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OCRM*{
ANDRSAEXAMINATIONS
OXFORDCAMBRIDGE
AdvancedGCE
PHYSTCS B (ADVANCTNG PHYSTCS) 2863/01
Universe
RiseandFallof theClockwork
Thursday 20 JANUARY2OO5 Morning t hour15 minutes

Candidatesansweron the questionpaper.

Additionalmaterials:
Data, Formulaeand RelationshipsBooklet
Electroniccalculator
Ruler

Candidate
CandidateName CentreNumber Number

[T-i-n
TIME t hour15minutes

TO CANDIDATES
INSTRUCTIONS
o Writeyournamein the spaceabove.
o WriteyourCentrenumberandCandidate numberin the boxesabove.
o Answerall thequestions.
o Writeyouranswersin thespacesprovided on the questionpaper.
. Readeachquestioncarefullyand makesureyou knowwhatyou haveto do beforestartingyour
answer.
o and give answersto only a justifiablenumberof
Showclearlythe workingin all calculations
figures.
significant

INFORMATION
FORCANDIDATES
o Youareadvisedto spendabout20 minuteson SectionA and55 minuteson SectionB.
. Thenumberof marksis givenin brackets[ ] at theendof eachquestionor partquestion.
. Therearefourmarksforthequalityof writtencommunication in SectionB.
. Thevaluesof standardphysicalconstantsaregivenin the Data,
Formulaeand Relationships Booklet.Any additionaldata FOREXAMINER'S USE
question.
aregivenin theappropriate
required
Section Max. Mark

A 20

B 50

TOTAL 70

This questionpaperconsistsof 14 printedpagesand2 blankpages.

sP (NF/AR)569337/5
@ocR 2005 [H/100/3709] CharityNumber:1066969
Registered [Turnover
 2

Answerall thequestions.

SectionA

graphfor an elasticspring.
Fig.1.1showsa force-extension

force/N

extension/m

Fig.1.1

Statewhatis represented
by

(a) the gradientof the line

(b) the shadedarea.

t1l

It is observedthatthe pressureof a gas increaseswith risein temperature

whenthe volume
is constant.

Choosewhichof the threestatementsbelowbest explainsthisobservation.

A The particlescollidewitheachothermorefrequentlyand at a greaterspeed.

B The particlescollidewith the walls of the containermore frequentlyand at greater

speed.

C The particlescollidewitheachotherrandomlywitha greaterspreadof energies.

2863,/01Jan05
 3
Sometelevisionsets use heatedmetalfilamentsto produceelectronswhichare firedat the
screen.Thetemperature of thefilamentis about1200K.

(a) show thatthe averageenergyof a particleat 1200K is about2 x 10-20

J.
k=1.4 * 19-23.16-1
)

It requiresan energyEof 9 x 10-20Jto removean electronfroma particular

filament.
(b) Calculatethe ratio E
averageenergyof a particleat 1200K

ratio=
(c) Calculatethe Boltzmannfactorf for thisprocess.

factorf = ............
Boltzmann .....121

A bicycletyrecontainsa volumeof 8.0x 104m3of gas.The pressureof the gas in the tyre
is 4.5x 10sPa.Thegasis at a temperatureof 293K.
Assumeidealgasbehaviour thisquestion.
throughout
(a) Showthatthetyrecontainsabout0.15molof gas.
F = 8.31J mol-lK-l

(b) At the end of a race,the pressureof the gas in the tyre has risento 4.6 x 105Pa.

Estimatethe temperature
of the gas in the tyreat the end of the race.

=
temperature K t2l
2863/01 Jan05 [Turnover
 For
4 Exaninels
Use
Fig. 5.1 showsthe path of a comettravellingclockwise aroundthe Sun'

path of comet

Fig.5.1

(a) Drawan arrowon the diagramto showthe directionof the velocityof the comet.
LabelthisV.

(b) Drawan arrowon the diagramto showthe directionof the forceactingon the comet.
LabelthisF.

t2l
Freshgardenpeas can be testedlor damageby observinghow they bounceoff a hard
surface.

(a) An undamagedpea of massm hitsthe surfacewithverticalvelocityv and bouncesoff

withequaland oppositevelocitY.
Explainwhythe magnitude changeforthispeais2 mv.
of momentum

t1l
(b) When an undamagedpea bouncesoff the surface,it experiencesa changeof
momentumof 0.0051kgm s-1.

