\fldrslt {ga
ses}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reactantes}{
.org/wiki/Adsorci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {se adsorben}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {en los \uc1\u8220Xsitios activos\uc1\u8221X de las par-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tculas de hierro. Una vez adsorbidos, lo
s enlaces dentro}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
las molculas reaccionantes se resienten, y se forman}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuevos enlaces entre los fragmentos generados,
en parte}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margr
sxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\m
argtsxn666\margbsxn346\cols2\colno1\colw5386\colsr-0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li773\
ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {debido a su proximidad. De esta manera e
l particular-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {men
te fuerte}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_enlace"}}{\fldrslt {triple enlace}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {en el nitrgeno se debilita y los}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tomos de hidrgeno y nitrgeno se combinan ms rpi-}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do de lo que lo haran e
l caso en la fase gaseosa, por lo}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {que la velocidad de reaccin aumenta.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\
slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los catalizadores heterogneos suelen estar \u
c1\u8220Xsoportados\uc1\u8221X,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {que signi\uc1\u64257Xca que el catalizador se encuentra disperso
en}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {un segundo mat
erial que mejora la e\uc1\u64257Xcacia o minimiza}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {su costo. A veces el soporte es ms que una super
\uc1\u64257Xcie}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {s
obre la que se transmite el catalizador para aumentar el}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rea super\uc1\u64257Xcial. Ms a menudo, el
soporte y el catalizador}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {interactan, afectando a la reaccin cataltica.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.2}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {Catalizadores homogneos}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Normalmen
te los catalizadores homogneos estn disuel-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tos en un disolvente con los sustratos. Un ejemplo de}\
par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4453\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catlisis h
omognea implica la in\uc1\u64258Xuencia de}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fie
ld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrsl
t {H}}}}{\super \fs12\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {e
n la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\f
ldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterificaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt
{esteri\uc1\u64257Xcacin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los steres, por ejem
plo, acetato de me-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {tilo a partir del cido actico y el metanol.}{\super \fs12\up3\cf2\f0\charscalex
100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[9]}}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {Para los qu-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{micos inorgnicos, la catlisis homognea es a menudo}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sinnimo de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fiel
d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_organomet%C3%
A1lica"}}{\fldrslt {catalizadores organometlicos}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{
\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_organome
t%C3%A1lica"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\fs14\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYP
ERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[10]}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx
1306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.3}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Ele
ctrocatalizadores}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li77
3\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En el contexto de la}{ }\fs18\c
/Electroqu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fldrslt {electroqumica}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica"}}
{\fldrslt {, }}}espec\uc1\u64257Xcamente en la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ingeniera de las}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_combustible"}}{\
fldrslt {pilas de combustible}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_combustible"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}q
ue contienen va-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
rios metales los catalizadores se utilizan para mejorar las}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {velocidades de las}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semirre
acci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {semirreacciones}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que c
onforman la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_combustible"}}{\fldrslt {pila}}}}\par\pard\li773\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "htt
ps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_combustible"}}{\fldrslt {de combustible}}}}\f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Un tipo comn de electrocatalizador de}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {pila de combustible se basa en}{
.org/wiki/Nanopart%C3%ADculas"}}{\fldrslt {nanopartculas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:
//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino"}}{\fldrslt {platino}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que estn soportadas en partculas un poco ma
yores de}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{
\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono"}}{\fldrslt {carbn}}}
org/wiki/Carbono"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Cuando este electrocatalizador de platino est
en}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contacto con u
no de los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodo"}}{\fldrslt {electrodos}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {en una pila de com-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {bustible, aumenta la velocidad de reduccin del}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charsc
alex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgen
o"}}{\fldrslt {oxgeno}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {a agua (o}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "ht
tps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido"}}{\fldrslt {hidrxido}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {o}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {perxi
do de hidrgeno}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https
://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C3%B3xido_de_hidr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {).}}}}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.
