Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Formwork PDF
Formwork PDF
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................3
DESIGNREQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................................................................4
FACTORSRELATINGTOFORMWORK...........................................................................................................................6
HIGHWALLFORMWORK..........................................................................................................................................6
TimberFramedFormwork........................................................................................................................................7
SHEATHING...............................................................................................................................................................8
WALLTYINGSYSTEMS..............................................................................................................................................8
CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS............................................................................................................................................9
SLIPFORM...............................................................................................................................................................10
CLIMBINGORJUMPFORMS...................................................................................................................................10
FormworkStriking......................................................................................................................................................11
Standardsrelatingtoformwork.................................................................................................................................12
ERECTIONFORCOLUMNS,BEAMS,SLABSANDSTAIRS.............................................................................................13
Columns..................................................................................................................................................................13
ColumnFormworkConstruction............................................................................................................................13
Columnformsandjoints........................................................................................................................................14
Formwork Page2
Columnformsandjoints........................................................................................................................................15
Erectionofformworkforcolumns.........................................................................................................................17
Columnformworkconstructionstages..................................................................................................................18
BEAMANDSUSPENDEDSLABFORMWORK...........................................................................................................19
Designandconstructionofbeamformwork..........................................................................................................19
Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks.....................................................................................................20
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit.....................................................................................................20
SUSPENDEDSLABS......................................................................................................................................................21
Designandconstructionofslabformwork............................................................................................................21
DeterminingTheBearerSpacing............................................................................................................................22
ErectingBearersAndJoists....................................................................................................................................22
PROPRIETARYFORMWORK....................................................................................................................................23
FALSEWORK............................................................................................................................................................24
Settingupfalsework:..............................................................................................................................................24
STAIRFORMWORK.................................................................................................................................................25
StairFormworkconstruction..................................................................................................................................25
TREADS,NOSINGS,BALUSTRADING.......................................................................................................................26
STRIKING,MAINTENANCE,STORAGEOFFORMWORK..........................................................................................27
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page3
INTRODUCTION
Anumberoffundamentalprinciplesapplytoallformwork.
Considerationmustbegivento:
Acceptabletolerancespermitted;
Useofappropriatematerials;
Standardsofworkmanship;
Constructionforeaseoferectionandstripping;
Careandmaintenanceoftheformwork,sothatthemaximumnumberofreusescanbeachieved.
Formworkisatemporaryconstruction;howevercaremustbetakentopreventdamagetopermanentwork.Threegeneral
principlesgovernformworkdesignandconstruction:
Qualityaccuracyoftheconcreteshapeandthefinalfinishedsurfacequality.
Safetystrengthoftheformworkstructure.Personalsafetyofpeople,bothcarpenters andthepublic.
EconomyThestructuralframeisusuallythemostsignificantcostcomponent,adominantandcriticalfactorinthetimeof
construction.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page4
DESIGNREQUIREMENTS
Whendesigningformwork,considerthefollowing:
1. Strength:Formsandshuttershavetobedesignedtosupportdeadweight,liveloadandhydrostaticpressure.
Sheathingmustberigidenoughtoresistbulging.
Formworkforverticalconcreteelementsi.e.columnsandwallsaresubjecttopressuresontheformface.Thisiscausedby
thefluidactionofthefreshconcrete.Thepressureofthefluidconcreteontheverticalfacesincreasesproportionatelywith
thedepthofconcrete.Themaximumpressurebeingatthebottomoftheform.Thismaximumpressureforthefulldepth
fluidconcreteisthehydrostaticpressureforconcreteandusuallyoccurswhentheconcreteisplacedveryquickly.
Itshouldnotbepossibleforthebracingtobedislodgedbyimpact,orwind,actingfromanydirection.Refertoillustration
below.
Design Pressure
Distribution
Pressure Distribution
H
Hydrostatic
Pressure
P max
Vertical stud
Walers
2. Speedyerectionanddismantling:Theformworkdesignandthemethodsofassemblymustbeassimpleaspossible
toreducetimespentinerectionanddismantling.Theformworkshouldbesimpletoremovewithoutcausingdamagetothe
concrete.
