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 Abstract

Abortion is a serious ethical issue and has caused endless debates

throughout the years. Usually the debates about abortion focus on the
following question: should abortion be outlawed and treated like a murder
of a human person or should remain a legal choice, available to all women?
The purpose of this paper is to examine the moral aspects of the a-
bortion conflict. The paper is divided in three sections. In the first one, we
discover that abortion was widely accepted in ancient history, specifically
in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However it was Christianity who
first forbade abortions, claiming the importance of the life of the fetus.
Consequently, people are divided in two groups on the abortion conflict:
pro-lifers and pro-choicers. Philosophers, scientists and of course the
public fall into three camps - conservative, liberal and moderate (or gra-
dualist) - each of which draws on both science and ethical thinking. Their
way of thinking and their thoughts are thoroughly presented, as they play
a significant role in the abortion debate. The first section ends with a
glance at the international legal dealing of abortion, and mainly in Greece
and Cyprus.
The second section contains the most important moral questions on
the abortion. The key question has to do of course with the moral status of
the fetus, that is whether it is a person or not. The distinction between the
human being and the human person is a crucial one if we believe that the
fetus is a person then abortion is morally wrong, but if we believe that it is
not, then there is nothing wrong with abortion morally speaking. The se-
cond moral question is whether the fetus is a potential person or not. The
issue here is whether its potentiality is sufficient enough to make us treat
it as a person, with full-fledged human rights. The third questioning
speaks of womens rights that often come in contrast with fetuses rights.
Philosophers usually promote bodily autonomy and property rights in
order to show that womens rights can actually outweigh fetuses rights.
There is also the issue of the rights of the father which certainly must not
be ignored. Undoubtedly womens rights are more powerful than mens
when it comes to pregnancy and abortion. However, there are some cases
where the father has indeed strong moral rights and some decisions
should not be made without his notification or consent.
The paper closes with an overall reflection on these basic moral
questions. It is followed by my conclusion on the moral aspects of the
abortion issue.


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53
 . , -
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54

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.

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European Commission :
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,
, 14 -
. -
3 (abortion on demand).

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,
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gradulation (= ).

55


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-
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, -
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(humanity) :
, -
. (77) -

56
 ,
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(human) (person).

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Oxford Dictionary -
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.

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(Personhood Proclamation),
, Ronald Reagan, 1988.
-
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. -

.

-


(the logical wedge ). : -
-
, -
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.
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58
 .

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Robert Barry, Joe Bauer, Philip Devine, Jerome Bracken, John
Gallagher Stephen D. Schwarz
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. (81)

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60
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61
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o Michael Tooley,
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63
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Baruch Brody .
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.

Roger
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64
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Shannon M. Jordan . -
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Marjorie Reiley Maguire

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Judith Jarvis Thomson . -

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James Q. Wilson
.
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65
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Anne Warren. (97)

, .
.
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Sissela Bok, Thomas Bole o Rem Edwards. Carlos Bedate
-
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Norman Ford ,
, 14
15 . (98)
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-
. On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion -
: , , -
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67
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68
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, Michael Allen Fox ,

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Daniel Bennett -
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James Park, , .
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Jonathan Glover,
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69
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Baruch Brody
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Michael Tooley

70
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72
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-
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73

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,
, .
(utilitarian reasons), -

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,
,
, . ,
,
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. (117) Mary Anne Warren
,
,
Michael Tooley .

Stanley Benn -
(agents,
), .
,
,
.
(nonagents),
, . (118)
, -
.

Jeff Mcahan
-
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, . ,
,
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(119)

, H. Tristram Engelhardt -
. , -
, . , -

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74
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(social status of
personhood).

. , ,
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,

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Peter Singer
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76
. ,

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. (125)

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77

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Roe Wade. -

,

.

