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Computer Notes PDF
Computer Notes PDF
Computer Notes PDF
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Uses of Networks
Computer network can be used for various purposes. The main
uses of computer network are;
It allows the multiple users to access and share programs and
data simultaneously.
It allows multiple users to share peripherals devices, such as
printers and hard disks.
It allows to send e-mails along with files.
It allows the users to communicate via teleconferencing and
video conferencing.
What is local area network (LAN)? Also describe the
components of LAN.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network system in which
computers are interconnected in a limited geographical area, such
as network of computers in college computer laboratory or
network of computers in office building etc.
In LAN, computers are connected together through
communications media so that each computer can share the
resources of others. A LAN covers short distance, such as one
office or building or a group of buildings that are closer to each
other.
Components of LAN
A local area network has a standard set of components used to
connect computers and to share the information between them.
These are described below.
(i) Communication Media
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token, and then it can transmit data. When the node has sent its
message, it releases the token back to the network. Since only
one token is circulating around the network, only one device is
able to access the network at a time. Thus no collision occurs. The
main disadvantage of this scheme of data exchange is that, it has
very slow data transfer rate.
Describe the "ARCnet" protocol used in LAN.
ARCnet stands for Attached Resource Computer network. It uses
either twisted pair wire or coaxial cable, and the star topology with
hub attached to the network.
The original ARCnet protocol was very slow, but it became
popular because it was inexpensive, reliable, and easy to set up
and to expand. Today, transmission rate
of fast ARCnet is improved which is about 100 M bits per second.
Similarly, ARCnet also includes the capability to use optic fiber
cable.
Describe the Wide Area Network (WAN). Wide Area Network
(WAN)
A Wide Area Network is a network system that covers a large (or
wide) ' geographical area such as different cities of country or
different countries of the world. In WAN, usually the personal
computers as remote terminals are connected to the larger
computer such as mainframe or mainframe, to send and receive
data. Since the larger computers are designed to be accessed by
terminals, so PC can communicate with larger computers only if
the PC follows to be a terminal. This is made possible by using a
software on the PCs, known as terminal emulation software, which
makes capable of a PC to perform a function as terminal to
communicate with larger computer. The larger computer then
considers the PC or workstation as just another input/output
device or terminal.
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.
What are the network standards? Also describe their types.
Network Standards
The standards are the precise documents containing technical and
physical specifications about the network being designed.
Normally those standards are taken into consideration and are
worldwide acceptable.
By following the network standards, the networks can be reliable
and efficient. Normally, two types of standards are followed. These
are:
De Facto Standard
De facto means "by tradition" or "by facts". These standards were
developed without any formal plan and came to existence
because of historical developments. These standards are most
commonly used by the organizations worldwide.
De Jure Standard
De Jure means "according to law or regulation". These standards
have been properly approved by the networks governing body.
Few of these governing bodies are:
* American National Standard Institute (ANSI)
* The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
* The International Standard Organization (ISO)
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Hybrid Network
The hybrid network has combined features of both client/server
and peer-to-peer networks (or arrangements). It has a server and
the users can share the data 'and software. Similarly, each node
can store its own files, programs, and has its own peripheral
devices. The users can also share each other's data and devices.
These are the main advantage of hybrid arrangement.
What is meant by network topologies? Also write names of
different LAN topologies.
Network Topologies
In networking, the term topology is the way of connecting nodes
(or devices.) on a network. In other words, a topology represents
the shape of network. Network topology can be divided into the
following basic types.
(a) Bus topology
(b) Star topology
(c) Ring topology
(d) Tree topology
(e) Mesh topology
\ Two or more of the above mentioned basic types of topologies
may be
combined together to form more complex shape of networks.
Describe in detail the "Bus" topology. Bus Topology
In bus network, all nodes (or devices) are connected to a common
communication medium or central single cable. This single cable
is called bus. The devices or nodes are attached with the central
cable (or bus) through interface connector. The central cable is the
backbone cable, which functions as shared communication
medium. In bus network, when a computer or node sends a
message to another computer, it also attaches the- address of the
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Data Communication
What is data communication? Define the basic
components of communication network.
Data Communication
*
Communication means the exchange of information or messages.
When we talk with" each other, we are exchanging information.
For corhSliunication of information or messages, we use
telephones, computers, and wireless devices that are linked in a
network. Data communication is the exchange of data between
two devices via transmission media such as a wire cable. In other
words, we can say that transfer of information or data from one
location to another is called Data
communication.
Generally, the term data communication can be defined as the
movement of
encoded information by means of electrical transmission systems
from one computer or device to another through communication
channels such as cable, wireless media etc.
Frequency:
EBCDIC Code
EBCDIC stands for Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code. It is 8-bit code. In this binary coding system 256 (2 )
different characters can be represented inside the computer. It is
used by IBM (International Business Machine) computers. It
provides an efficient way to communicate data between hosts,
which use EBCDIC coding scheme for data representation. For
transmission, the data is represented as 8-bit EBCDIC characters.
ASCII Code
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. It was developed by American National Standards
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Baseboard
Base band is a communication technique in which digital signals
are directly transmitted over transmission line without changing
into analog signals (i.e. without using modulation technique). In
this communication technique, there is no need to use any
complex modem. The digital signals are commonly called base
band signals. The token ring and Ethernet use base band signals
(or digital signals).
Broadband
Broadband is another communication technique in which large
amount of data such as voice and video, is transmitted over long
distances simultaneously by modulating each signal onto a
different frequency. In "broadband transmission, FDM (Frequency
Division Multiplexing) technique is used, in which multiple signals
(or several streams of data) can be transmitted simultaneously.
Broadband is the bandwidth used for direct communication
between very high-speed computer such as mainframe computer.
This bandwidth includes microwaves, satellites, fiber optics media
etc.
What is communication media or channel? Communication
Media
A path through which data is communicated from one place to
another is r ferred to as communication media or channel. The
twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fi;>er optic cable, microwave,
satellite etc. are examples of communication channels.
The communication media is divided into two types,
4
(i) Guided Media
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