3. Tightnessofjoints:Theliquidretainingpropertiesoftheformworkmustbeadequatetopreventleakageofcement
andfineaggregatefromtheconcrete.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page5
4. Rigidity:Braceformworkandsupporttoensurenomovementmaytakeplaceunderwindpressure,orwhenthe
concreteisbeingplacedandvibrated.Theshuttersmustberigidenoughtokeeptheconcretememberwithintheallowable
tolerances.
5. Reuse:Designforunitconstruction,ifpossible,sothatyoucanstrikeandreuseassoonaspossible.Useclamps,
wedges,andsimilardevicestoholdsectionsofformworkinplace.Avoidnailingasmuchaspossible,nailholesandbruising
ofthetimberwillspoilformworkforfurtheruse.Theformworkmaterialmustbedurableandcapableofproducingagood
surfacefinish.
6. Easeofhandling:Formsandshuttersmustbeofasizeandweightthatcanbehandledbythelabourandplant
availableonsite.
Adjustment:Arrangeallprops,shores,andstrutssothattheycanbeproperlyadjusted.Theymustbearonsoleplates,so
thattheloadissafelydistributedontothestructurebelow.
Removalofdebris:Provideallformworkwithspecialcleanoutholestoallowfortheremovalofsawdust,shavings,andother
debrisfromthebottomoftheformworkbeforethepourbegins.
FormworkTolerancesandvariationsinalignment
over6mbay 25mm
Nottoencroachoverboundary.
Variationsinsizeandpositionof 6mm
openings,sleeves
Over600mm 6mm
Variationsinfootings +25mmor12mm
Thickness 0.05ofdimension
Variationsinconsecutivesteps
Rise 1.5mm
Tread 3mm
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page6
FACTORSRELATINGTOFORMWORK
Todesignandconstructsatisfactoryformworkanappreciationofthetypesofloadsand
combinationsofloadsthatactontheformworkisrequired.
Theheaviestloadonformsusuallyoccurswhentheconcreteisbeingplaced.Aswellastheweightoftheconcreteitself,(i.e.
deadload),allowancefortheconcretinggangandtheirgearmustbeconsidered,(i.e.liveload).Depositingwetconcretein
heapscreatesunevenpressureontheformwork.Itisimportanttoevenlyplacetheconcreteinlayers,distributingloads
equallyontheformwork.Inwalls,wetconcreteexertshorizontalburstingpressuresontheverticalsoffit.Thepressureis
reducedasthesemiliquidconcretehardensandbecomesselfsupporting.Formworkconstructionmustbeableto
withstandtheloadsimposed.
HIGHWALLFORMWORK
Therearetwotypesofwallformwork.Onetypeisforwallsrequiringonlyonefaceofformwork,e.g.forbasementwalls.
Theotherisdoublefacedformworkforfreestandingwallsinastructure.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page7
TimberFramedFormwork.
Thewallformworkframeisconstructedusingeither:
Verticalstudsandhorizontalwalers.
Horizontalwalersandverticalsoldierswiththesheathing(sheeting)fixedatrightangles.
Thespacingandsizeofstudsandwalersisdeterminedbytheloadsimposedontheformwork.Theheightofthewall,
thicknessofthewall,andthethicknessofthesheathingusedmustbeabletowithstandtheloadsplacedontheformwork.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page8
SHEATHING
Therearevarioustypessheathingavailable.Theappropriatesheathingmustbeselectedto
obtainthespecifiedfinishrequired.Optionsinclude:
Sawnorplanedtimberedgesmaybesquarecutortongueandgrooved,toprevent
groutleakage.Analternativeisafoamstripinsertedbetweentheboards.
Plywoodexteriorgradeorformplyareavailableinvariousthickness.Thegrainon
theouterfacemustbeparallelwiththespanofthewallformworkframing.
Temperedhardboardproducesagoodfinish,however,islessresistanttodamageand
multipleuse.
Plasticliningsgiveagoodfinish,however,itmusthaveasolidbacking.
Rubberliningsaresometimesusedfortexturedfinish.
