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Culegerea, prelucrarea
LSUH]HQWDUHD
datelor statistice
*UXSDUHDLFODVLILFDUHDGDWHORUVWDWLVWLFH
JUXS UL FURQRORJLFH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPDWL]DUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH GXS R YDULDELO GH
timp;
JUXS ULWHULWRULDOH cnd sistematizaUHDGDWHORUVHIDFHGXS RYDULDELO GHVSD LX
(nenumerice).
a) gruparea pe variante GDF DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PLF L OD QLYHOXO XQLW LORU
b) JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HJDOH GDF DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH PRGHUDW Q
DFHVW FD] H QHFHVDU V VH VWDELOHDVF QXP UXO GH JUXSH L P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH
YDULD LH
'HUH LQXW
GDF UDSRUWXO GLQWUH DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL L QXP UXO GH JUXSH QX HVWH XQ FkW H[DFW
al valorilor caracteristicii;
GDF UH]XOWDWXO HVWH XQ QXP U vQWUHJ VH GHVFKLGH LQWHUYDOXO H[WUHP FRUHVSXQ] WRU
SHQWUX D LQFOXGH L YDORDUHD FDUH FRLQFLGH FX R OLPLW D LQWHUYDOXOXL FX OLPLWD
VXSHULRDU D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO GDF LQWHUYDOHOH VXQW vQFKLVH OD VWkQJD UHVSHFWLY FX
c) JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH GDF DPSOLWXGLQHD YDULD LHL HVWH IRDUWH
PDUH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH SULQ JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH XUP UHWH V VH
VWUXFWXUH]H FROHFWLYLWDWHD SH WLSXUL FDOLWDWLYH GDF QX VH FXQRVF YDORULOH SUDJXULOH
caUH VHSDU WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH VH SURFHGHD] PDL vQWkL OD JUXSDUHD SH LQWHUYDOH HJDOH
L DSRL VH SRDWH IRORVL FULWHULXO PHGLHL SHQWUX IRUPDUHD WLSXULORU FDOLWDWLYH PLF
mediu, mare.
d) JUXSDUHDSHPRGDOLW L
n cazul unei variabile calitative care presupune includerea n
DFHHDL JUXS FODV D WXWXURU XQLW
LORU OD FDUH V-D vQUHJLVWUDW DFHHDL IRUP GH
manifestare a caracteristicii.
de grupare care pot fi variDELOH QXPHULFH LVDX FDOLWDWLYH *UXSDUHD FRPELQDW LPSXQH VWDELOLUHD
,QGLIHUHQW GH VFRSXO L RELHFWXO JUXS ULL DFHDVWD WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF FHO SX LQ
completitudinea datelor;
RPRJHQLWDWHDJUXSHORULVXEJUXSHORU ;
XQLFLWDWHDLQFOXGHULLXQLW LORU ntr-RVLQJXU JUXS FODV GDF JUXSDUHDHVWHVLPSO
FRQWLQXLWDWHDYDULD LHLJUXSHORUvQFD]XOYDULDELOHORUQXPHULFHFHHDFHSUDFWLFvQVHDPQ
Clasificarea VH HIHFWXHD] GXS YDULDELOH QHQXPHULFH FDOLWDWLYH L DUH GH UHJXO XQ
3HQWUX GLQ VDODULD LL SH VH[H DL XQHL ILUPH VH FXQRVF GDWHOH SULYLQG YHFKLPHD vQ PXQF
9HFKLPHDYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHLVH[XOvQUHJLVWUDWHvQHDQWLRQSHQWUXFHLGHVDODULD L
Tabelul 1.1.
A 1 2 3
1 2 740 F
2 23 910 M
3 10 850 F
4 28 920 F
5 3 790 F
6 9 770 F
7 14 770 M
8 25 810 F
9 21 870 F
10 24 900 M
11 24 930 M
12 2 790 F
13 6 730 F
14 9 780 F
15 17 830 F
16 6 730 M
17 24 910 M
18 23 810 M
19 24 810 F
20 19 790 M
21 12 810 F
22 15 820 F
23 18 830 M
24 19 810 F
25 32 870 F
26 34 960 F
27 20 810 M
28 22 860 M
29 30 870 F
30 16 790 M
31 2 720 F
32 24 860 M
33 22 860 F
34 22 860 F
35 16 830 F
36 38 980 M
37 13 840 F
38 24 820 F
39 27 810 M
40 29 990 M
16 E UED L
Total 748 33440
24 femei
Se cere:
UH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH
4. V VHJUXSH]HFRPELQDWFHLGHPXQFLWRULvQIXQF LHGHFHOHWUHLYDULDELOHOXDWHFkWH
Rezolvare
&ROHFWLYLWDWHD VWDWLVWLF este fRUPDW GLQ FHL GH VDODULD L L UHSUH]LQW R FROHFWLYLWDWH GH
VHOHF LH
Variantele VXQW YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH DOH FHORU GRX YDULDELOH QXPHULFH L IRUPD GH
PDQLIHVWDUHSHQWUXYDULDELODQHQXPHULF FDOLWDWLY
PDLVXVSUHFXPLWRDWHUH]XOWDWHOHFHVHYRURE LQHGLQSUHOXFUDUHDDFHVWRUD
SHQWUXYHFKLPHQRWDW FXX:
n 40
x = x
i =1
i
i =1
i = 2 + 23 + ... + 27 + 29 = 748 ani vechime
SHQWUXYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHQRWDWHFX Y:
n 40
y =y
i =1
i
i =1
i = 740 + 910 + ... + 810 + 990 = 33440 mii lei
Pentru variabila "sex" QX VH SRDWH IDFH R FHQWUDOL]DUH VLPSO FL GRDU SH FHOH GRX YDULDQWH
E UED LLIHPHL
GLVWULEX LHGHIUHFYHQ H .
