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Mathematical Operations (Basic Mathematics) For Neet Aspirants - 2018
Mathematical Operations (Basic Mathematics) For Neet Aspirants - 2018
XI &XII (CBSE & ICSE BOARD) IIT-JEE / NEET /AIIMS / JIPMER / uptU
perpendicular MP
1. sin
hypotenuse OP
(read as sine of angle )
O X
base OM
2. cos
The angle is positive, if it is traced by the revolving line hypotenuse OP
in anticlockwise direction and is negative, if it is (read as cosine of angle )
covered in clockwise direction. perpendicular MP
3. tan =
1 right angle = 90 (degrees) base OM
1 = 60' (minutes) (read as tangent of angle )
1' = 60" (seconds) base OM
4. cot
perpendicular MP
In circular system
(read as cotangent of angle )
1 right angle = rad (radian) hypotenuse OP
2 5. sec =
base OM
One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a
(read as secant of angle )
circle by an arc of the circle, whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle. hypotenuse OP
6. cosec =
perpendicular MP
1 rad = 180/ 57 17' 45" 57.3
(read as cosecant of angle )
1. 2 Trigonometrically Ratios (or T-ratios)
1
1. (a) cosec =
Consider the two fixed lines XOX' and YOY' intersecting sin
at right angles to each other at point O as shown in Fig. 1
(b) sec =
Then. cos
1
(c) cot =
(i) Point O is called origin. tan
(ii) XOX' and YOY' are known as X-axis and 2. (a) sin2 + cos2 = 1
Y-axis respectively.
(b) 1 + tan2 = sec2
(iii) Portions XOY, YOX', X'OY' and Y'OX are
(c) 1+ cot2 = cosec2
called I, II, III, and IV quadrant respectively.
v
du
u
dv Sol. (i) Let y = (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 1)
dy d u dx dx
dy d
dx dx v v2 = (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x5 + x2 1)
dx dx
6. If y = xn where n is a real number, then d
dy d n + (4x5 + x2 1) (x3 3x2 + 4)
( x ) nx n 1 dx
dx dx
d d d
= (x3 3x2 + 4) (4x 5 ) (x 2 ) (1)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
dx dx dx
d d d
+ (4x5 + x2 1) (x 3 ) (3x 2 ) (4)
dy dx dx dx
Ex.1 Find , when
dx
d d d
= (x3 3x2 + 4) 4 (x 5 ) (x 2 ) (1)
(i) y x dx dx dx
(ii) y = x5 + x4 + 7 d d d
+ (4x5 + x2 1) (x 3 ) 3 ( x 2 ) (4)
(iii) y = x + 4x
2 1/2 2
3x dx dx dx
= (x3 3x2 + 4)[4 5x4 + 2x 0]
Sol. (i) Here, y= x + (4x5 + x2 1) [3x2 3 2x + 0]
dy d d 1/ 2 1 1 = (x3 3x2 + 4) (20x4 + 2x )
= ( x) = ( x ) = x 1 / 2 =
dx dx dx 2 2 x + (4x5 + x2 1) (3x2 6x)
= 2x(10x3 + 1) (x3 3x2 + 4)
(ii) Here, y = x5 + x4 + 7
+ 3x(x 2) (4x5 + x2 1)
dy d 5
= (x + x4 + 7) 9x 5
dx dx (ii) Let y =
x 3
d 5 d 4 d
= (x ) (x ) (7 )
dx dx dx d d
( x 3) (9x 5 ) 9x 5 ( x 3)
4 3
= 5x + 4x + 0 = 5x + 4x 4 3 dy dx dx
dx ( x 3) 2
(iii) Here, y = x2 + 4x1/2 3x2
d 5 d d
( x 3) 9 ( x ) 9x 5 ( x ) (3)
dy d =
dx dx dx
(x2 + 4x1/2 3x2) ( x 3)
dx dx
d 2 d d
= (x ) (4 x 1/ 2 ) (3x 2 ) ( x 3) 9 5x 4 9x 5 (1 0)
dx dx dx =
( x 3) 2
d 2 d d
= (x ) (4 x 1/ 2 ) (3x 2 )
dx dx dx 45x 5 135x 4 9x 5 36x 5 135x 4 9x 4 (4x 15)
=
d 2 d d ( x 3) 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x 3) 2
= ( x ) 4 ( x 1/ 2 ) 3 ( x 2 )
dx dx dx
1
= 2x + 4 x3/2 3(2)x3
2
= 2x 2x3/2 + 6x3
3. 1
x dx log
1 d 1
4. xc ( (loge x) = )
If differentiation of f(x) w.r.t.x is equal to f '(x), then f(x) e
dx x
+ c is called the integration of f '(x), where c is called the
e dx e
constant of integration. d
5. x x
c ( (ex) = ex)
dx
Symbolically, it is written as
SOLVED EXAMPLES
f ' (x)dx f (x) c
Here, f '(x) dx is called element of integration and is Ex.1 Integrate w.r.t. x. :
called indefinite integral. Let us proceed to obtain
(i) x11/2 (ii) x7 (iii) xp/q
integral of xn w.r.t. x.