Glassfibreorothersimilarmouldsmaybeusedforvariousarchitecturalfeaturesonwallorwindowpanels.
WALLTYINGSYSTEMS
Thefunctionofformworktyingsystemsistoconnectthetwofacesofthedoublefacedformstogetherandeffectthe
balanceoftheforcesbetweenthem.Thespacingofthetiesandtheforcestheyhavetoresist,isdeterminedbythewallto
bebuiltandtheframingsystemadopted.Whenconsideringtiesforwallforms,selectionismadeonthebasisof:
tiecapacity,
groutlossatthetieholes,
easeofinstallation,
finalappearance
EASICLEANTHROUGHTIE
COILTIE
SHEBOLT
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page9
CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS
Stopendsandconstructionjointsmustalwaysbeformedatrightanglestotheconcretepour.Ifkeyedstopendsare
required,useanangledfilletorasplitinsertforaparallelsidedslot.Constructionjointsatthetopofapourmayrequirea
battenfixedtotheformworktofinishtheconcreteinastraightline.
StopEnds
Attheendsofwallsandattheplannedpositionsofconstructionjoints,stopendsmustbeconstructed.Duetoreflection
andreboundoftheenergyofvibrationfromthefaceofthestopend,theconcretepressureactingonitcanexceedthat
generallyactingontheformface.
Inmostcasesthestudsoftheformworkdonotcoincidewiththestopendandasaresult,theplywooddeflectsunderthe
concretepressureandgroutandwaterescapespastthestopend.
Acommonmethodofresistingtheforcesonthestopendisbywedgingitoffthewallties.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page10
SLIPFORM
Thisisaformwhichiscontinuallybeingmovedupwards,orsideways,astheconcreteisbeingpoured.Therateofmovement
isregulatedsothattheformsleavetheconcreteonlyafteritisstrongenoughtoretainitsshapeandsupporttheweights
imposedonit.
Verticalstructuressuchaschimneys(HuntlyPowerStation)andcoolingtowers(OhaakiThermalPowerStation)areoften
donethisway.Kerbingandchannellingcanalsobeslipformed.Jackingoftheformscanbedonebyscrew,electric,
pneumatic,butusuallyhydraulic.
CLIMBINGORJUMPFORMS
Thistypeofformworkisdesignedforconstantfloorheightandlayoutformultistoreybuildings.Theformworkis
jumpedupfromonefloortothenextfloorabove.Thesystemisraisedverticallyforconsecutivelifts.Anchorpointsorties
usednearthetopoftheformworkarereusedforthebottomofformworkwhenitislifted.
SkytowerinAucklanduseda4mhighjumpformfortheconstructionofthe500mmthick,12mdiametermaintower
achievingapouraboutevery9days.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page11
FormworkStriking
Theprocessofremovingtheformwork.Theearliesttimethis
canbedoneiswhentheconcretehasdevelopedsufficient
strength.Reinforcedconcretestructuralelements
needtobeabletocarrythemselvesandanyother
superimposedloadsovertheirintendedspans.Strippingtransfer
partsorloadstoconcretestructureshouldbegradually
Striking piece
transferred.Considerationshouldbegivento:
Specificationrequirements,check
sitedocumentsfortheconcrete
strengthrequiredandstrippingtimes.
Theconcreteageandminimum
strengthatthetimeofstripping.
Themethodandsequenceofstripping.
Limitsontheloadstobeplacedonthestructure.
Removeformworkcomponentswithminimumdamage.
Theconditionofthecomponentswilldeterminethereuse
andcosts.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page12
Standardsrelatingtoformwork
NZS3109:1997
Concreteconstruction
providesminimumrequirementsfortheconstructionofreinforcedconcrete,unreinforcedconcrete,prestressedconcrete
oracombinationinelementsofanybuildingorcivilengineeringstructure.
Section5ofthestandardcoversrequirementsfor:
thedesignofformwork,
surfacefinish,
tolerances,
removalofformsandshores,
embeddedsleeves,conduitsandpipes
constructionjoints.
