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Radar 2009 A - 4 Radar Equation PDF
Radar 2009 A - 4 Radar Equation PDF
Lecture 4
The Radar Equation
Parameter
Tracking Thresholding Detection
Estimation
Data
Recording The Radar Range Equation Connects:
1. Target Properties - e.g. Target Reflectivity (radar cross section)
2. Radar Characteristics - e.g. Transmitter Power, Antenna Aperture
3. Distance between Target and Radar - e.g. Range
Photo Image
Courtesy of US Air Force 4. Properties of the Medium - e.g. Atmospheric Attenuation.
Used with permission.
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 2
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Outline
Introduction
Radar Losses
Examples
Summary
Detection
Illuminate selected area with enough energy to detect targets of
interest
Measure target observables
Measure range, Doppler and angular position of detected
targets
Track
Correlate successive target detections as coming from same
object and refine state vector of target
Identification
Determine what target is - Is it a threat ?
Handover
Pass the target on to;
Missile interceptor
Data Collection function
Air Traffic Controller / Operator
R
Incident Energy
Radar
Antenna Target
Reflected Energy
Pt G t
Power density of reflected
signal at radar 4 R2 4 R2
R
Radar
Antenna Target
Reflected Energy
The received power = the power density at the radar times the
area of the receiving antenna
Power of reflected Pr
Pt G t A e = power received
signal from target and Pr =
received by radar 4 R2 4 R2 Ae = effective area of
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory receiving antenna
Used with Permission
Man Made
Receiver Interference
Ground Noise
Radio Stations, Radars, etc)
Where: Ts = Ta + Tr + L r Te
Ta is the contribution from the antenna
Tr is the contribution from the RF components
between the antenna and the receiver
L r is loss of the input RF components (natural units)
Te is temperature of the receiver
The 3 temperature components can be broken down further :
Ta = (0.88 Tsky 254) / (L a + 290)
T = T (L 1) and T = T (F 1)
Where: r tr r e o n
10,000
Sky Noise Temperature (K)
1,000
Elevation Angle
1
100
5
10
10
1
100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Frequency (MHz)
The data on this graph takes into account the following effects:
Galactic noise, cosmic blackbody radiation, solar noise, and
atmospheric noise due to the troposphere
(Adapted from Blake, Reference 5, p 170)
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 12
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Outline
Introduction
Radar Losses
Examples
Summary
S Pt G 2 2
=
N (4 ) 3 R 4 k Ts B n L
Track Example
S Pt G 2 2 S Pav A e t s
= =
N (4 ) 3 R 4 k Ts B n L N 4 R 4 k Ts L
Where:
Pav = average power
= solid angle searched
t s = scan time for
A e = antenna area Search Example
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
S Pav A e t s
=
N 4 R 4 k Ts L
Re-write as:
Range coverage
S Measurement quality
4 R4
Pav A e N
=
k Ts L ts Time required
Target size
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
S
=
Pav A e t s 4 R 4 k Ts L (S / N )
Pav =
N 4 R 4 k Ts L Ae t s
Power required is:
Independent of wavelength
A very strong function of R
A linear function of everything else
100 K
R = 3000 km
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
ASR- 9
10 K Airport Surveillance Radar
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory.
ASDE- 3 Used with permission.
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m) Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
100 K ASDE- 3
R = 3000 km Airport Surface Detection
R = 300 km R = 1000 km Equipment
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
Courtesy Target Corporation
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m) Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
ARSR- 4
100 K Air Route Surveillance Radar
R = 3000 km
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr ARSR- 4 Antenna
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target (without Radome)
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m) Courtesy of Northrop Grumman.
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with permission.
Used with Permission
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 20
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Search Radar Performance
100 K
R = 3000 km WSR-88D / NEXRAD
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
Courtesy of NOAA.
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m) Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
100 K TDWR
R = 3000 km Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
R = 300 km R = 1000 km
10 K
ARSR- 4
Average Power (W)
WSR-88D/NEXRAD
R = 100 km
1K
ASR- 9
TDWR
Search 1 sr
100 In 10 sec for
1 sq m Target
R = 30 km S/N = 15 dB
Loss = 10 dB
10 T = 500 deg
ASDE- 3
R = 10 km
1
0.1 1 10 100 Courtesy of Raytheon.
(Equivalent) Antenna Diameter (m)
Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 22
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Outline
Introduction
Radar Losses
Example
Summary
Introduction
Radar Losses
Examples
Summary
Location of Pulses
0.0
Elevation
Angle
2.0 0.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
4.0
0.0 8.0
30 100 300 1000 3000
Slant Range (nmi) (Adapted from Blake, Reference 5, p 192)
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 31
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Loss Due to Atmospheric Attenuation
10 0.5
Elevation
Angle 1 4 1.0
1 5 2.0
2
10 5.0
10.0
0.1 0
100 1,000 10,000 100,000 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Radar Frequency (MHz) Radar to Target Distance (nmi.)
Introduction
Radar Losses
Examples
Summary
S Pt G 2 2
=
N (4 ) 3 R 4 k Ts B n L
Pt = 1.4 Megawatts R = 111, 000 m
G = 33 dB = 2000 Ts = 950 o K
= .1 m B n = 1.67 MHz
= 1 m2 L = 8dB = 6.3
k = 1.38 x 10 -23 w / Hz o K (4 ) 3 = 1984
S / N = 1.3 dB per pulse (21 pulses integrated) => S / N per dwell = 14.5 dB
+ 13.2 dB Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 37
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Example - Airport Surveillance Radar
dB Method
(+) (-)
Peak Power 1.4 MW 61.5
(Gain) 2 33 db 66
(Wavelength ) 2 .1 m 20
Cross section 1 m2 0
( 4 ) 3 1984 33
(Range )4 111 km 201.8
k 1.38 x 10 -23 w / Hz o K 228.6
System Temp 950 29.8
Losses 8 dB 8
Bandwidth 1.67 MHz 62.2
+ 356.1 - 354.8
+ 1.3 dB
S / N = 1.3 dB per pulse (21 pulses integrated) => S / N per dwell = 14.5 dB
( + 13.2 dB) Courtesy of MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Used with Permission
IEEE New Hampshire Section
Radar Systems Course 38
Radar Equation 1/1/2010 IEEE AES Society
Example # 2 Range Instrumentation Radar
10
0
1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1,000 5,000 10,000
Number of Pulses Non-Coherently Integrated
(Adapted from Blake in Skolnik, see Reference 4, p 192)
Antenna
Efficiency 65 %
Diameter (meters) 6
Gain (dB) 49.6
Introduction
Radar Losses
Examples
Summary
Dr Stephen D. Weiner
Dr. Claude F. Noiseux