d n 1
( x ) (n 1) x n x11/ 21
2
dx Sol. (i) x11/ 2dx c x13 / 2 c
11 13
1
2
Since the process of integration is the inverse process of
differentiation, x 71
1
(ii) x 7dx c x 6 c
(n 1)x dx x 7 1
n 1
n
or (n 1) x n dx x n 1 6
x n 1
p
1
p
or x n dx q
x
x q
n 1 (iii) q
dx c x ( p q ) / q c
p pq
1
q
The above formula holds for all values of n, except
n = 1. It is because, for n = 1,
1
Ex. 2
Evaluate x 2 cos x dx
x dx x
1 1
n
dx dx x
x
x dx cos xdx x dx
1 1
Since is differential coefficient of loge x Sol. = 2
x
d 1
i.e. (log e x ) x 21
dx x sin x + loge x + c
2 1
x dx log
1
e x
x3
= sin x + loge x + c
Similarly, the formulae for integration of some other 3
functions can be obtained if we know the differential
coefficients of various functions.
x x (3x
3 / 2 7 1
1. 15
dx 2. dx 3. x )dx GMm r2
q1q 2
7. 2
dr 8. k dr
2 R r r1 r2
1 1
4.
x dx
x
5. x dx
x v
a b
9. M d x 1/ 2dx
u 0
6. 2 dx (Where a and b are constant)
x x
/2 /2
Ans. 1.
x16
c 2. 2x1/2 + c
11. 0
sin x dx 12. 0
cos x dx
16
/2
x 6
3.
2
log e x c 4.
x2
2
+ 2x + loge x + c 13. / 2
cos x dx
x2 a 1 1
5. log e x c 6. b log e x c Ans. 7.
GMm
8. kq1q 2
2 x R r2 r1
3.3 Definite integrals 1
9. M(v 2 u 2 ) 10.
When a function is integrated between a lower limit and 2
variable x.
y
After carrying out integration, the result is evaluated y x = ky2
x = ky2
F y = mx + c
between upper and lower limits as explained below: x x
O
(m = ve) O
b
a
f ' ( x )dx = | f ( x ) |ab = f(b) f(a) O G
x
Straight Line Parabola Parabola
5
Ex.3 Evaluate the integral : 1
x 2dx y y = kx2 y
x 1
y
x2 + y2 = a2
y
5 x O a
5 x3 or x
1 1 O
Sol. x dx =
2
| x 3 |15 ((5)3 (1)3 ) y = kx2 xy = constant
1 3 3 3
1
x
1 124 Parabola
(125 1) Hyperbola Circle
3 3
y x 2 y2 y
1
a 2 b2
b y = eKx
x
O a Here
a = semi major axis
b = semi minor axis O x
b<a
Ellipse Exponential Decay
b b 2 4ac
x a
2a
Ex. 2
2x + 5x 12 = 0
Sol. The given quadratic equation is b
2x2 + 5x 12 = 0 2. Volume of a cube = (side)3
Comparing this equation with the quadratic equation in 4
3. Volume of a sphere = r 3 (r = radius)
the standard form (ax2 + bx + c = 0), we have 3
a = 2, b = 5 and c = 12 4. Volume of a cylinder = r2
b b 2 4ac (r = radius and is length)
Now x= 1
2a 5. Volume of a cone = r 2 h
3
5 (5) 2 4 2 (12) (r = radius and h is height)
x=
2 2
5 25 96 5 11 6 16 22
= = = , Note: = 3.14; 2 = 9.8776 10
4 4 4 4 7
3 1
or x ,4 and = 0.3182
2
Que. Solve for x : Ex. Calculate the shaded area.
1. 10x2 27x + 5 = 0 Sol. Shaded are = Area of ellipse = ab
2. pqx2 (p2 + q2)x + pq = 0 Here a = 6 4 = 2 and b = 4 3 = 1
Ans. 1. ,
5 1
2. ,
p q Area = 2 1 = 2 units
2 5 q p
4
5. GEOMETRY 3
2
Formulae for determination of area :
1
1. Area of a square = (side)2
2. Area of rectangle = length breadth 2 4 6
1
3. Area of a triangle = base height Ex. Calculate the volume of given disk.
2
1 Sol. Volume = R2t = (3.04) (1)2 (103) = 3.14 103
4. Area of trapezoid = (distance between parallel m 3
2
side) (sum of parallel side)
R = 1m
5. Area enclosed by a circle = r2 (r = radius)
t = 1mm
6. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2( r = radius)
7. Area of a parallelogram = base height