NZS3124:1987
Specificationforconcreteconstructionforminorworks
providesminimumrequirementsfortheconstructionofreinforcedandunreinforcedconcreteinminorworksincluding
buildingsoflighttimberframeconstructionwithinthescopeofNZS3604.Alsoconcretemasonryconstructionwithinthe
scopeofNZS4229:1999
Concretemasonrybuildingsnotrequiringspecificengineeringdesign
Thestandardhoweverdoesnotprovidespecificrequirementsforconcreteconstructionthataresubjectedtoaggressive
environments.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page13
ERECTIONFORCOLUMNS,BEAMS,SLABSANDSTAIRS
Columns
Thefunctionofcolumnformworkistoenabletheconstructionofcolumnsthathavethespecifiedsurfacequalityandare
acceptablyaccurateinshapeandpositionwithgoodalignmenttootheradjacentcolumns,wallsandbuildingfacades.
Columnsareoftenconstructedwiththecolumnreinforcementextendingwellabovetheform.Thisisdonesoitcanlapwith
thereinforcementofthenextcolumnorfloortobeconstructedabove.
Theaccuracyrequirementsforcolumnsvaryaccordingtotheirpositioninthebuilding.Thetolerances,whicharethe
maximumpermitteddeviations,arenormallyspecifiedintheprojectdocumentation.
ColumnFormworkConstruction
Toavoidplywoodjoints,itisnormalpracticetocutthesheetslengthwiseinwidthstomatchthecolumnfaces.
Mostcolumnformingmethodsuseplywoodtoformfaces.Thecornerjunctionsoftheplywoodmustbedetailedtoachieve
themaximumtighteningactionfromthecolumnclamps.
Thecornersoftheformareusuallyformedtohavea45degreearris.Timberanglefilletsareusedtoformthearris.Care
mustbetakentoalignthefilletinsidethecolumnform.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page14
Columnformsandjoints
SteelStrapping
Adjustablesteelclamps Boltsthroughtimberyokes
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page15
Columnformsandjoints
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page16
CIRCULARANDOCTAGONALCOLUMNS
Circularcolumnformwork
Fabricatedsteel,usuallytwopiece,andoftenwithahinge.
Fibrecementpipeswhichareleftinplaceaspermanentformwork.
Cardboardtube.Oneoffformwork,availableinarangeofdiameters,usedwithtimberstrongbacks.Cuttowasteafter
concreteispoured.
Plastictube.Usedinasimilarwaytocardboard.
Octagonalcolumnformwork
Timbersheathingtiedwithstandardcolumnclamps.Cornersneedtohaveinfillpieces.Alternatively,metalstrapcanbe
usedwithouttheneedforcornerinfills.
Timbersheathingwithalternatingcolumnclamps,forlargercolumns.
Vertical Timber sheathing column
Fabricatedsteelwithboltedjoints.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page17
Erectionofformworkforcolumns
Beforeerectingcolumnformwork,applyareleaseagenttoallinternalsurfaces.Ifspecified,fixanyrequirededging,metal
corners,arrispiecesorcastedinserts.
Priortotheerectionofformworkforstructuralmembers,itisimportanttochecktheexactlocationofgridsrelatingtothe
structuralmemberbeingformed.Thelocation,sizeofcolumn,height,andspecifiedfinishshouldbeclarifiedfromsite
documentation.Oftenhurdlesrestrictthepositioningofgridlocations,thereforeoffsetsmayberequired.Itisthe
contractorsresponsibilitypriortotheerectiontochecksitedocumentationfortheexactpositionofthestructuralmember
youareworkingon.
Erectionsequenceforacolumn
Priortopositioningcolumnformworkcheckthatsteelforthecolumnhasbeeninspectedandclearedforcasting.
Positionformworkforthecolumnfrompredeterminedgrids.
Plumbformworkbothwaysandsecurelysupportusingadjustablesteelprops.
Theproppingangleshouldbe45tothefloor.
Ensurethesteelpropsaresafelysecuredtothecolumnformworkandthefloor,and
thatadjustmentforpushingandpullingisoperational.
Setoutthepositionsofcolumnclampsfromastoreyrod.
Transferthecolumnclamppositionsfromthestoreyrodontocolumnformwork.
