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SMPS Topologies PDF
SMPS Topologies PDF
SMPS Topologies PDF
I INTRODUCTION
This paper presents an overview of the most the rectifier, different types of voltage
important DC-DC converter topologies. The converters can be made:
main object is to guide the designer in selecting
the topology with its associated power - Step down Buck regulator
semiconductor devices.
- Step up Boost regulator
The DC-DC converter topologies can be
divided in two major parts, depending on - Step up / Step down Buck - Boost regulator
whether or not they have galvanic isolation
between the input supply and the output II - 1 The Buck converter: Step down
circuitry. voltage regulator
II NON - ISOLATED SWITCHING
REGULATORS The circuit diagram, often referred to as a
chopper circuit, and its principal waveforms
According to the position of the switch and are represented in figure 1:
AN513/0393 1/18
APPLICATION NOTE
Device selection:
I
Icmax or ID max > Iout +
2
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APPLICATION NOTE
ton
=
T
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APPLICATION NOTE
iL
* Power switch :
Vcevmax or VDSS > Vinmax + Vout
Iout I
Icmax or IDmax > +
1- 2
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APPLICATION NOTE
II.4 Summery
Supplied
input discontinuous continuous discontinuous
current
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APPLICATION NOTE
The energy is stored in the primary Lp Off-line flyback regulators are mainly used
inductance of the transformer during the for an output power ranging from 30W up to
time the power switch is on, and transferred 250W. Flyback topology is dedicated to
to the secondary output when the power multiple low cost output SMPS as there is
switch is off. If n = Np / Ns is the turns ratio no filter inductor on the output.
of the transformer we have:
*Power switch:
VCEV or VDSS Vinmax + nVout + leakage inductance spike
* Secondary Rectifier:
Vinmax
VRRM Vout +
n
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APPLICATION NOTE
a. Single switch versus double switch In a double switch flyback, the leakage
flyback inductance of the power transformer is
much less critical (see figure 6). The two
In the single switch flyback, an overvoltage demagnetization diodes (D1 and D2) provide
spike is applied across the power switch at a single non dissipative way to systematically
each turn off. The peak value of this clamp the voltage across the switches to the
overvoltage depends upon the switching time, input DC voltage Vin. This energy recovery
the circuit capacitance and the primary to system allows us to work at higher
secondary transformer leakage inductance. switching frequencies and with a better
So, a single switch flyback nearly always efficiency than that of the single switch
requires a snubber circuit limiting this structure. However, the double switch
voltage spike (see figure 5). structure requires driving a high side
switch. This double switch flyback is also
known as asymmetrical half bridge flyback.
* Power switch:
VRRM Vinmax
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APPLICATION NOTE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Good transient line/load response - Large output ripple: Cout (disc.) 2 Cout (cont.)
2Pout 2Pout
* Power switch: ICpeak * Rectifier: IFpeak
Vinmin max Vout (1- max)
2Pout Pout
IDrms IF(AV)
Vinmin (3max) Vout
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APPLICATION NOTE
Continuous mode
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
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APPLICATION NOTE
Ipeak I
with A =
Ipeak
Vin
Vout =
n
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APPLICATION NOTE
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APPLICATION NOTE
* Power switch:
Np
VCEV or VDSS Vinmax [1 + ] + leakage inductance spike
Nd
1.2.Pout
Icpeak
Vinmin . max
1.2.Pout
IDrms
Vinmin . max
*Rectifiers:
Ns
VRRM Vinmax . + leakage inductance spike
FORWARD D1: Nd
IF(av) Iout
Nd
VRRM 1 + N Vinmax
DEMAGNETIZATION D3: p
Imagnpeak
IF(av) . max
2
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APPLICATION NOTE
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APPLICATION NOTE
This type of converter always uses an even T1 and T2 switches (see figure 11) are
number of switches. It also better exploits alternately turned-on during a time ton. The
the transformers magnetic circuit than in secondary circuit operates at twice the
asymmetrical converters. So, smaller size switching frequency.
and weight can be achieved. A deadtime td between the end of conduction
of one switch and the turn-on time of the
The three most common structures used other one is required in order to avoid
are: simultaneous conduction of the two switches.
Vin
- PUSH/PULL Vout = 2
- HALF BRIDGE with capacitors n
- FULL BRIDGE Moreover, the snubber network in symmetrical
converters must be carefully designed,
since they inter-react with one another.
Figure 11: Push-Pull converter
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APPLICATION NOTE
* Power switch
Pout
IDpeak or ICpeak
Vinmin
* Rectifier
Ioutmax
IF(av)
2
The switches are easy to drive since they are The capacitors in series across the supply fix
both referenced to ground, however they a mid-point so that switches withstand only
must withstand twice the input supply voltage. once the input voltage Vin.
The inherent flux symmetry problems can be However, this topology requires driving a
corrected with a current mode PWM control high side switch. When using bipolar switches,
circuit. transistors storage time should have tight
tolerances to avoid imbalance in operating
flux level.
III - 2.2 Half bridge converter
Vin .
Vout =
n
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APPLICATION NOTE
* Rectifier:
(Vout + VF) . Vinmax
VRRM + leakage inductance spike
max.Vinmin
Ioutmax
IF(av)
2
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APPLICATION NOTE
Deadtimes (td an figure 12) between two Sometimes, power transformers are
consecutive switch conduction are absolutely paralleled to provide higher output power.
mandatory to avoid bridge-leg short circuit.
2Vin
III - 2.3 Full bridge converter Vout =
n
Because of the number of components, the
full bridge is for high power applications, Switch pairs T1 and T3, T2 and T4 are
ranging from 500 up to 2000W. alternately driven.
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APPLICATION NOTE
* Power switch:
Pout
ICpeak or IDpeak
Vinmin
VCEV or VDSS Vinmax
* Rectifier:
The full bridge provides twice the output state-of-the-art in switching regulator
power of the half bridge circuit with the same technology in order to reduce size and weight
switch ratings. of power packages.
Nevertheless, this topology requires 4 Output voltage and load current always
switches and clamping diodes. depend upon the application. The power
supply designs are often tailored to specific
IV - CONCLUSION applications. No simple procedure exists to
select the right topology.
Many significant technological changes in
power supply design have resulted in lower This paper provides an overview of the
cost per Watt with improved performance. most commonly used topologies and lists
the most important features for each
Today, designers keep going ahead with the topology.
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