Roe Wade ( Roe v. Wade)
. -
-
. 1969 Norma L.
McCorvey .
, Dallas
. 1970 Linda
Coffee Sarah Weddington
Texas,
Norma L. McCorvey ( Jane Roe).
Henry Wade. , Norma L.
McCorvey , -
. -
Norma McCorvey
, -
. , -
.
Texas .
, ( 1973) -
-
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,
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, pro-life
pro-choice, .
, , -
1973. 20
-
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Wade , -
, -
-
,

.
Roe Wade

. -
,

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.

-
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, .
.

79
 -
, .

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. .
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,
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. , -
-
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. , -

. .
, , -
, , , , -
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,
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Margaret Olivia
Little
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,
,
, . (127) -
,

80

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,
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.

Warren Quinn
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.

. , ,
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81
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Homo sapiens
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-
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(potentiality argument)
:
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(). (130)

: -
.

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.

83

.
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Margaret Olivia Little

. -
.
-

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(131)

, :
(potentiality)
, -
, -
.
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;
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84
 ,

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(actual) (potential).
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85
. ,
. Joel Feinberg
-
. , -
,
. (132) -
,
.
, -
, -
.
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Feinberg
(, , -
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). , -
(zygote embryo) -

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).
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, -
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(the logical point about potentiality).
Stanley Benn

. (134)

86
 , Burleigh Wilkins -
(po-
tentiality) (probability).
,
. .. -
, -
. -
-
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-
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, -
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.
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-
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. -
.
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, -
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, . (137)

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88
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, .

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.

Michael Lockwood ,

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200
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Warren

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, R. M. Hare
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90
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).

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(Future Like Ours Argument). , -

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-
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. (143)

, Paul Bassen -

92
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Bassen ,
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. ,

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O Marquis , -
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.

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Marquis ,
. (146)

, -
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Don Marquis
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93


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,
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, ,
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-

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,
.
-
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, .
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A Defense
of Abortion .

: , -
.
-
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94
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Thomson. ,
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95
 .
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.

,
. (150)
, Thomson
.

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.
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(Minimally Decent Samaritans). -
.
, ,
,
. ,
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, -
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. (151)
,
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-
.
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. , -
.
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. ,

96
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97
 ). -
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(Samaritan situation). (-
) .
.
,
. (155) -

.
,
. Thomson -
(.. )

. ,
,
.
. -
,
-
.
Donald Reagan Rewriting Roe v. Wade -
Thomson,
,
. ( -
)
. (156)
Paul Roth, -
,
.

, .
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, . -
, -
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. (158)
,
,
-

, . ,

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98
, .

Dan Callahan ,
,

.
,
:

, -
, , -
. (159)

Steven Hales
, .
-
(right to avoid future duties).
,
. -

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-
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. (160)

KeithWiley . -
-
9 . -

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,
,
. , -
. ,
.
(161)

, -
.
-
-
,
.
Mary Ann Warren,

99
 Thomson -
-
-
,
(bodily rights)
(property rights).
-
, -
.
, ,


. (162)

O Joel Feinberg Warren

, , -
,

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. (163)
, ,
, , ...
, -
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Warren Feinberg, John Finnis -

-
. , -
, .
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. , -
, Finnis, -
-
. (164) ,
,
Thomson. Warren, Feinberg Finnis -

-
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.

Francis Beckwith -
. , -

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100
 , -
-
.
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,
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-
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. (165)
Beckwith ,

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John Finnis - ,
.

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Warren. -
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103
. (170)

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.

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(171) Boonin
,
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.
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Firmin Didot Freres ( Paris, Fils et Cie, Libraires 1863),
7 (), 3, 15 19, . 258 259: -
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12) . . , , ., : -
(. , 1998), 410 b, . 114 115:
.

13) , ,
15 (, , 1964), 15, . 8004 8006.

14) ( - , 1972), . 930.

15) Evangelos Protopapadakis, Should the baby live? Abortion and Infa-
nticide: when ontology overlaps ethics and Peter Singer echoes the
Stoics, Ancient Culture, European and Serbian Heritage, Scientific
Publications on the Serbian Society for Ancient Studies, Novi Sad, v. IV
(2010), . 400 - 401.

