C

, ..
[3] [2SO4].
,

.
:
() = ( / )/ ( /
/).

gr /100
% (% w/w)

mL /100 mL
% (% v/v)

gr /100 mL
% (%w/v)


,



, ,
mol 1 L


, (molarity)
,
mol 1 Kg
m, (molality)
eq 1 L
, (normality)


( mol)


(mole fraction)
(
mol)
1.
(molarity, ):
moles
1 .
.. 3,5 KCl 3,5 mol/L: KCl
, 3,5 moles KCl 1 .

moles

C=n/V

n = m / Mr

2. (molality, m):
moles
1000 gr.
.. 3,5 m KCl 3,5 mol/1000 gr:
KCl , 3,5 moles KCl 1000 gr
. (
).

3. (Normality, N):
(eq)
1 .
.. 3,5 N KCl 3,5 eq/L: KCl
, 3,5 KCl 1 .

(EW)
.
 , EW = Mr /

: =
: = + -
- : =

: eq = m / EW

: eq:
m: g
EW:

: N = eq / V

: : eq/L
eq:
V: L

4. :
moles
moles , 0 1.
.. 0,4 10
moles , 4
.
5. (m/m) (%
w/w), % . .:
gr 100 gr
(
).

6. (% m/v)
(% w/v), % . o.:
gr 100 mL
(
).

7. (%v/v) % . o.:
mL 100 mL
[ , ..
20% v/v 79% v/v (
)].

8. (%v/w)
% o...:
mL 100 gr
(
).

9. (ppm, parts per million):

,
.
.. 1 ppm ()
:
1gr KOH 106 gr
1 mgr KOH 103 gr
1 gr KOH 1 gr
1 mL 1 gr, :
1 ppm = 1 mgr/1000 gr = 1 mgr/L = 1 gr/ gr =1 gr/ mL

10. (ppb, parts per billion):

,
.
.. 1 ppb ()
:
1gr KOH 109 gr
1 mgr KOH 106 gr
1 gr KOH 103 gr
1ngr KOH 1 gr
1 mL 1 gr, :
1 ppb = 1 gr/1000 gr = 1 gr/L = 1 ngr/gr =1 ngr/mL

1) ppm mol/L:
=

d
( ppm) . = ( mol)/ L
1000 Mx
 :
1
( ppm) . = ( mol)/ L
1000 Mx

ppm % . :

ppm
= % .
10000

2) mol/L %...:

( mol)/L x Mx/10 = %..

3) mol/L eq/L:

( mol)/L = f x ( eq)/L
f =

1.

95% 1,84
gr/mL.

1 mL / 1,84 gr
1000 mL =; 1840 gr
100 gr / 95 gr 2SO4 ( 5 2)
 1840 gr =; 1748 gr
2SO4 :
n = m/M.B = 1748/98 = 17,83 mol
2SO4 17,83 mol 2SO4/1000mL /
17,83 .
:
N = f x M = 2 x 17,83 = 35,66 eq/L

2.
/ KCl (M.B=74,6) 800C,
50%, / 1,343
g/mL. / 500
mL / 2686 ppm KCl;

1 mL / 1,343 gr
1000 mL =; 1343 gr
100 gr / 50 gr KCl
1343 gr ( 1L) = ; 671,5 gr
1mole KCl 74,6 gr
x=; 9mol 671,5 gr
/ 9.
H ppm
( mol/L) x 1000 x MKCl = ppm
9 x 1000 x 74,6 = 671400 ppm KCl
: 671400 x V = 500 x 2686 V = 2 mL.
3. / CaCO3, 150 ppm
300 ppm. /
100 mL /
200 ppm;

( mL)

.
: + =100 (1)
: x c1 + x c2 = c x ( + )
x 150 + x 300 = 200 x 100

= 66,667 mL = 33,333 mL

4. w/v / NH3
14,6% w/w 0,94 ( ).
/;

1 mL / 0,94 gr
1000 mL =; 940 gr
100 gr / 14,6 gr NH3
940 gr =; 137,24 gr
1000 mL / 137,24 gr NH3
NH3 :
n = m/M.B = 137,24/17 = 8,07 mol
8,07 .

:
 100 gr / .
85,4gr H2O 14,6 gr NH3
1000 gr =; 170,96 gr
NH3 :
n = m/M.B = 170,96/17 = 10,06 mol
10,06 m.

5. /
Mohr, / 100 ppm ( /

1gr/ mL).

100 ppm Fe, 1000 mL

100 mg Fe 0.1 g, n
moles:
n = m / MFe = 0,1 / 55,84 = 0.00179 mol
Mohr
FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O,
Fe.
Mohr
Fe, 1., 9.10-3 M.
,
,
. ,

1 g / L.
6. 1% (CaSO4) ..
CaSO4 mg/l
[parts per million (ppm)]. (Ca+2) mg/l
. , 2=1 kg/l.

10grCaSO4 10gr
1% CaSO4 .. = = = 10000 mg/l
1000 grH2O H2O

1grCaSO4 1 X 10000 10000

1% CaSO4 .. = = = = 10000
ppm
100 grH2O 100 X 10000 1.000.000

() CaSO4:

MB = 40 + 32 + 4 X 16 = 136 gr
CaSO4

Ca+2 (mg/l) = 10000 mg/l X (40/136) = 2941 mg/l

CaSO4
1,03 kg/l.

ppm

10gr 10 gr
1% CaSO4 = = = 10300 mg/l H2O
1000 grH2O 1000 / 1,03 l
7. M (molarity)
N (normality) 1%
CaSO4 ..

MB CaSO4 = 136

moles CaSO4
M = = 10 gr/l x (1/136) = 0,07 M 70 mM
CaSO4

Ca+2 = 136/2 = 68 gr

N = 2 X 0,07 = 0,14 eq 140 meq

8. :

) 120 mg/l CO3-2

CO3-2 = 2

CO3-2 = 12 + 3 X 16 = 60 gr

60/2 = 30 gr/eq

120 mg/l
CO3-2 = = 4 X 10-3 eq/l = 4 meq/l
30000 mg/eq

B) 36,5 mg/l HCl

HCl H+ + Cl- = /1 = 36,5 g/eq =

36,5 mg/meq


36,5 mg/l
N HCl = = 1 meq/l
36,5 mg/meq

) 120 mg/l CO3- CO3- + 2H+

H2CO3

MB CO3-2 = 60 gr
60/2 = 30 gr/eq = 30 mg/meq

120 mg/l
-2
CO 3 = = 4 meq/l
30 mg/meq

) 120 mg/l CO3-2

CO3-2 + 2 CO3- + OH-

1 HO- 1 mole C3-2

MB
-2
C 3 = = 60/1 = 60 gr/eq = 60 mg/meq
1 eq/mole

120 mg/l
= = 2 meq/l
60 mg/eq
9. 1,25 meq/l O2 mg/l
:

O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2H2O

1 mole O2 = MB O2/4e- = 8 gr/eq = 8 mg/meq

1,25 meq/l O2 = 1,25 eq/l x 10-3 x 8 gr/eq = 10 X 10-3 gr/l =

10 mg/l.