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Jeff Eris 1973
Jeff Eris 1973
ABSTRACT
Communication-satellite systems employing analogue or digital modulation techniques generally require some
means of artificially dispersing their spectra to reduce interference to other services sharing the same frequency
bands. In digital systems, the dispersal can be obtained by the modulo-2 addition of a pseudorandom sequence to
the information signal. Expressions have been derived for the maximum spectral power in the signals of time-
division multiple-access systems employing p.s.k. modulation and using this means of dispersal. The spectral
density due to the preambles in such signals is also determined. An example of the practical application of the
expressions is given.
1 INTRODUCTION except, of course, in the extremely unlikely event that the in-
put information was in some way correlated with the pseudo-
Communication-satellite systems employing analogue modu- random sequence.
lation techniques generally employ a means of artifical
energy dispersal to reduce interference with other services The symbols used for the various p a r t s of the t.d.m.a. signal
sharing the same frequency bands. In systems employing are a s follows (see also Fig. 1):
digital modulation, energy dispersal will also be required,
since certain types of information signal could result in a T = duration of one bit
transmitted radio-frequency signal having strong spectral TF = duration of t.d.m.a. frame
components. These concentrations of energy can cause Tp = duration of preamble
harmful interference to narrow-deviation frequency-modu- TK = duration of information burst of the Kth station
lation systems or other narrowband signals which may be TR = repetition period of the pseudorandom sequence
using the same frequency band as the digital satellite
system. The energy dispersal can be achieved by the TF
modulo-2 addition of a pseudorandom sequence to the trans-
mitted information signal, this process being termed scramb-
ling. The signals are, of course, unscrambled at the re- Tp !! T
ceiver.
UUL
This paper gives expressions for the maximum spectral transmission
power in a time-division multiple-access (t.d.m.a.) satellite Fig.l
system when such energy dispersal is used. Since inter-
ference requirements generally depend on the maximum Modulating signal for one station
power in a specified bandwidth (typically 4 kHz), the spacing
between the spectral lines is also calculated, and will 2 SPECTRAL DENSITY DUE TO INFORMATION
sometimes be relevant. PART OF SIGNALS
The expressions derived relate to phase-shift-keyed (p.s.k.) The signal applied to the scrambler is a continuous stream
modulation with two phases 0 and n, but the effect of higher of zeros. Without energy dispersal, this would have produced
orders of p.s.k. is commented upon. For the analysis, a a radio-frequency spectrum consisting of an unmodulated
t.d.m.a. system 1 is assumed in which the earth stations carrier wave. Modulo-2 addition of the pseudorandom se-
each transmit a burst of modulated carrier for a proportion quence to the all-zero input sequence results simply in the
of an overall frame period T F . Each station's transmitted pseudorandom sequence itself as the signal applied to the
burst is assumed to commence with a preamble consisting modulator. Let us consider the waveform X(t) and the spec-
of modulation by a repetitive 01 pattern for carrier phase trum S(f) of this signal. The amplitudes for binary 1 and 0
and bit-timing recovery, followed by the information signals. are assumed to be +1 and 1, respectively.
(The unique word, which would normally precede the infor-
mation, is ignored here, since it would contribute negligibly Many textbooks on modulation and noise analysis, such as
to the line spectrum of the total signal.) Only the information Reference 2, will give adequate background to the expressions
signal, which follows the preamble, is assumed to be used in this Section.