128
16) () ,
(, ,
1990), . 49 A.R.W. Harrison, The law of Athens (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1968), . 61.

17) Douglas Maurice MacDowell, The law in classical Athens ( Ithaca:

Cornell University Press, 1978), . 31, 65, 83.

18) T.G. Tucker, Life in ancient Athens ( London: Macmillan, 1987), .

70-85.

19) M. J. Gorman, Abortion and the Early Church (Downers Grove, IVP:
1982), . 25.

20) . , -
, , 28,
(1988), . 29.

21) Ibid.

22) John F. Healey, , ., Pliny the Elder, Natural History

(Penguin Classics, 1991), 20 (. 224 228), 25 (. 239 -
243) 28 (251 259).

23) A. C. van Geytenbeek, Musonius Rufus and Greek Diatribe (Assen:

Van Gorcum, 1963), . 78 88.

24) Konstantinos Kapparis, Abortion in the Ancient World, JSTOR,

volume 124, no 4, winter (2003), . 613 616.

25) John M. Riddle, Contraception from the Ancient World to Renaissa-

nce (Harvard University Press, 1992), . 25 30 46 56.

26) bid, . 46 56.

27) James V. Ricci, The Genealogy of Gynaecology (Philadelphia: The

Blakiston Company), . 177.

28) Fred Rosner, Modern Medicine and Jewish Ethics (Ktav Publishing
House, 1986), . 144.

29) Albert R. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, School of Medicine,

University of Washington (Oxford University Press, 1998), . 286.

30) James A. Kleist, ., The Didache (Newman Press, 1948), 2.2,

5.2.

31) Jeffrey H. Reiman, Abortion and the ways we value human life
(Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999), . 20 - 21.

129
32) Scott F. Gilbert, When Does Human Life Begin, 8 ,
http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162.

33) Albert R. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, School of Medicine,

University of Washington (Oxford University Press, 1998), . 287.

34) Scott F. Gilbert, When Does Human Life Begin, 8 ,

http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162.

35) bid.

36) Ibid.

37) Ibid.

38) Ibid.

39) Ibid.

40) Ibid.

41) Albert R. Jonsen, The Birth of Bioethics, School of Medicine,

University of Washington (Oxford University Press, 1998), . 65.

42) R. M. Hare, Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),

. 5.

43) Ibid, . 12.

44) Ibid, . 10 12 Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge

University Press, 1993), . 10 12.

45) Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 1993),

. 13 -15.

46) Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, ., A Companion to Bioethics

(Blackwell Publishers, 2001), . 22.

47) William Brennan, Dehumanizing the Vulnerable. When Word Games

take Lives (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1995), . 212 213.

48) Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 1993),

. 144 145.

49) Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Christian Classics (Notre Dame

IN: Ave Maria Press, Inc.), II II, Qu. 64, Art. 7.

50) Russ Shafer Landau, ., Ethical Theory: an Anthology (Blackwell

Publishing, 2007), . 588 589.

130
51) Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw, A Global
Review Of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985 1997, International
Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, no 2, Guttmacher Institute,
June (1998),
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2405698.html.

52) Ibid.

53) Ibid.

54) Ibid.

55) Ibid.

56) Ibid.

57) Ibid.

58) Ibid.

59) Ibid.

60) Ibid.

61) Ibid.

62) Ibid.

63) World Abortion Map, : 2007,

http://www.pregnantpause.org/lex/world02map.html.

64) Scott F. Gilbert, When Does Human Life Begin, 8 ,

http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162.

65) Carol Leth Stone, The basics of biology (Greenwood Press, 2004),
. 48 62.

66) Scott F. Gilbert, When Does Human Life Begin, 8 ,

http://8e.devbio.com/article.php?id=162.

67) Ibid.

68) Ibid.

69) Ibid.