Usenailstosupportthearmsofcolumnclampswhilewedging.
Positionandwedgethebottom,middleandtopclampssets.
Checktheformworkatthetopforsquare.
Positionandwedgetheremainderofthecolumnclamps.
Usingaplumbbobsuspendedfromagaugeblockplumbthecolumn.
Whenallthecolumnformworkissecurelyproppedafinalcheckmustbemadefor
plumbandcolumnalignmentbeforeandimmediatelyaftertheconcretehasbeen
pouredandvibrated.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page18
Columnformworkconstructionstages
Columnformworkbracing
Columnformworkbracingperformstwofunctions:
Itmustmaintaintheaccuracyofthecolumnformpositionandplumbsothatitiswithintolerance.
Withstandresultsofforcesactingoneitherthecolumnformworkorthebracing.The forcesmaybewindor
impact.Theseimpactforcescanoccurfromthecollisionof concretebucketsorcraneshoistingmaterials.
Braced column
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page19
BEAMANDSUSPENDEDSLABFORMWORK
Inatypicalreinforcedconcretebuildingframe,theslabsaretheprimaryloadcarryingelement.Theytransfertheirloadto
secondaryelementssuchaswallsorbeams.
Beamscanbegroupedintwocategories.WhenlocatedintheinteriorofthestructuretheyareusuallyTEEBeamsandwhen
ontheperimeterareLBeams.
TEEBEAMS
LBEAMS
Designandconstructionofbeamformwork
Beamsoffitmustbethickenedtimberorstrengthenedplywood.
Beamsides18mmplywoodor25mmboards,withstuds(cleats)at
500to600mmcentres.
Deepbeams(over600mm)shouldhave
walersandties.
Propsorfalseworkmustbeplaced
undertheheadtree,orunderthebearers,
andmustbespacedtosuittheweight
ofconcrete.
Useanglefilletsinthebeamsideto
soffitjointwherepossible.
Allowancemustbemadeforheight
adjustmentofthepropsorfalsework.
Erectionsequenceforconstructingbeamformworkincludes:
Positionofsoleplates;
Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks;
Assembleandpositionprops,adjustableheadjacks,
falseworks,bearersandSpreaders;
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit.
Positionofsoleplates
Thepurposeofasoleplateistotransferverticalloadfromoneverticalsupportmembertothefoundation.Thevertical
supportrequiresabaseplatefittedtohelpdistributetheloadtothesoleplate,whichisusuallyasleeper.Ifthesoleplateis
positionedonnaturalground,itisimportantthegroundisgradedandconsolidatedtoalevelsurface.
Theobjectiveistoachievemaximumbearingbeneaththesoleplate.
Oncesoleplatesarepositionedandfirmlybeddedtheyshouldbecheckedforlevel.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page20
Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks
Markoutthepositionofpropsandotherfalseworksupportsonthetopofthesoleplates.
Measuretheheightfromthesoleplatetothetopofthecolumnandmarktheheightontoastoreyrod.
Deductthethicknessofbeamsoffitdepthofjoistandthedepthofbearerfromtheoverallheight.Thisprovidesthe
heighttosetsteelpropsandotherfalseworksupportsystems.
Adjustthefalseworksystemstolengthsdeterminedfromthestoryrod.
Assembleandpositionprops,adjustableheadjacks,falseworks,bearersandspreaders
Thistasknormallyinvolvesworkinginpairs.Itisimportanttobearinmindthesafetyrequiredtoassembleprops
andtemporarysupportsystems.Oftencontinuousormobilescaffoldingareusedtohelperectthefalsework
system.
Layoutlengthsofbearersoneachsideofthecolumns.Jointsshouldbestaggered.
Positionthescaffoldateachendofthebearer.
CarefullypositionbearersintothecentreofproporfalseworkUhead.UsecentralisingpackersnailedtoUhead.
Repeatthisprocedureontheotherside.
Plumbsupportsbothwaysandnailspreadersateachendhardagainstthecolumnface.Thisistoprevent
movement.
SecurepropsandfalseworkatUheadandsoleplate.
Placespreadersinpositionatrequiredspacing.
Position,plumbandfixintermediateprops.