Showthatthe reboundvelocityof thispeais about5 m s-l.

massof pea= 5.0x 10-4kg.

t1l

2863/01Janos
 5 Fu
Examinefs
Use
pea
(c) Fig.6.1 showshow the forceactingon a damagedpea and on an undamaged
varieswithtimeduringthe bounce.

force

damagedpea
time

Fig.6.1
Statethe featureof the graphin Fig.6.1 whichshowsthatthe changein momentum
of
thedamagedpeais lessthanthatof the undamaged pea.

t1l

7 The imagein Fig.7.1 comesfromthe COBEsatellite. in the mean.

lt showsthe differences
wavelengthof microwavebackgroundradiationin differentpartsof the sky.The differences
areverysmall.

Fig.7.1
(a) When the radiationwas first emitted300000 years after the Big Bang during the
so-calledera of recombination,it was in the visibleregionof the spectrum.Explain
emittedduringthe eraof recombination
whythevisible.radiation is nowobservedin the
mrcrowave regron.

I2l
variationof
(b) Stateand explainwhatthe COBEdatatell scientistsaboutthe temperature
the earlyUniverse.

tzl
[SectionA Total:20]
2863/01Jan05 [Turnover
 6
Section B

for the qualityof writtencommunication.

In thissection,fourmarksare available

This questionis about keepingthe water in an outdoor swimmingpool at constant

temperature.

A holidayparkhasan open-airswimming
poolof the circulardesignshownin Fig.8.1.

radiusR=13m

not to scale

Fig.8.1

(a) Showthatthe massof waterin the poolis about8.5 x 105kg.

averagedepthof water= 1.6m
densityof water= 1000kg m{

l2l
(b) The waterin the poolis heatedto 30 "C. In February,
the temperature of the watertaken
fromthe supplyis 9'C.
Calculatethe energyneededto raisethe temperature of all the waterin the poolfrom
9 "C to 30'C assumingthereare no energylosses.
specificthermalcapacityof water= 42OOJkg-1 '6-t

= ..........................
ener gyr equir ed J [ 2]

(c) On a particularday in February,a heaterrunningat 90 kW is neededto keepthe water

temperatureconstantat 30'C. The heateris turnedoff for safetychecks.

of the waterin the poolis about0.1"C per

Showthatthe initialrateof fallof temperature
hour whenthe heateris turnedoff.

2863/01Jan05
 7 For
Examinels
Use
(d) Therateof falloftemperature,
A,9lLt,of thewaterin thepoolcanbe described
usingthe
following
equation

L0 = -k(0* - 9.)
Af
l

where0* islhe temperature of the waterand 0" is the temperature

of the surroundings.
pools
Different will havedifferentvaluesof the constantk

Useyouranswerto (c) to calculatethe valueof k in thiscase.

Assume0w= 30"C and 0s= 11"C whenthe heaterwasturnedoff.

valueof k = hourl 1e1

(e) A studentmakes a simple mathematical model of the situation.The model is

represented
in theflowdiagramin Fig.8.2.

Calculaterateof change Usethis

=-qo*-0"1
usingff Multiply ot 24hrs answeras new
# valuefor0*

Fig.8.2

The modelassumesthatthe rateof coolingis constantfor each24 hourperiod.

Explainwhy this modelwill overestimatethe rate of coolingof the pool even if the
surroundings of 11"C.
remainat a constanttemperature

t1l
(f) Suggesttwo changesin the conditionsof the surroundingsthat would increasethe
coolingrateof the waterin the pool.

tzl
[Total:11]

2863V01
Janos [Turnover
 discharge.
Thisquestionis aboutcapacitor

1 0k o

Fig.9.1

The circuitis set up as shownin Fig.9.1. SwitchS is then ope,ne.d.and the capacitor
Oiscnarges The vlriationof discharge
throughihe resistor. currentl withtime f is shownin
Fig.9.2.

I ImA
0.6

20
t/s

Fig.9.2
the initialchargeon thecapacitor.
(a) (i) Explainwhythe areaunderthecurverepresents

is about3 mC.
(ii) Showthatthe initialchargeon the capacitor

usedin theexperiment.
thevalueof thecapacitance
(iii) Calculate
 For
9 Examinet's
Use
(b) Calculatethe energystoredon the capacitorwhen the switchis closed.

energystored= ..J[2]

(c) The experiment The 10kO resistoris removedand replacedwitha 20 ko

is repeated.
No otherchangesare madeto the circuit.
resistor.

R=20kO

Fig.9.3

Usethe axeson Fig.9.4to sketchthe graphof currentagainsttimefor the newcircuit.