70) Ibid.

71) Ibid.

131
72) Ibid.

73) Ibid.

74) Presidents Commission, for the study of ethical problems in medici-

ne and biomedical and behavioral research, Guidelines for the determina-
tion of death: Report of the medical consultants on the diagnosis of
death, J. A. M. A. (1981), . 246.

75) Pope Pius XI, Cf. Encyclical Letter on Christian Marriage (Boston: St.
Paul Editions), . 32.

76) European Commission, European Group on Ethics in Science and

New Technologies, Opinion No 12, Ethical Aspects of Research Involving
the Use of Human Embryo in the Context of the 5th Framework Program,
http://ec.europa.eu/bepa/european-group-ethics/docs/avis12_en.pdf.

77) John T. Noonan, An Almost absolute Value in History, The

Morality of Abortion, Cambridge, Harvard University Press (1970),
Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical
Ethics, 5 , . Ronald Munson, Belmont, Wadsworth (1996),
. 51.

78) A. S. Hornby, Oxford Dictionary (Oxford University Press), . 922-

923.

79) Presidents Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in

Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Defining Death,
Washington D. C., U. S., Government Printing Office (1981), . 39.

80) Ronald Reagan, Personhood Proclamation by the President of the

United States of America, January 14, 1988,
http://www.personhoodusa.com/ronald-reagan-personhood-
proclamation .

81) George F. Johnston, Abortion from the Religious and Moral Perspe-
ctive, An Annotated Bibliography (Praeger Publishers, 2003), . 11, 12,
14, 16, 17, 20, 27.

82) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 17.

83) Kenneth R. Pahel, Michael Tooley on Abortion and Potentiality, The

Southern Journal of Philosophy, vol. 25 (1987), . 94.

84) Bob Woodward, The Abortion Papers, Washington Post, (1989- 01-
22).

85) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

132
(New York: Prometheus Books), . 346.

86) George F. Johnston, Abortion from the Religious and Moral Perspe-
ctive, An Annotated Bibliography (Praeger Publishers, 2003), . 14
15.

87) Helga Kushe and Peter Singer, ., Bioethics: an Anthology, 2 -

(Blackwell Publishers, 2006), . 20.

88) John Finnis, Abortion and Health Care Ethics,

http://people.umass.edu/jpbinkos/index/finnis.pdf

89) Francis Beckwith, Answering Arguments for Abortion Rights,

Christian Research Journal, Spring 1991, Elliot Miller, Editor in Chief,
. 28.

90) Abortion and the sanctity of human life, American Philosophical

Quarterly 10 (1973), . 133 140.

91) Roger Wertheimer, Understanding the Abortion Argument,

http://weber.ucsd.edu/~ecomisso/Wertheimer%20-%20abortion3.pdf

92) Ibid.

93) Frank Bouchier Hayes, Philosophers on Abortion and Infanticide,

1998,
http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie//vol2/bh.html.

94) Ibid.

95) Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, Philosophy and

Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, (Fall 1971), Intervention
and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics, 5 , ., Ronald
Munson, Belmont, Wadsworth (1996), . 67.

96) Jeffrey H. Reiman, Abortion and the ways we value human life
(Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999), . 67.

97) Mary Anne Warren, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,
The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 4, . Belmont, Wadsworth (1984), . 4.

98) George F. Johnston, Abortion from the Religious and Moral Perspe-
ctive, An Annotated Bibliography (Praeger Publishers, 2003), . 12, 13,
16, 20.

99) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 334 335.

100) Mary Anne Warren, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,

133
The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 4, . Belmont, Wadsworth (1984), . 5.

101) Ibid.

102) Peter Vardy and Paul Grosch, The Puzzle of Ethics (London: Fount
Paperbacks, 1994), . 154 155.

103) Joseph Fletcher, Humanhood: Essays in Biomedical Ethics (Buffalo,

New York: Prometheus Books), . 12 16.