4}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Organocatlisis}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Mientras que los metales de transicin a veces atraen ms}\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la atencin en el estudio de la catlisis
, las molculas or-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{gnicas que no contengan metales tambin pueden po-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {seer propiedades catalticas. Normalmente, los cat
aliza-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dores orgni
cos requieren una mayor carga (o cantidad}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de catalizador por unidad de cantidad de reactivo) que
los}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catalizadores
basados en metales de transicin, pero es-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tos catalizadores suelen estar disponibles comercialmen
-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {te en grandes c
antidades, ayudando a reducir los costos.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A principios de los 2000, los organocatalizadores fuero
n}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {considerados un
a \uc1\u8220Xnueva generacin\uc1\u8221X y eran competido-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {res de los tradicionales catalizadores q
ue contenan me-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ta
les. Las reacciones}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima"}}{\fldrslt {enzimticas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {operan a travs de los}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {principios de la catlisis orgnica.}\par\column\pard\li1320\ri0\
sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {5 IMPORTANCIA DE LA CATLISIS}\i0 \pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {4.5 Nanocatlisis}
\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El principio de la nanocatlisis se basa en la premisa
de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que los material
es catalticos aplicados en la nanoescala}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tienen mejores propiedades, en comparacin con lo que}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {exhiben en una macroescala
.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5 Importanc
ia de la catlisis}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0
\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Se estima que el 90% de todos los pr
oductos qumicos}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prod
ucidos comercialmente involucran catalizadores en}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \*\tx3680\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alguna etapa del proceso de su fabricacin
.}\fs14\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[11]
}}}}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En 2005,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los procesos catalticos generaron cerca de 900.000 mi-
}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llones de dlares en
productos de todo el mundo.}\fs14\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPE
RLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[12]}}}}{\sub \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La}}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {catlisis es tan penetrante que
las subreas no son fcil-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {mente clasi\uc1\u64257Xcables. Algunas reas de particular concen-}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tracin se estudian ms adelante.}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-440\slmult0 \fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.1 Procesamiento de energa}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E
l re\uc1\u64257Xnado de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERL
INK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leo"}}{\fldrslt {petrleo}}}}{ }\fs20
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {hace un uso intensivo de la ca-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tlisis para la}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquilaci%C3%B3n"}}
{\fldrslt {alquilacin}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alquilaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {,}}}}{ }\fs20\cf1\
f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr
acking_catal%C3%ADtico"}}{\fldrslt {craqueo cataltico}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {(rotura de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {h
idrocarburos de cadena larga en trozos ms pequeos),}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reformado de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fie
ld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ter_de_petr%C3%B3le
o"}}{\fldrslt {nafta}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformado
_con_vapor"}}{\fldrslt {reformado con vapor}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(c
onversin}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs20
\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Hidrocarburos"}}{\fldrslt {hidrocarburos}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en
}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikiped
ia.org/wiki/Gas_de_s%C3%ADntesis"}}{\fldrslt {gas de sntesis}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {). Incluso los gases de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {combustin de la quema de combustibles fsiles es trata-}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {da a travs de la catlisis:}{ }\f
s20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Convertidor_catal%C3%ADtico"}}{\fldrslt {convertidores catalticos}}}}\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, nor-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {malmente compuestos de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platino"}}{\fldrslt {platino}}}}{ }\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{H
YPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodio"}}{\fldrslt {rodio}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, rompen algunos}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {de los subproductos ms nocivos de los gases de escape}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los automviles.}\par\pard\li40
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {2 CO + 2 NO \uc1\u8594X 2 CO}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\
fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ N}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Con respecto a los combustibles sintticos, un viejo pero}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {importante proceso es el}{ }\fs2
iki/Proceso_Fischer-Tropsch"}}{\fldrslt {sntesis de Fischer-Tropsch}}}}{ }\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {hidrocarburos a partir del}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldins
t{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_de_s%C3%ADntesis"}}{\fldrslt {gas
de sntesis}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que a su vez se}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {procesa a travs de la}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%
C3%B3n_de_cambio_agua-gas"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin de cambio agua-gas}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {, ca-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {talizada por el hierro. El}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodi%C3%A9sel"}}{\fldrslt {Biodisel}}}}
