. .

1.

25 . 400 . 25 .
400 . (cable stayed
bridge) 1. (solid slab bridge) 2. (void
slab bridge) 3. (beam and slab bridge) 4. (insitu multi cell box girder)
5. (insitu single cell box girder) 6. (precast segmental box
girder) 7. launch (incrementally launched box girder) 8. (cable stayed
bridge) 9. (truss bridge) 10. extradosed
1
1. (solid slab bridge) 20 .

2. (void slab bridge) 2

3. (beam and slab bridges) 3.1

1



(cross beam diagphram)
(gantry)
( 3.2)
Cable-stayed bridges

In situ box girder (variable depths)

Precast segmental box girder (variable depths)
Precast segmental box girder (constant depth)
Launched box girders

In situ box girder (constant depths)

Precast post-tensioned beams

Precast pre-tensioned beams

Reinforced concrete decks

10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 m 70 m 80 m 90 m 100 m 130 m 250 m

Varies with span

CL typically 900 for
Bridge 20 m span

900 c/c 600 dia.

Service polystyrene
trench Post-tensioned void formers
tendons

4. (insitu singlecell box girder) 4

40 . 200 . 60 . (d ~ L/20)
span-by-span (construction joint)
L/5 (scaffolding)

2

span-by-span
( 5)
In situ top slab

Post-tensioned
tendons

Pre-tensioned strand

3.1

3.2 T-beam

3
 4

60 . (d ~ L/16)
(d ~ L/45) 6
segment 3-5 m forwork traveler

4
 7 5 7-8

5
 7

8 7

6
 9 5

6. (precast segmental box girder)

viaduct airport rail link

2 ( 10)
( 11)
(segment)
(match cast)

3 ( 12) 1.
epoxy
2. span by span
3.
stay

7. launch (Incrementally launched bridge)

20 30 .
60 .
launching nose
launch
13
8. (Cable stayed bridge) 250 .
12 .

7


formwork traveler

10 precast 2 span-by-span

8
 11

Direction of C C C
L Pier Direction of C C C
L Pier
L Pier L Pier L Pier L Pier
construction construction

G.L. G.L.

(a) span-by-span

C L Pier
C
Direction of C
L Pier C
L Pier L Pier C
L Pier C
L Pier
C
L Pier C
L Pier C
L Pier C
L Pier
construction

G.L. G.L. G.L.

(b) Balanced cantilever

C L Pier
C
Direction of C
L Pier C
L Pier L Pier C
L Pier C
L Pier
C
L Pier C
L Pier C
L Pier
construction

G.L. G.L. G.L.

(c) Progressive
12 precast

9
 13.1 Incrementally launched method

13.2 Incrementally launched method

10
 Launching nose

pier

pier
14 launch

2.

1. (longitudinal analysis)
2 (transverse analysis)

T (pier)
(abutment)

diaphragm crossbeam cap beam
T
3
1. (grillage model) 15
grillage model
grillage model
16
2. (line model) 17 ramp 4
18 west corridor

11
 beam element

3D FEM model 19 3D shell

element

Transverse beam members

support

Longitudinal beam members

15

(balanced cantilever) .
west corridor


1. (SLS)
= EI = 0.5 EI
2 . = EI
= 0.3 EI
3. (long-
term modulus)
E cl = E cs /(1 + )

E =
cl

E =
cs

12
 =
4. 3 3 20
IL I
N

16

13
 17 span-by-span tight curve

Z
Y

18

14
 19 3D shell element

N
L

For calculating IL and IN For calculating IM

20

3.



1. 2.
3. (Serviceability limit state)

15
 1. (dead load) 2. (live load) 3.
. (impact) 4. (wind) 5. (breaking load) 6. (centrifugal
load) 7. (earth pressure) 8. (buoyancy) 9. (shrinkage) (creep)
(temperature) 10. (stream flow) 11. (ship collision) 12. (earthquake) 13.
14.


(restrained force)





(1) (D)


25.5 kN/m3
24.0 kN/m3
78.5 kN/m3
20.0 kN/m3
16.0 kN/m3
24.0 kN/m3
2 (SD)
5-10 cm (barrier)
3.



AASHTO [1] 30% [2]
50% . [3] ( lane)
1 3.5 .