104) Francis J. Beckwith, Personhood: What Constitutes Personhood?,

http://www.equip.org/articles/personhood-what-constitutes-personhood-

105) Michael Allen Fox, The Moral Community,

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/woodling/cmi/fox.pdf.

106) Daniel Dennett, Conditions of Personhood, . Michael F. Goodman

(Clifton, New Jersey: Humana Press, 1988), . 145 167.

107) James Park, When is a Person? Pre-Persons and Former persons,

: 17 2009,
http://75.146.162.210/xbooks/ePER-PV.html.

108) Jonathan Glover, Causing Death and Saving Lives, The Moral
Problems of Abortion, Infanticide, Suicide, Euthanasia, Capital
Punishment, War and Other Life - or - Death Choices (Penguin
Paperback, 1990), . 55.

109) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 337.

110) George F. Johnston, Abortion from the Religious and Moral Perspe-
ctive, An Annotated Bibliography (Praeger Publishers, 2003), . 14.

111) Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, ., Bioethics: an Anthology, 2

(Blackwell Publishers, 2006), . 28.

112) Ibid, . 30.

113) Daniel Boonin, A Defense of Abortion (Cambridge University Press,

2003), . 115.

114) Ibid, . 67.

115) Bonnie Steinbock, Life Before Birth: The Moral And Legal Status of
Embryos and Fetuses, 2 (Oxford University Press, 2011), . 34-
35.

116) Joel Feinberg, Abortion, Matters of Life and Death, 2 ,

134
. Tom Regan (1986),
http://www.ditext.com/feinberg/abortion.html.

117) Ibid.

118) Jeffrey H. Reiman, Abortion and the ways we value human life
(Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1999), . 72 73.

119) Jeff McMahan, The Ethics of Killing: Problems of the margins of Life
(Oxford University Press, 2003), . 272.

120) Robert M. Veatch, Medical ethics (Jones and Bartlett Publishers,

1989), . 119.

121) Ibid, . 119 120.

122) Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 1993),

. 86 - 87.

123) Ibid, . 169 172.

124) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 339.

125) R. M. Hare, Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),

. 84 97.

126) Christopher Kaczor, The Ethics of Abortion: Womens Rights,

Human Life and the Question of Justice (New York: Routledge, 2011), .
41.

127) Margaret Olivia Little, Abortion and the Margins of Personhood,

Rytgers Law Journal, vol. 39 (2008), . 332.

128) Ibid, . 341 342.

129) Ibid, . 347.

130) J. Harris, The Value of Life (London: Routledge, 1985), . 11.

131) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 29.

132) Joel Feinberg, Abortion, Matters of Life and Death, 2 ,

. Tom Regan (1986),
http://www.ditext.com/feinberg/abortion.html.

133) Ibid.

135
134) Ibid.

135) Burleigh T. Wilkins, Does the Fetus Have a Right to Life?, Journal
of Social Philosophy 24, no 1, Spring (1993), . 123.

136) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 19 - 20.

137) Peter Singer, Practical Ethics (Cambridge University Press, 1993),

. 154.

138) Michael Lockwood, Warnock Versus Powell (and Harradine): When

does Potentiality Count, Bioethics, Vol. 2, Issue 3, July (1988), . 197,
207.

139) Mary Anne Warren, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,
The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 4, . Belmont, Wadsworth (1984), . 7.

140) R. M. Hare, Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),

. 147 167.

141) Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer, ., A Companion to Bioethics

(Blackwell Publishers, 2001), . 85 87.

142) Ibid, . 87.

143) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 339.

144) Paul Bassen, Present Sakes and Future Prospects: The Status of
Early Abortion, Philosophy and Public Affairs 11, no 4 (1982), . 322
326.

145) George F. Johnston, Abortion from the Religious and Moral Perspe-
ctive, An Annotated Bibliography (Praeger Publishers, 2003), . 12.

146) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 340.

147) Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, Philosophy and

Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, Princeton University Press (Fall 1971) ,
. 48 49.