scrambled by the pseudorandom energy-dispersal signal. Since the sequence is repeated with period TR , we can ex-
The treatment considers the information signal to be a con- press X(t) as a Fourier-series expansion
tinuous stream of zeros applied to the scrambler, since this
is the signal which would produce a worst-case spectrum if
energy dispersal was not used. The effect of different input C n exp (j27mt/TR)
signals would generally be to further randomise the trans- n=-oo
mitted bit stream, and so give even better energy dispersal, T /2
where Cn = J_* X(t) exp (-j27mt/TR)dt
Paper 6923E, first received 23rd June 1972 and in revised
form 12th February 1973 Considering first the spectrum C n m due to the mth pulse of
the sequence
Mr .Jefferis is with the Telecommunications Development
Department, Telecommunications Headquarters, Post Office,
207 Old Street, London ECN 9PS, England H2t/T R )dt
PROC.IEE, Vol. 120, No. 5, MAY 1973 529
where V m is the amplitude of the mth pulse, i.e. +1 or 1. divide the spectrum into two equal parts centred on +fc and
From this, C n m is found to be fc. We therefore obtain
sin (7rnT/TR)
exp j7rn| 1 - (2m - 1)I SS 1 T\rsin{Tr(f-f c )T}
7rnT/TR >(f-f P -
ir(f-fc)T \ c
T
Thus, at frequency n/T R , the amplitude of the spectral com- sin f C )T} n
ponent due to the mth pulse is independent of m, being equal (2)
f c )T C
T^
to
T sin (7rnT/TR) as the spectrum of a carrier 2-phase p.s.k. modulated by
the continuous pseudorandom sequence. An example of such
a spectrum is shown for the positive frequencies only in
The phase angles due to successive pulses, i.e. as n varies Fig. 2. The variations of individual line amplitudes about the
from 1 to T R /T, will be uniformly distributed between 0 and envelope is intended to show the effect of Rn.
2n7T, except that V m will introduce an additional phase of rr
radians when the pulse is a binary 0. lines spaced at I/TR
where Rn is a (pseudo) random variable with an r.m.s. The effect of gating this signal on and off for duration TK in
value of unity and whose probability-density function is de-
each frame period T F is further to spread the energy into
fined by a normalised Rayleigh distribution
many more lines spaced at l / T F . The resultant spectrum
can be obtained by convoluting the spectrum Sx(i) with the
p(R) = 2R exp (-R 2 )
spectrum Se(f) of the gating signal given below:
TABLE 1
CONVOLUTION OF SPECTRUM WITH RAYLEIGH DISTRI-
BUTION l.,nllll inn..
n
I/TK | / T R
Amplitude
relative to spec- Fig. 3
trum envelope at
n = 0, dB 2 0 +2 +4 +6 +8 Pari o/ spectrum due to information component (segment
shown corresponds to AB in Fig. 2)
Probability that
any particular greatest spectral density occurs in the lines at the carrier
line within the frequency. The amplitude of a line near to +fc is
Nyquist bandwidth
exceeds the
stated amplitude 0 4 3 0*27 0'13 0043 0'0081 0-00063
TABLE 3
f c + l/T symbol duration T 0g04 /is
preamble duration T 1 /is
Fig. 4 duration of one station's burst TK 12-5 /is
duration of pseudorandom sequence TR 10*2 /is
Spectrum due to preamble
Tp\ 2
Pp = (5) Pi = = 0-0004R2
P TDN
The phase relationship between the lines in the spectra due Let us assume that it is sufficient to find a quasi-maximum
to the information and the preamble will generally be such value of spectral power, exceeded by no more than 1% of
that power addition of the 2 will be appropriate. However, lines; then an appropriate value to assume for RJJ is about
from Figs. 3 and 4, it can be seen that the sum of the two 5-8 dB (i.e. 20 log 10 R n = 5*8), obtained by interpolation from
spectra may have a maximum at either fc or at fc 1/2T, Table 1.
depending on the relative magnitudes. It can be deduced that, Thus P^ = 28*2 dB relative to unmodulated carrier power.
/ 4 \) Pi, the maximum spectral
if P (eqn. 5) is less than/1
D The maximum spectral power due to the preamble will be
given by eqn. 5 as
power will still be at the carrier frequency and the pre-
amble can be ignored. Otherwise, the maxima will occur
near fc 1/2T (since l / T p will generally be much greater 4 /Tp\2
P pP = 2 - N = 0-00026
than 1/TR), and each maximum will be * \TF/