Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
What is Cellular?
There are three major types of Cellular
terrestrial mobile communications
technologies
Cellular
! Users are provided wide area
mobility from multiple base stations
with handover permitted MSC PSTN
Cordless Communication Paging
! Users are provided limited mobility Control
from a dedicated base station Centre
Cordless
Paging
! Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice
messages are sent to the subscriber
typically using simulcasting Paging
Cellular Generations
Data
People talk about mobile
rate
technology in terms of generations
! 1st Generation or 1G
! 2nd Generation or 2G
! 2.5G
! 3rd Generation or 3G
But what do these mean?
1st Generation
1976+, though really the
technology of the 1980s
Analogue modulation
Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Voice traffic only
No inter-network roaming possible
Insecure air interface
2nd Generation
1990s
000
Digital modulation
Variety of Multiple Access 00
1111
strategies 01
10
Voice and low rate circuit switched 10
00 1 0 0
1 0 0 100
0100
0
111100010001
data 1 1 0 0 0 1
Same technology roaming 01 10 1110
0
1110
Secure air interface
GSM
First networks in 1992
European developed standard, but GSM phones from 1999/2000
with worldwide subscriber base
Different frequency bands
! GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
Largest 2nd Generation subscriber
base
Frequency/Time Division Multiple
Access
Open/Standardised Interfaces
GSM Planning
Macrocells and microcells
! Capacity driven planning
Frequency planning required
Optional parameters requiring
planning
! Hierarchical Cell Structures
! Frequency Hopping
GSM networks use microcells
! Discontinuous Transmission to provide additional capacity.
! Power Control As with 1st generation
networks frequency planning
Simple subscriber/traffic analysis is required
D-AMPS/PDC
TDMA (D-AMPS) PDC
! North American TDMA/FDMA ! Japanese TDMA/FDMA based
based standard based upon AMPS standard
! Predominantly used in North and ! Predominantly used in Asia
South America ! Planning Similar to GSM
! ANSI-41 Core Network
! Planning Similar to GSM
cdmaOne
First networks in 1996
cdmaOne phones from
Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air 1999/2000
interface
Largely American subscriber base
with some Asian networks
Code Division Multiple Access
! This is in many ways the closest
2nd generation standard to many
of the 3rd generation standards
ANSI-41 core network
Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps
cdmaOne Planning
Macrocells and microcells
Single Frequency Unlike GSM there is no
frequency planning
! multiple frequencies for hotspots required for cdmaOne
However soft handover
Soft Handover (multiple means that there are
connections between mobile and zones where there are
network) two/three connections to
the network
Code Planning
Capacity Interference Limited
1 Connection
2 Connections
3 Connections
93
95
97
99
01
19
19
19
19
19
20
Analogue
Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd
Generation Mobile Communications,
Artech House, 1998
2000
European Union
1500 Countries
North America
1000
Asia Pacific
500
Rest of World
0
1995 2000 2005 2010
2.5G
Now...
Digital modulation 2.5G technologies are
based upon existing 2G
Voice and intermediate rate technologies but are
circuit/packet switched data focussed at increasing
the maximum data rates
Same technology roaming that the technologies can
deliver
Secure air interface
Based upon existing dominant
standards such as GSM or
cdmaOne
HSCSD
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utilises:
! Multiple channel coding schemes
(4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per
timeslot)
! Multiple timeslots
Circuit Switched Data rates to
57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps
channel coding per slot)
Nokia Cardphone
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Enhancement to the GSM standard
Utlilises
! Multiple Channel Coding Schemes
(9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps,
21.4kbps)
! Multiple Timeslots
! Packet Switching
Ericsson R520 Alcatel One Touch 700
Packet Switched Data typically to (available 1Q 2001)
Sagem MC850
(available October 2000)
rates of 115kbps
! Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8
timeslots
IS-95B
Enhancement to cdmaOne
standard
Utilises
! High rate coding scheme
! Combined code channels
! packet switching
Packet Switched Data to rates of
114kbps Qualcomm PDQ
Smartphone
Questions
What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation technology?
What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne?
How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards?
Session Summary
Weve now set the scene - we can start talking about where
people want to go from here now
The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:
! 1G is analog voice
! 2G is digital voice
! 2.5G is digital intermediate rate data
You also know its the coffee break nowand to come back at
10:45!
Japan
Korea
3G Standardization Environment
IMT-2000 Standards
The IMT-2000
family of standards
European Drivers
Europe and European Influenced Countries
! GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe
! Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz
! IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
! EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for at least 1 operator per
country
! Major Drivers
" Higher Data Rates
" Continued global dominance of European based standard
UMTS
Japan/Korean Drivers
Japan and Korea
! PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated
! IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
! Political US relationships...
! Major Drivers
" Capacity for Voice
" Global market for cellular infrastructure
UMTS
Cordless Drivers
You cant get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards
Hence a requirement for cordless style standards
! UMTS TDD Mode
! DECT
Relationships
between the
standards
organisations
The Road to 3G
HSCSD
Possible Evolution
Paths to 3G
UMTS FDD
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
Built onto enhanced GSM core network
Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission
! CDMA
! FDD
! Asynchronous operation
Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)
UMTS TDD
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
Built onto enhanced GSM core network
Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! CDMA
! TDD
! Asynchronous operation
Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)
cdma2000
Built onto ANSI-41 core network
Utilises:
! QPSK modulation
! Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
! CDMA
! FDD
! Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne
! Synchronous operation
Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)
EDGE
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
! Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards
Utlilises:
! 8PSK Modulation
! Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136
! 8 Channel Coding Schemes
! Multiple Timeslots
! TDMA
Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)
4th Generation...
Probably 2005-2007
Broadband data rates in excess of
1Mbps
Probably 10MHz+ carriers
...
Questions
What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS?
Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE?
What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000?
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed:
! The key goals of IMT-2000
! The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions
! The key industry bodies and their relationships
! The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are:
" UMTS FDD
" UMTS TDD
" cdma2000
" EDGE