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit
Fromworkingdrawingsthejoistlengthcanbedeterminedbydevelopingafullsizeorscaledsetoutdrawingofa
crosssectionofthebeambeingconstructed.Allowforformworkandbracingrequiredinthedevelopment.
Markoutapatternjoistfromyoursetoutdrawing.
Markouttherequirednumberofjoistsfromthepattern.Beamjoistsshouldthenbefixedinpositionacrossthe
bearers.
Fixthesoffit.Thewidthofthesoffitcanbedeterminedfromyourfullsizesetout.
Useastringlinetoaccuratelypositionthepanelsusedtoformthesoffitbetweencolumns.Supporttheedgeofthe
soffitpanelsbyplacinganextrajoistundertheendedgeofpanels.
Obtainstudheightsforwallsfromfullsizesetout.
Constructthetimberframewallpanelsinsections.
Erectthewallframestoeachedgeofthesoffitliningadjusteachpanelforplumbandlineusingbraces.
Fixwalers,kickerscleatsandbracingplate.
Fixtieboltsasspecified.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page21
SUSPENDEDSLABS
Suspendedfloorslabscanbeconstructedusingcastinsitu,precastunitsoracombinationofboth.Whichevermethodis
used,itisimportanttosupporttheproposedmethodofconstructionusingacombinationoftimberorsteelbearersand
adjustableshoring.Thespacingandtypeofsupportsystemrequiredisdeterminedbytheloadimposedduringthe
constructionprocess.Manufacturersprovidetablestoassistintheselectionandspacingofadjustableshoringsystems.
Theerectionsequenceforconstructingasuspendedfloorslabincludes:
Determiningthebearerspacing;
Erectingbearersandjoists;
Fixingthesheeting;
Preparationforconcrete.
Designandconstructionofslabformwork
Asanumberofcollapseshaveoccurredwhenpouringsuspendedslabs,
carefulattentionmustbegiventotheoverallsupport
system.Unlessusingaproprietaryorwellprovensystem,
engineerdesignisrequired.Deckingwillprobablybeplywood
sheetsorshutters,butboardsandjoistscouldbeused.
Thicksheetsoffibrecementarealsosuitable.Propsandother
falseworkmustbeperfectlyplumbatthetimeofpouringthe
concrete.
Allpropsandfalseworkmustbetiedtogetherandbraced.
Proprietarybearersintimberorsteelareoftenusedas
theirbearingcapacityiseasilydetermined.Considerationmust
begiventotheorderofstriking,andtheinstallationof
permanentorbackpropping.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page22
DeterminingTheBearerSpacing
Tocalculatethebearerspacingmeasurethespanbetweenthesupportingwalls.Dividethespanbytherecommended
bearerspacing.Thiswilldeterminethenumberofspacesbetweenbearers.Dividethespanbythenumberofcalculated
spaces.Thiswillestablishthecentretocentrespacingofbearers.
ErectingBearersAndJoists
Bearers
Positioningbearersforasuspendedslabarethesameasforabeamhowever:itisimportantthatsoleplatesarefirmly
beddedoneithercompactedgroundorlevelconcrete.Bearersupportsmustbeadequatelybraced.Extrabearersmaybe
requiredtosupportjoistsandsheetingeithersideofmajorpenetrations.
Checkthefollowing:
bearersarepositionedandsetinlineandadjustedtothecorrectlevel.
soleplatesarebeddedfirmlyandpositionedcentraltothebearer.
allbearersupportsareplumb.
bearerjoinsaresupported.
bearersareseatedcentrallyinUheads.
supportsspacedasspecifiedandarefirmlyfixedattheheadandbearingplate.
allsupportsarehorizontallyanddiagonallybraced.
Joists
Thepositionofjoistsisdeterminedbythesheetlengthandthecentretocentrespacingoftheintermediatejoists.Check
withthespecificationsofthesheetingmaterialbeingused.Determinetheperimetersupportrequired,layingpatternand
whetherthefacegrainistorunparallelorat90degreestothejoists.Thiswilleffectthejoistarrangement.