16
 AASHTO 2
3.1 ( ) (Truck load) 21

HS20- 44 36 kN 144 kN 144 kN

0.8W

0.8W
0.2W

4.2 m 4.2- 9.2 m

0.1W 0.4W 0.4W

0.1W 0.4W 0.4W

21 AASHTO truck load HS20-44

1
30 .
lane load
28 3 10 2 4.8
4 11.5 4 11.5 = 4.50
. = 1.30 .
2.5 1
3.2 Lane load
w = 9.3 kN/m PM = 82 kN
Pv = 118 kN 22

17
 Pv = 118 kN
PM = 82 kN

w = 9.3 kN / m

22 AASHTO Lane load

truck load lane load
lane load
3 AASHTO truck lane

Percent
1-2 lanes 100 ()
3 lanes 90
4 lanes 75

4. (Impact) (I)


15.24
Impact factor, I = 0.3
L + 38
impact
factor ( )

5. . (Longitudinal force) (LF)

AASHTO 5%
1.8 .
6. (centrifugal force) (CF)
plan

superelevation
720S 2
C=
R

18
C = %
S = (. .)
R = (.)
7. (W)
(Wind load on superstructure)
(Wind load on live load) AASHTO

23
(barrier)

Wind, W

23

7.1 (Wind on superstructure) (W)

(lateral wind pressure) = 2.4 kN/m2 2.4 2.8 = 6.7 kN/m
(longitudinal wind pressure) = 0.58 kN/m2 0.58 2.8 = 1.62 kN/m
7.2 (Wind on live load) (WL)
= 1.5 kN/m
= 0.6 kN/m
1.8 . 24
7.3 (Wind on substructure) (W)
= 1.92 kN/m2
7.4 (Overturning wind) (W)
= 1 kN/m2 box
B/4 25

19
 Wind on LL

1.8 m

24 Wind on live load

B/4

25 Overturning Wind

8. (creep, shrinkage and temperature) (CST)

26
(expansion joint)
2
1. (short term)

()

2. (long term)

20

E = E /(1 + )
cl cs

E E = 15100 f ksc
cs cs c

26 creep shrinkage temperature

8.1 (creep of concrete) (C)

British standard BS5400 part 4 appendix C (
)
creep
cr = i
creep factor
cr i

= klkmkckek j

k l = 70%-80%
k m = maturity
k c = cement content
k s =
k j = long term

21

20%
(instantaneous strain)
i = c / E c
= P / A P A
c e e

8.2 (shrinkage of concrete) (S)

BS5400 part 4 ()
ls = k l k c k e k j

k l = 70%-80%
k c = cement content
k s =
k j = long term
8.3 (T)
20
= 0.00001
9. (E)
(abutment)
Rankine
p a = k a h + k a p s
k coefficient of active earth pressure p = surcharge
a s

k
a

1 sin
k a = tan 2 ( 45 / 2) =
1 + sin
k = 0.4
a

10. (stream flow) (SF)

2
Pavg = 0.526kv 2 kN/m

v (2 m/s )

22
 k
k = 0.7
11. (Boat collision force) (BCF)
= 3000 kN = 1500
kN pile cap
12. (Prestressing restraining force) (P/T)
continuity tendons

13. (EQ)
AASHTO
EQ = C s W
C s
1.2AS
Cs = 2.5A
T2/3

A
0.15-0.2 g zone 1
0.09 g
S = 1 = 2
T 1
M W
T = 2 = 2
K gK
K I 0.3I

2
1: 100% + 30%
2: 30% + 100%
1 2

2.5 (Load combination)

23
 AASHTO 7 (Serviceability limit
state) (Ultimate limit state)
2.5.1
(%)
Group 1: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF] 100
Group 2: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + E + B + SF + W] 125
Group 3: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF +0.3W + WL + LF] 125
Group 4: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF + CST] 125
Group 5: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + E + B + SF + W + CST] 140
Group 6: 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF +0.3W + WL + LF + CST] 140
Group 7A 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + E + B + SF + EQ] 133
Group 7B 1.0[D+ SD + P/T + E + B + SF + BCF] 133
2.5.2

Group 1: 1.3[D+ SD + 1.67(L+I) + CF + E + B + SF] + P/T

Group 2: 1.3[D+ SD + E + B + SF + W] + P/T
Group 3: 1.3[D+ SD + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF +0.3W + WL + LF] + P/T
Group 4: 1.3[D+ SD + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF + CST] + P/T
Group 5: 1.25[D+ SD + E + B + SF + W + CST] + P/T
Group 6: 1.25[D+ SD + (L+I) + CF + E + B + SF +0.3W + WL + LF + CST] + P/T
Group 7A 1.3[D+ SD + E + B + SF + EQ] + P/T
Group 7B 1.3[D+ SD + E + B + SF + BCF] + P/T
load case

4.
(Construction sequence and creep analysis)


27a 4
(balanced cantilever) 4

24
27(b)
4

27(b) (creep)

27(b) (Creep factor, )
= cr / i
cr i (elastic strain)
BS5400 part 4

4.1.
( 27a)

M f = M ab + (1 + e )( M i M ab )

Mf Mab Mi
4.2.