{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y los biocombustibles}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\sl
mult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relacionados requieren un procesamiento tanto
a travs}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de los catal
izadores inorgnicos como de los biocataliza-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dores.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Las}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "ht
tps://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_combustible"}}{\fldrslt {pilas de combustibl
e}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se basan en catalizadores de las}\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reacciones tanto andicas como c
atdicas.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.2 P
roductos qumicos a granel}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algunos de los productos qumi
cos obtenidos a gran es-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {cala se producen a travs de la oxidacin cataltica, a me-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl
-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nudo usando}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex1
00 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno"}}{
\fldrslt {oxgeno}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. Algunos ejemplos son el}{ }\fs2
iki/%C3%81cido_n%C3%ADtrico"}}{\fldrslt {cido n-}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmul
t0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_n%C3%ADtrico"}}{\fldrslt {trico}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {(a partir de amonaco), el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BArico"}}{\fldrsl
t {cido sulfrico}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(a partir}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fiel
d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_azufre"}}{
\fldrslt {dixido de azufre}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%
B3xido_de_azufre"}}{\fldrslt {trixido de azufre}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{por el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.
wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BArico#Formaci%C3%B3n_del_%C3%A1cido"}}{\f
ldrslt {proceso}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {
{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%B
Arico#Formaci%C3%B3n_del_%C3%A1cido"}}{\fldrslt {de las cmaras de plomo}}}}\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wik
i/%C3%81cido_sulf%C3%BArico#Formaci%C3%B3n_del_%C3%A1cido"}}{\fldrslt {), }}}el}
{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_tereft%C3%A1lico"}}{\fldrslt {cido tereftlico}}}}{ }\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {a partir de}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {p-xileno, y el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HY
PERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrilonitrilo"}}{\fldrslt {acrilonitrilo}
}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a partir de propano y amonaco.}\par\pard\li0\ri
0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Muchos otros productos qumicos son g
enerados por}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {reducc
in a gran escala, a menudo a travs de}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pgh
sxn16826\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn346\cols2\colno1\colw5386\c
olsr-0\colno2\colw5706\pard\li773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\
i {5.6 En el medio ambiente}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
ki/Hidrogenaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {hidrogenacin}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogenaci%C3%B3n"}}{
\fldrslt {. }}}El ejemplo a mayor escala es el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco"}}{\fldr
slt {amonaco}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que se prepara a travs del}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex
100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_Habe
r"}}{\fldrslt {proceso de Haber}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a partir de}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitr%C3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {nitrgeno}}}}
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. El}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldin
st{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanol"}}{\fldrslt {Metanol}}}}{ }\
fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es preparado a partir de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex10
0 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%B3xido_de_
carbono"}}{\fldrslt {monxido}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3
%B3xido_de_carbono"}}{\fldrslt {de carbono}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\fiel
d{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%C3%B3xido_de_carbono"}
}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Los polmeros a granel derivados de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldi
nst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etileno"}}{\fldrslt {etileno}}}}{ }
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{
HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propileno"}}{\fldrslt {propileno}}}}{ }
\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {se}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {preparan a menudo a travs de la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalizador_Ziegler-Natt
a"}}{\fldrslt {catlisis Ziegler-Natta}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los polisteres, las poliamid
as, y los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocianato"}}{\fldrslt {isocianatos}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {se obtie-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {nen a travs de la}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis_%C3%A1cido-base"}}{\fldrslt {catli
sis cido-base}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:
//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1lisis_%C3%A1cido-base"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \*\tx4453\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La mayora de los
procesos de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:
//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonilaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {carbonilacin}}}}\tab \fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {requieren}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {catalizadores metlicos, los ejemplos incluyen la snte-}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sis de cido actico mediante e
l}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/Proceso_Monsanto"}}{\fldrslt {proceso Monsanto}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {y la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroformilaci%C3%
B3n"}}{\fldrslt {hidroformilacin}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldins
t{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroformilaci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {.}
}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {5.3}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Qumica \uc1\u64257Xna}\b0 \par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {Muchos productos de qumica \uc1\u64257Xna se preparan a travs}