Markoutthejoistspacingonthesidewallsclearlyidentifyingthejoistsattheendofeachsheet.
Sheetingedgesmustfallonthecentreofajoist.
Cutrequirednumberofjoiststolength.
Positionthejoistscentrallyoverthesetoutlines.
FixingTheSheeting
Ifusingformplyforsheeting,itisimportanttoavoiddamagingtheedgesofsheets.
Bysealingtheedgesofsheetsyouwillpreventswelling.
Positionthefirstrowofsheetingstraightandsquare,thiswillmakefittingtheremaindersimpler.
Fixintermediatesheeting.
Nailoffsheets,sealandinstallanybevelledtrimrequiredtoexternalandinternalcorners.
Somespecificationsrequiresurfacetapetobeappliedoverbuttjoints.
Checkthatjointsaresealed,levelandtight.
Intersectionsatedgebeamformworkareplanedflat.
Sheetingisfixedasspecified.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page23
Jointsarewatertight.
Anypanelscuttoaccommodatepenetrationsoropeningsarethecorrectshapeanddimensionandintherequired
position.
Alljointsofsheetsarefullysupported.
PreparationForConcrete
Taskstobecompletedbeforetheconcreteiscastinclude:
Clearingthedeckingofalldebris;
Markingoutforreinforcing;
Applyareleaseagenttosheeting;
Checksitedocumentationandwithsubcontractorstoaccommodatesleeves,penetrationsandconduitforservices;
Fixreinforcingsteelinaccordancewithstructuraldetails;
Finalcleanandinspectionrequired.
PROPRIETARYFORMWORK
ProprietaryformworkSystemsaresuppliedbycompaniessuchasBoralAcrow,andRapidMetalDevelopmentsinNZ,andfor
specificprojectsareoftensuppliedbyoverseascompanies.
BoralAcrowsupplies:
UForm(Universal):forwalls,columns,beams,andslabswithvariousaccessoriesforscaffoldingsupport.Shuttersare
joinedwithsnapties.
"Flexibleform":forcurvedstructures,andcanbecombinedwith"Uform".
Forsomeprojects,specialformworkisdesignedandconstructed,oftenworkinginconjunctionwithanoverseascompany.
TEMPORARYPROPPING(SHORING)
Asearlystrikingofbeamandslabsoffitformworkisdesirableforearlyreuse,someformoftemporarysupportisgenerally
needed.
Althoughofatemporarynature,itisoftencalledpermanentpropping,withtemporaryproppingbeingusedwhileconcreteis
poured.
Typicalpermanentshoringorpropping
Undisturbed:Formsarestruckwithoutdisturbingthepropsthataretobeleftinplace.Proprietarysystemsallowthis.
Secondary:Propsareplacedindesignedlocationsbeforedisturbinganyoftheexistingprops.
Partial:Thesoffitformworkisstruckshutterbyshutterandnewpropsareplacedprogressively.
Total:Thecompletesoffitisstruckandreproppedbeforeanyconstructionworkcommencesabove.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page24
FALSEWORK
Falseworkistemporarystructureorframeworkusedinconstructiontosupportmaterials,equipment,orformwork.(SeeOSH
SafetyinConstructionGuideNo7)
Mostfalseworkisvertical,supportingbeamsandslabs.Falseworkmustbeengineerdesigned.
Aswellassupportingtheweight,allowancemustbemadeforsidewaypressuressuchaswind,stacksofmaterialscausing
eccentricloading,propsoutofplumb,formworkbeing
struckbymachineryorcraneloads.
Falseworkcanbe:
timber;
scaffoldtubewithadjustablescrewjacks,toporbottom,orboth;
proprietarypropsuchasAcrowprop;
proprietarybracedframesuchasAcrowshore;
proprietaryfloorcentre(atelescopicbeam);
proprietarybeamclampssuchasAcrowbeamclampwhichcombinesformworkandfalsework.
