RESULTS AND DISCUSSION But as seen from the data (Table 1)

there is a difference between the Standard

The first experiment given to the
density and the experimental density of the
members was to measure three different
metal cube. So then the members
objects, that differs within their material,
computed for the percentage error (Figure
shape, weight, depth, thickness and others.
2).
The materials given was measured using a
Vernier caliper and Micrometer Caliper. The
first object tested with a Vernier Caliper was
a metal cube.

Table 1: Using Vernier Caliper (Metal Cube)

Metal Cube
Material: Copper
Mass (g): 143 g
Length (mm): 25.00 mm
Length (cm): 2.500 cm Figure 2: Formula for Percentage Error
Volume (cm): 15.625 cm The Percentage error obtained from
Density (g/cm) the data was 2.81%. It is helpful to know by
Experimental: 9.150 g/cm what percent the experimental value differs
Standard: 8.90 g/cm from the standard value, or to some
Percentage error (%): 2.81% established value. In most cases, a percent
error or difference of less than 10% will be
acceptable. Errors may have been obtained
As seen from Table 1, the metal
in two ways, systematically and randomly.
cube tested was made of copper. That has
Systematic errors, may have been from
a length of 25.00 in millimeter and 2.500 in
imperfectly made instrument/s or to the
centimeter, that has a volume of 15.625
personal technique and bias of the
cm. And from Archimedes formula (Figure
observer. This can be reduced by applying a
1) the density was obtained by dividing the
correction or correction factor to
mass by the volume of the object. Which
compensate for the effect. Random errors
would be 9.150 g/cm.
are errors for which the causes are
unknown or indeterminate, but are usually
small and follow the laws of chance.
Random errors can be reduced by
averaging over a large number of
observations.

Figure 1: Formula for Density

 The second object measured using a hundred. Giving us a percentage error of
a Vernier caliper was the Washer, which is a 2.43%.
small flat ring made of steel that is usually
fixed under a nut or the head of a bolt to
spread the pressure when tightened or In the second half of the experiment,
between two joining surfaces as a spacer or instead of a Vernier Caliper, a Micrometer
seal. Caliper was used for the measurement of
the objects.
Table 2: Using Vernier Caliper (Washer)
The first object measured by the
Washer Micrometer Caliper is the Metal Cube
Material: steel (again). And the same data was also
Mass (g): 6.5g obtained from the micrometer. Comparing
Outer diameter (mm): 28.00 mm Table 3 from Table 1.
Outer diameter (cm): 2.800 cm
Outer radius (cm): 1.400 cm Table 3: Using Micrometer Caliper (Metal
Inner diameter (mm): 11.450 mm Cube)
Inner diameter (cm): 1.145 cm
Metal Cube
Inner radius (cm): 0.5725 cm
Material: copper
Thickness/Height (mm): 1.300 mm
Mass (g): 143 g
Thickness/Height (cm): 0.130 cm
Length (mm): 25.00 mm
Volume (cm): 0.37 cm
Length (cm): 2.500 cm
Density (g/cm) Volume (cm): 15.625 cm
Experimental: 9.7 g/cm
Density (g/cm)
Standard: 7.8 g/cm
Experimental: 9.150 g/cm
Percentage error (%): 2.43%
Standard: 8.90 g/cm
Percentage error (%): 2.81%
As seen from Table 2, the inner and
outer diameters and radiuses of the washer
The last object measured by a
with the use of the Vernier caliper. While the
Micrometer Caliper was the Marble. Which
(experimental) density was obtained by the
is made of glass, has a weight of 5.5g and a
formula (seen from Figure 1) of dividing the
volume of 2.1447 cm (Table 4). From the
mass of the object by its volume, giving us
data obtained, a density of 2.565 g/cm was
9.7 g/cm.
calculated (applying the density formula
Just like in the experiment with the from Figure 1). And a percentage error of
Metal Cube, there is still a difference with 1.54% (see Figure 2).
the experimental density and standard
Table 4: Using Micrometer Caliper (Marble)
density. And just like in the first portion of
the experiment, the members also Marble
computed for the percentage error (same Material: glass
formula as seen in Figure 2) by dividing the Mass (g): 5.5 g
difference of the experiment from standard Diameter (mm): 16.00 mm
with the standard, and then multiplying it by Diameter (cm): 1.600 cm
Radius (cm): 0.800 cm
Volume (cm): 2.1447 cm
Density (g/cm)
Experimental: 2.565 g/cm
Standard: 2.600 g/cm
Percentage error (%): 1.54%