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la catlisis, lo
s mtodos incluyen a los de la indus-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {tria pesada, as como procesos ms especializados que se-}\par\pa
rd\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ran prohibitivamente caro
s a gran escala. Algunos ejem-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {plos son la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPE
RLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A1tesis_de_olefinas"}}{\fldrslt {mett
esis de ole\uc1\u64257Xnas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {usando el}{ }\fs18\
i/Catalizador_de_Grubbs"}}{\fldrslt {catalizador de}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \*\tx1680\*\tx3586\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPER
LINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalizador_de_Grubbs"}}{\fldrslt {Grubbs}}}
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, la}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fl
dinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_de_Heck"}}{\fldrslt
{reaccin de Heck}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, y la}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charsca
lex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3
n_de_Friedel-Crafts"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin de Friedel-}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_de_Friedel-Crafts"}}{\fldrslt {Crafts}}}}\fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Debido a que la mayora de los compuestos bioactivos}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fie
ld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiralidad_(qu%C3%ADmica)
"}}{\fldrslt {quirales}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLI
NK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiralidad_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}mu
chos productos farmacuticos son pro-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {ducidos por catlisis enantioselectiva.}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.4}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100\b {Procesamiento de alimentos}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
Una de las aplicaciones ms obvias de la catlisis es}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la hidrogenacin (reaccin con el}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\c
harscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C
3%B3geno"}}{\fldrslt {hidrgeno}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gas) de las}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2493\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {grasas usand
o}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel"}}{\fldrslt {nquel}}}}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {c
omo catalizador para producir la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx1946\fs
18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Margarina"}}{\fldrslt {margarina}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\fs12\cf2
\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[13]}}}}\tab \f
s18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Muchos otros productos alimenticios se}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {preparan a travs de biocatlisis (va
se ms abajo).}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-
213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \*\tx1306\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100\b {5.5}\b0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Biologa}\b0 \par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx2573\*\
tx3306\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En la naturaleza, las}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charsc
alex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima"}}{\
fldrslt {enzimas}}}}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son catalizadores en el}\pa
r\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx1866\*\tx2293\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\
field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismo"}}{\fldrsl
t {metabolismo}}}}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y el}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charsc
alex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolismo
"}}{\fldrslt {catabolismo}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {. La mayora de bioca-}\p
ar\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {talizadores estn bas
ados en protenas, es decir, enzi-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {mas, pero otras clases de biomolculas tambin exhi-}\par\pard\li773
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx4200\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ben propiedades cataltic
as incluyendo las}\tab \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK
"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozima"}}{\fldrslt {ribozimas}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozi
ma"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}y}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {de}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxirribozima"}}{\fldrslt {desoxirribozimas}}}}{ }\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {sinttic{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {as.}}}}\
fs14\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[14]}}}
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los biocatalizad
ores se pueden considerar como interme-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dio entre los catalizadores homogneos y los heterog-}\par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {neos, aunque estrictame
nte hablando las enzimas solubles}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {son catalizadores homogneos y las enzimas enlazadas a}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx1680\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst
{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrana_semipermeable"}}{\fldrslt {me
mbrana}}}}\tab \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son heterogneas. Varios factores afect
an la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {actividad d
e las enzimas (y otros catalizadores), incluyen-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {do la temperatura, el pH, la concentracin de la e
nzima,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el sustrat
o y los productos. Un reactivo particularmente}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {importante en las reacciones enzimticas es el agua,
que}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es el produc
to de muchas de las reacciones en que se for-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {man enlaces y un reactivo en muchos procesos en que
se}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rompen enlace
s.}\par\column\pard\li4306\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5}\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las enzimas se empl
ean para preparar los productos}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \*\tx2706\*\tx4
080\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {qumicos bsicos, incluyendo el}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\cha
rscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarabe_d
e_ma%C3%ADz"}}{\fldrslt {jarabe de maz}}}}\tab \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y la}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{H
YPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrilamida"}}{\fldrslt {acrilamida}}}}\f
/wiki/Acrilamida"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
0\f0\charscalex100\b {5.6 En el medio ambiente}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La catl
isis tiene un impacto en el medio ambiente me-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diante el aumento de la e\uc1\u64257Xciencia de los
procesos indus-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tri
ales, pero la catlisis tambin juega un papel directo en}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el medio ambiente. Un ejemplo notable es el p
apel catal-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tico de
los}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/Radical_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {radicales libres}}}}{ }\fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del en la destruccin del}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\f
ield{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono"}}{\fldrslt {ozon
o}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Estos radicales se forman por la accin de la}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C
3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {radiacin}}}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviol
eta"}}{\fldrslt {ultravioleta}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre los}{ }\fs
20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/
wiki/CFC"}}{\fldrslt {cloro\uc1\u64258Xuorocarburos}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {(CFC)}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-3
46\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cl}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {}\b0 }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3}}\f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X ClO}{\super \fs14\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100
\b {}\b0 }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ O}{\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\p
ar\pard\li400\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ClO}{\super \fs14\u
p3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {}\b0 }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ O}{\super \fs14\up
3\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8594X Cl}{\super \fs1
4\up3\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {}\b0 }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {+ O}{\sub \fs14\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {2}}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\b {6 Historia}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En un sentido general, cualquie
r cosa que aumenta la ve-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {locidad de un proceso es un \uc1\u8220Xcatalizador\uc1\u8221X, un trmino}\
par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {derivado del}{ }\fs2
iki/Idioma_griego"}}{\fldrslt {griego}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {, que signi
\uc1\u64257Xca \uc1\u8220Xanular\uc1\u8221X, \uc1\u8220Xdesatar\uc1\u8221X, o}\p
ar\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220Xrecoger\uc
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0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el uso de platino en la catlisis. En
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\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald"}}{\f
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charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unive
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0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3
%81cidos"}}{\fldrslt {cidos}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {y las bases, y en-}
\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contr que las reacci
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erza de cidos y bases. Por este trabajo,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {Ostwald fue galardonado en 1909 con el}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\char
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0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia
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b {7 Inhibidores, venenos y promoto-}\b0 \par\pard\li426\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs3
0\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {res}\b0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las sustancias que redu
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as que aumentan la actividad cataltica, en}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
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ard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El inhibidor puede modi\u
c1\u64257Xcar la selectividad adems de la}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {velocidad. Por ejemplo, en la reduccin del}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\
charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etino
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ex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteno"}}{\fld
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alex100 {venenando selectivamente slo a ciertos tipos de sitios}\par\pard\li773\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {activos. Otro mecanismo es la modi
\uc1\u64257Xcacin de la geo-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {metra de la super\uc1\u64257Xcie. Por ejemplo, en las operaciones}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de hidrogenacin, grand
es planchas de super\uc1\u64257Xcie met-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lica funcionan como lugares de catlisis}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroge
nolisis"}}{\fldrslt {hidrogenoltica}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {mientras que los sitios que catalizan la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\ch
arscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroge
naci%C3%B3n"}}{\fldrslt {hidrogenacin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de}\par\p
ard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {los insaturados son men
ores. As, un veneno que cubre la}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {super\uc1\u64257Xcie al azar tienden a reducir el nmero de grandes
}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {planchas no cont
aminada, pero dejan proporcionalmente}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {ms sitios pequeos libres, as se cambia la hidrogenacin}\par\par
d\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {frente a la hidrogenolisi
s selectiva. Tambin son posibles}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {otros muchos mecanismos.}\fs14\cf2\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\f
ldinst{HYPERLINK "#7"}}{\fldrslt {[17]}}}}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-493\slm
ult0 \*\tx1200\fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {8}\b0 \tab \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0\b {Diagramas de energa}\b0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Diagrama de ene
rgas.}\i0 \par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-306\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La \uc1\u64257Xgura muestra el diagrama de u
na}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikip
edia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_qu%C3%ADmica"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {catalizada,}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {mostrando como vara la}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldins
t{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa"}}{\fldrslt {energa}}}}{
}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(E) de las molculas que}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {participan en la reaccin durante el proceso de
reaccin}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(tiempo,
t). Todas las}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https
://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula"}}{\fldrslt {molculas}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {contienen una cantidad}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {determinada de energa, que depende del nmero y del}\par\pard\l
i773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tipo de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\char
scalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlace_qu
%C3%ADmico"}}{\fldrslt {enlaces}}}}{ }\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presentes en e
lla. Los}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrato_(bioqu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {sustratos}}}}{ }\fs1
8\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o reacti-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {vos (A y B) tienen una energa determinada, y el o los}\par\pard\
li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLIN
K "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producto_(qu%C3%ADmica)"}}{\fldrslt {productos}
}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(AB en el gr\uc1\u64257Xco), otra.}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Si la energa total de los sust
ratos es mayor que la de los}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\cha
rscalex100 {productos (por ejemplo como se muestra en el diagrama),}\par\pard\li
773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_
exot%C3%A9rmica"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin exotrmica}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_exot%C3%A9
rmica"}}{\fldrslt {, }}}y el exceso de energa se des-}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prende en forma de}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscale
x100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor"}}{\fldr
slt {calor}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Por el contrario, si la energa}\par
\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {total de los sustrato
s es menor que la de los productos, se}\par\pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {necesita tomar energa del exterior para que la reaccin}\par\
pard\li773\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tenga lugar, lo que se
denomina}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://e
s.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%C3%B3n_endot%C3%A9rmica"}}{\fldrslt {reaccin endotrmic
a}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\column\pard\li2773\ri0\sl-320\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {10 REFERENCIAS}\i0 \par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Cuando las molculas de los sustratos se van acerc
ando}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para reacciona
r, pierden estabilidad (usando una analoga}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20
ki/Antropomorfismo"}}{\fldrslt {antropomr\uc1\u64257Xca}}}}\fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {, a las molculas \uc1\u8220Xles gusta\uc1\u8221X mantener su}\par\pard\li0\
ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {espacio vital, y las intromisione
s no son bienvenidas). La}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {inestabilidad se mani\uc1\u64257Xesta como un aumento de la ener-}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ga del sistema (es el pico
de energa que se ve en el dia-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {grama). Cuando los sustratos se convierten en productos,}\par\pard\li
0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {las molculas se separan y se rel
ajan de nuevo, y el con-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {junto se estabiliza.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {Las}{ }\fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzima"}}{\fldrslt {enzimas}}}}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {catalizan las reacciones estabilizando el in-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {termedio de la reaccin, de manera que el \uc1\u82
20Xpico\uc1\u8221X de ener-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {ga necesario para pasar de los sustratos a los productos}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es menor. El resultado \uc1\u64257
Xnal es que hay muchas ms mol-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {culas de sustrato que chocan y reaccionan para dar lugar}\par\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a los productos, y la reaccin tra
nscurre en general ms}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{deprisa. Un catalizador puede catalizar tanto reacciones}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-
240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {endotrmicas como exotrmicas, porque en los
dos casos}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es neces
ario superar una barrera energtica. El cataliza-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dor (E) crea un microambiente en el que A y B puede
n}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {alcanzar el estad
o intermedio (A...E...B) ms fcilmente,}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {reduciendo la cantidad de energa necesaria (E2). Como}\par\pard
\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resultado, la reaccin es ms fci
l, optimizando la veloci-}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {dad de dicha reaccin.}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {Los catalizadores no alteran el equilibrio qumico propio}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la reaccin en ningn caso.}\par\pa
rd\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li0\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {9 Vase tambin}\b0 \par
\pard\li200\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \*\tx
400\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\fi
eld{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actividad_enzim%C3%A1tic
a"}}{\fldrslt {Actividad enzimtica}}}}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400
\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field
{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalizador_Lindlar"}}{\fld
rslt {Catalizador Lindlar}}}}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs20\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldi
nst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADquel_Raney"}}{\fldrslt {Nquel
Raney}}}}\par\pard\li200\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{\uc1\u8226X}\tab \fs20\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http
s://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactor_qu%C3%ADmico"}}{\fldrslt {Reactor qumico}}}}\pa
0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs30\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {10 Referencias}\
b0 \par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-253\slmult0
\*\tx1453\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[1] Jencks, W.P.}\tab \fs16\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.