Settingupfalsework:
Basemustbelevelandfirm.Asoleplateispreferable;
Propsandframesmustbeplacedasperdesign;
Placepropscentrallyundermembers;
Bracefalseworkintwodirections;
Floorcentresmusthavefullbearingfortheendtongues;
Beamsmustbecentredoverpropstopreventeccentric(outofline)loading.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page25
STAIRFORMWORK
Pointstoconsiderwhendesigningstairformwork
Stairformworkmustsupporttheweightofconcrete.Theweightofthethroatofthestairandthestepswillhaveto
besupported.
Becauseoftheslopeofthestair,someoftheforceistransmittedsideways.Allformworkmustbewelltiedtogether
topreventsidewaymovement.
Considerthefinishofthestairtreadsandtypeofnosing.Spacemayhavetobeleftforpurposemadenosing.
Step nosing
Riser, vertical or
raked
Thedesignofthestairmustconformtothestairdesignregulationse.g.residentialorcommercial.RefertotheBuildingCode
D1forstairdesignandregulations.
StairFormworkconstruction
Sheathingcanbedressedboardslaidacrossorlongitudinallyorusesheetmaterialsuchasplywoodorparticle
board.
Dressedboardsmayhavesheetmaterialfixedontoptopreventlossofgrout.
Joistsandbearersmustbespacedtoavoidunduesaggingofanypartofthestructure.Selecttimbercarefullyto
avoidweaknessescausedbyknotsorcrossgrain.
Verticalstrutsmusthaveameansofheightadjustmentandbeverysecurelyfixedtothebearerstoprevent
sidewaysmovement.
Placeandfixriserboardsaccurately.Forsafetyallstepsmustbethesamesize.
Ensurethatallreinforcingsteelisplacedexactlyasshownonthedrawings.Misplacingthesteel,particularlyin
depth,canalterthestrengthofthefinishedstair.Ensureadequatecoveronexteriorstairs.
Placeinsertsforbalustersandnosingpiecesasrequired.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page26
CROSSSECTIONOFSTAIRFORMWORK
TREADS,NOSINGS,BALUSTRADING.
Treads
Itisverydifficulttoputahighqualityfinishonthesurfaceofinsitupouredstepsbecauseofthedifficultyingettingunder
andaroundtheriserboardsandstrongbacks.Itisgenerallybettertoallowforlaterplasteringorcoveringofthestepswith
tilesetc.
Raiser form
access
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009
Formwork Page27
Nosings
Concretenosingsareverypronetochipping.Itiscommonpracticetoreinforcethecornerwithapurposemadenosingsuch
as:
Vinyl,aluminium,ceramic,etc.Nosingsalsohelptomakethestepsnonslip.
Balustrading
Provisionmustbemadeforfixingbalustradingunlessitistobefixedatthesurfaceusingmasonrybolts.Balustradingcanbe
madefromgalvanisedwroughtiron,galvanisedpipe,aluminium,stainlesssteel,etc.,mostofwhichissitemeasuredafter
stepshavebeenpoured.
Balustradingactsasaguardrailing.Itmustbestrongenoughtoresistapersonfallingagainstitandbeleast900mmto1m
high.
Precaststairways
Inmanybuildingsandinparticularinmultistoreybuildings,thereareoftenagreaternumberofidenticalstairflights.In
thesecasestheadvantagesofprecastingthestairsmeritconsideration.
STRIKING,MAINTENANCE,STORAGEOFFORMWORK
Striking
Ascolumnandbeamsideformworkwillberemovedbeforebeamandslabsoffitformwork,provisionmustbemadeforeasy
removalandinthecorrectorder.
Ifbeamandslabsoffitformworkistoberemovedbeforetheconcretehasachievedworkingstrength,permanentpropping
orshoringisrequired.
Takecaretoavoiddamagetoformworkwhichistobereused.Eightormoreusesmaybeobtainedfromtimberformwork.
Maintenance
Cleanformswithstiffbrushandcleancoldwater.
Usescrapersonlyasalastresort.
Keepformswelloiledtopreventdelaminationofplywoodorrustingofsteelandalwaysoiltheedges.
Storageofforms
Anyformworkwithsteelcomponentsshouldbestoredinthedry.
Avoiddirectsunlightontimberforms.
Storeclearofthegroundwithouttwistorbend,andkeepfreeofdirt.
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute Revised2009