148) bid, . 54.

149) bid, . 55 56.

150) bid, . 61 62.

136
151) Ibid, . 64.

152) Ibid, . 65.

153) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 35.

154) Judith Jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion, Philosophy and

Public Affairs, Vol. 1, no. 1, (Fall 1971), . 58 59.

155) Paul Roth, Personhood, Property Rights and the Permissibility of

Abortion, Law and Philosophy, Vol. 2, No 2, D. Reidel Publishing, U.S.A.
(August 1983), . 165.

156) bid, . 171 173.

157) Ibid, . 185.

158) Ibid.

159) Abortion: thinking and experiencing, Christianity and Crisis, 32

(1974), . 295 298.

160) J.M. Humber R.F. Almeder, ., Biomedical Ethics Reviews:

Reproduction, Technology, and Rights (Totowa, New Jersey: Humana
Press), . 8.

161) Keith Wiley, Abortion and Mens Reproduction Rights,

2001,
http://keithwiley.com/mindRamblings/abortion.shtml.

162) Mary Anne Warren, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,
The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 4, . Belmont, Wadsworth (1984), . 1.

163) Joel Feinberg, Abortion, Matters of Life and Death, 2 ,

. Tom Regan (1986),
http://www.ditext.com/feinberg/abortion.html.

164) John Finnis, The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion: A Reply to Judith
Jarvis Thomson, Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1973), . 109.

165) Francis Beckwith, Personal Bodily Rights, Abortion and Unplugging

the Violinist, International Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 32, no. 1 (1992),
. 111 116.

166) Ibid, . 114.

167) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 21 - 22.

137
168) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion
(New York: Prometheus Books), . 268.

169) Ibid, . 269.

170) Mary Anne Warren, On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,
The Monist, Vol. 57, No. 4, . Belmont, Wadsworth (1984), . 3.

171) Daniel Boonin, A Defense of Abortion (Cambridge University Press,

2003), . 192.

172) Ibid, . 200 202.

173) Baruch Brody, From abortion to reproductive technology: abortion

( ,
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174) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 266 -267.

175) R. M. Hare, Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),

. 183 184.

176) Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman, Contemporary

Debates in Applied Ethics (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), . 36.

177) Joel Feinberg, Harm to Others (New York: Oxford University Press,
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178) Anika Rahman, Laura Katzive and Stanley K. Henshaw, A Global

Review Of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985 1997, International
Family Planning Perspectives, Volume 24, no 2, Guttmacher Institute,
June (1998),
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179) Robert M. Veatch, Medical ethics (Jones and Bartlett Publishers,

1989), . 125.

180) David Nolan, Should men have rights in abortion?, 23/03/01,

http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/comm68.php.

181) Joseph Nicholson, What Does The Law Say About The Fathers
Rights On Abortion, 16 2011,
http://www.livestrong.com/article/115953-law-say-fathers-rights-
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182) David Nolan, Should men have rights in abortion?, 23/03/01,

http://www.prochoiceforum.org.uk/comm68.php.

138
183) Robert M. Veatch, Medical ethics (Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
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184) J.M. Humber R.F. Almeder, ., Biomedical Ethics Reviews:

Reproduction, Technology, and Rights (Totowa, New Jersey: Humana
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185) Ibid, . 12 - 13.

186) Keith Wiley, Abortion and Mens Reproduction Rights,

2001,
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187) Ibid.

188) Thomas W. Strahan, The Critical Influence of the Prospective

Father on Abortion-Decision Making,
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189) Pam Belluck, The Right to Be a Father, The New York Times,
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190) Pew Research Center for the People and the Press,
(2005-11-02),
http://www.people-press.org/2005/11/02/public-opinion-supports-alito-
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191) , , 12.

192) R. M. Hare, Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993),

. 155.

193) Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, The Ethics of Abortion

(New York: Prometheus Books), . 286.

194) Ibid, . 291 293.

139


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