}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1969.}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:
//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070323054"}}{\fldrslt {ISBN 0-07-03
2305-4}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.w
ikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070323054"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pard\li9
3\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[2] Bender, Myron L; Makoto Kom
iyama y Raymond J Ber-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {geron}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {The Bioorganic Chemistry of Enzymat
ic Catalysis}\i0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {.}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, U.S., 1984}{ }\fs16\c
/Special:BookSources/0471059919"}}{\fldrslt {ISBN 0-471-}}}}\par\pard\li400\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471059919"}}{\fldrslt {05991-9}}}}\f
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471059919"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-373
\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[3]}\tab \fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://web.archive.org/web/http://www.epa.gov/gr
eenchemistry/pubs/principles.html"}}{\fldrslt {The 12 Principles of Green Chemist
ry}}}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://web.archiv
e.org/web/http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html"}}{\fldrslt {.}
}}}{ }\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"}}{\fldrslt {Unite
d States}}}}\i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i
{{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Envir
onmental_Protection_Agency"}}{\fldrslt {Environmental Protection Agency}}}}\i0 \
g/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}Archivado
desde}{ }\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.e
pa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html"}}{\fldrslt {el ori-}}}}\par\pard\li4
00\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "
http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/pubs/principles.html"}}{\fldrslt {ginal}}}}{ }
\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el 23 de noviembre de 2015. Consultado el 31 de}\par
\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {julio de 2006.}\par\p
ard\li93\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx400\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[4]}\tab \fs16\c
f1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "http://www.chem.umn.edu/servi
ces/lecturedemo/info/genie.htm"}}{\fldrslt {Genie in a Bottle}}}}\fs16\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {.}{ }\fs16\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:
//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"}}{\fldrslt {University of Minne
sota}}}}\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"}}{\fldrslt {. }}}2 de marzo}\par\pard\l
i400\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de 2005.}\par\pard\li93\ri0\
sl-373\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[5] Masel, Richard I.}{ }\fs14\cf0\f0
\charscalex100\i {Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis}\i0 { }\fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Wiley-}\par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Inter
science, New York, 2001.}{ }\fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPER
LINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471241970"}}{\fldrslt {
ISBN 0-471-24197-0}}}}\fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471241970"}}{\fldrslt {.}}}}\
par\pard\li93\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs16\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {[6] Making Water Ste
p by Step,}{ }\fs14\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https:/
/es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_&_Engineering_News"}}{\fldrslt {Chemical & Engin
eering}}}}\i0 \par\pard\li400\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf1\f0\charscalex100\i {{
\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_&_Engineerin
g_News"}}{\fldrslt {News}}}}\i0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {{\field{\*\fldinst{H
YPERLINK "https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_&_Engineering_News"}}{\fldrslt
{, }}}16 de febrero de 2009, p. 10.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage{\shp
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