I/mA
0.6

40
tls
t3l
Fig.9.4

111
lTotal:

2863/01Jan05 [Turnover
 10 For
Examinels
Use
suchas the spaceshuttle.
10 Thisquestionis aboutthe orbitand returnto Earthof a spacecraft

A spaceshuttleis orbitingat a heightof 4.0 x 105m abovethe surfaceof the Earth.

(a) Calculatethe radiusof the orbitof the spaceshuttle.

radiusof Earth,F = 6.4x 106m

of or bit= ............................m
r adius [1 ]

potentialenergyof the space shuttlein this orbit is

(b) (i) Show that the gravitational
a bo u t-Ox 1 0 1 2 J.

massof spaceshuttle= 9.5x 104t<g

massof Earth,M = 6.0x 1024kg
G = 6 . 7x 1 0 - 1 1 N m 2 k g - 2

I2l
(ii) Calculatethe kineticenergyof the spaceshuttlein thisorbit.

speedof shuttlein orbit=7.7 x 103ms-l

ener gy= .............."....

kinetic [2]..J

(iii) Calculate
thetotal energyol the spaceshuttlein thisorbit.

totalener gy= .....................

J [1]...

2863/0'tJan05
 11 For
Exaninels
Use
(c) Explainwhy the kineticenergyof the spaceshuttleincreaseswhen it dropsto a lower
heightabovethe Earth'ssurface.

l2l
(d) Whenthespaceshuttlere-enters theatmosphere, thevehicleis angledso thatparticles
of the atmospherecollidewith a heat shieldon the lowerside of the shuttle.See
F i g .1 0 . 1 .

Fig.10.1
(i) By consideringcollisionsbetweenthe molecules
of the atmosphere
and the heat
shieldof theshuttle,explain
. howthe atmosphere
slowsthe shuttledown

whythe temperature
of the heatshieldincreases.

l3l
(ii) The heat shield at the undersideof the space shuttleglows white hot during
descentthroughthe atmosphere. Thissuggeststhatthe photonqradiatingfromthe
surfaceof theheatshieldhaveenergiesof the orderof 1 x 10-1sJ.
Estimatethe temp-eratureof the surfaceof the heatshieldduringdescent.
k=1.4 Y 19-2336-1

=
temperature .K [2]
[Total:13]
2863Y01Jan05 [Turnover
 For
12 Examinefs
\ Use
1 1 Thisquestionis aboutsomeof thd physicsof the humanear.

eardrum

Fig.11.1

in simpleharmonicmotion.
A givensoundwavestrikingtheeardrumsetsit oscillating

at a frequency
Theeardrumoscillates of 1.0x 10-7m.
of 2500Hz withan amplitude

theperiodof theoscillation.
(a) (i) Calculate

period= s [1]

(ii) On the axes of Fig.11.2,draw a graphto show how the displacementof the
Assumethatthe displacement zero
eardrumvarieswithtimefor one oscillation. is
atl= 0.

displacement/pm

0.10

0.05

0.00
f/ms
-0.05

-0.10

l3l
F i g .1 1 . 2

286UO1Jan05
 For
13 Examinefs
Use
of the eardrum.
themaximumacceleration
(iii) Calculate

=
acceleration ms-21e1

(b) At a frequencyof 3000 Hz, the ear can detect pressurechangesas small as
4.0x 1o-5Nm-2.
Calculatethe changeof forcesucha pressurechangewouldgiveon an ear drumof
area2Omm2.

hangeof force= ...............

N I2I

(c) The humanear is mostsensitive around3000Hz.Thisis becauseair in

to frequencies
the auditorycanalresonatesat thisfrequency.

(i) Explainwhatis meantby resonance.

t1l
(ii) Describehow resonance allowsthe ear to respondto quietersoundsat around
3000Hz thanat otherfrequencies.

I2l
[Total:11]

Qualityof WrittenCommunication[4]

[SectionB Total:50]

PAPER
ENDOF QUESTION
2863/01 Jan05
 16

CoW right Ackn owledgeme nts:

Fig. 7.1 We acknowledgethe use of the Legacy Archive tor MicrowaveBackgroundData Analysis 1UtUAbel. Support
From http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov.
lor LAMBDA is provided by the NASA Otfice of Space Science.

OCR has made every eflort to trace the copyright holders ol items used in this Question paper, but if we have inadvertentlyoverlookedany, we apologise.

2863V01
Jan05