M f = M a (1 e ) /
Ma
5. anchorage, blisters deviators
5.1

(transfer length)
L t = k t D t / f ci
5.2
5.2.1 anchor
28 1.
(bursting reinforcement) 2. (spalling reinforcement) 3.
(equilibrium reinforcement)

25
 Deck build as
balanced cantilever
In situ stitch

(a) Structure arrangement

Instantaneous moment Moment after creep
Moment range

As-built moment

(b) Dead load bending moment diagram

27

1. anchor ( 29)
2. anchor

3. (equilibrium reinforcement) anchor

strut and tie
5.2.2 blister
box girder blister
30 1.
(bursting reinforcement) 2. 3. blister

blister
5.2.3 Deviator

26
 Deviator
(external posttension) 31 deviator

Tv = Pu v
Th = Pu h
Pu v h

Spread of force
through flange

Spread of force
through web

Spread of force
through flange

28

b
st

yo Loaded
area
ypo
d2 A A
h
ypo
Fo

d1
yo Fo

sb
Prestress h Stress distribution
anchorage
h from anchor
Anchorage layout Stress distribution

27
 0.25 h 0.25 h 0.5 h

st

Anti-spalling
reinforcement

Anti- -ve +ve

busting
spirals

sb
Anti-spalling
h Equilibrium reinforcement
reinforcement
(iii) Reinforcement design

29

6 D25 ,L=2.40
E
3 D12,L=3.00

1200 2 D12 @0.20

6x2 D12
@ 0.05
ALONG CURVATURE OF TENDONS

3D12,L=3.00
3D12,L=3.00
3 D25
6D12@0.05 D12 @0.20
L=2.40
+
+

3D25,L=2.40
F SECTION
E SECTION
2 D12,L=1.50
6 D25 @0.20
TOP& BOT,L=2.40

30b single blister

28
 200

75
B

,L=0.
2x2 D12 6 D12,L=3.00
6 D25 @0.20 L=1.5

6 D12
TOP& BOT,L=2.40 C

1200 6x2 D12

2 D12 @0.20
@ 0.05
ALONG CURVATURE OF TENDONS

6x2 D12 6 D12,L=3.00

@0.05
2xD12@0.20 6 D12,L=3.00

2 D12,L=1.50

+ +

6 D25 @0.20
C SECTION
TOP& BOT,L=2.40

B SECTION

30c double blister

31 deviator

5.2.4 diaphragm cross beam

diaphragm cross beam
web T 32 diaphragm

1. Box girder ( 32a)
strut and tie hanging
reinforcement box strut bearing
box strut bearing

29
 bearing d/2 d box
( 33a)
1. hanging reinforcement A-A
2. - (shear-friction)
bearing d/2 hanging reinforcement

prestress web
hanging
reinforcement
2. ( 32b) ( 32c)

30
 Access hole
through diaphragm Tie across
(a)
top
torsional
diaphragm wall bracing
typically 10 m thick Soffit drainage
pipe
Bearings
load load
Pier from
from
web Bearings Bearingsweb
equivalent truss
(b) Access hole
through
diaphragm
force from
webs
diaphragm wall
typically 10 m thick Soffit drainage
pipe
Soffit drainage Bearings
pipe
Pier Bearings Bearings

equivalent
beam
In situ top slab Diaphragm wall
(c) force from
webs
Precast beam

Bearings
Pier Bearings Bearings

32 cross beam diaphragm

31
 33 hanging reinforcement diaphragm cross beam

1.
10
2. Amorn Pimanmas and Knut Nielsen, The effect of long-term creep on moment redistribution of Pathum-
Thani bridge crossing the Chao Praya river, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Bridge
Design, Construction and Maintenance.
3. AASHTO code
4. ACI Building Code

32
5. Norwegian code
6. British code BS5400
7. Nigel R. Hewson, Prestressed concrete bridge: Design and Construction Thomas Telford
8. Design manual for bridges \

33