Q XUPD XQHL JUXS UL VLPSOH UH]XOW R GLVWULEX LH XQLGLPHQVLRQDO YH]L GH H[HPSOX
tabelul 1.2.).
3.1. *UXSDUHDPXQFLWRULORUGXS YHFKLPHLUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DVHULLORUGHGLVWULEX LHGH
IUHFYHQ H
b. VWDELOLUHD QXP UXOXL GH JUXSH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH Q IXQF LH GH amplitudinea
YDULD LHL GH YROXPXO FROHFWLYLW LL vQUHJLVWUDWH L GH VFRSXO SURSXV V D DSUHFLDW F HVWH
-
convenabil uQ QXP U GH JUXSH k 'H UH LQXW F QX WUHEXLH V VH RE LQ JUXSH FX
IUHFYHQ HQXOH
Repartizarea muncitorilor pe cele 6 LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH HVWH SUHFHGDW GH efectuarea unui
control logic.
1RWkQG OLPLWD LQIHULRDU D SULPXOXL LQWHUYDO FX xl L OLPLWD VXSHULRDU D XOWLPXOXL LQWHUYDO
xl x min
x L x max
6HFRQVWDW F SHQWUXH[HPSOXOOXDWVHUHVSHFW DFHVWHFRQGL LL
d. SUHFL]DUHDFHORUNLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LH :
2 - 8
*UXSDUHD ILLQG FX LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH FRQWLQX WUHEXLH
8 - 14
VWDELOLW FDUH OLPLW HVWH LQFOXV vQ LQWHUYDO 6H DOHJH GH RELFHL
14 - 20
YDULDQWD GH JUXSDUH FDUH DVLJXU FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D GH
20 - 26
UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO DGLF XQ JUDG GH FRQFHQWUDUH D IUHFYHQ HORU
26 - 32
F WUH centrul seriei.
32 - 38
n continuare, s-DXUHSDUWL]DWVDODULD LLSHJUXSHFXOLPLWDLQIHULRDU LQFOXV vQLQWHUYDOL
s-DRE LQXWXUP WRDUHDGLVWULEX LHGHIUHFYHQ HYH]LWDEHOXO
Tabelul 1.2.
Grupe de muncitori 1XP UXO
2-8 6
8-14 5
14-20 8
20-26 14
26-32 4
32-38 3
Total 40
1RW /LPLWDLQIHULRDU LQFOXV vQLQWHUYDO
3.1.2. 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D VHULHL GH GLVWULEX LH GXS YHFKLPH cu intervale egale de
YDULD LH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ KLVWRJUDP ILJXUD SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU ILJXUD FXUED
)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP L SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU VFDUD GH UHSUH]HQWDUH HVWH
PD[LP ILLQGGH
16
14
14
UVDODULD L 12
10
8
8
6
6 5
1XP
4
4 3
2
0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38
Vechime (ani)
16
14
12
UVDODULD L
10
8
1XP
0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44
Vechime (ani)
Pentru curba FXPXODWLY L JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH WUHEXLH I FXWH XQHOH FDOFXOH YH]L
3H ED]D UHSDUWL LHL GH IUHFYHQ H FXPXODWH FUHVF WRU L GHVFUHVF WRU VH SRDWH FRQVWUXL FXUED
cumuODWLY D IUHFYHQ HORU RJLY FkQG WHQGLQ D HVWH F WUH R UHSDUWL LH QRUPDO legea
Gauss-/DSODFH 3H D[D 2[ VFDUD HVWH HJDO WRW FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOXOXL GH JUXSDUH GDU SH D[D 2\
VFDUD YD IL FP VDODULD L GHRDUHFH QXP UXO PD[LP DO DFHVWRUD HVWH GH VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU
Tabelul 1.3.
Intervale FXPXODW
GHYDULD LH persoane ID &UHVF WRU Descresc WR ani ID IUHFYHQ H vechime
de total r de total
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2-8 6 15.0 6 40 21 2.8 15.0 2.8
8-14 5 12.5 11 34 53 7.1 27.5 9.9
14-20 8 20.0 19 29 134 17.9 47.5 27.8
20-26 14 35.0 33 21 322 43.1 82.5 70.9
26-32 4 10.0 37 114 15.2 92.5 86.1
32-38 3 7.5 40 104 13.9 100.0 100.0
Total 40 100 - 748 100 - -
Graficul lui Lorenz JUDILFXO GH FRQFHQWUDUH VH HODERUHD] SH ED]D FHORU GRX LUXUL GH
IUHFYHQ H L JUHXW L VSHFLILFH FXPXODWH FRORDQHOH L GLQ WDEHOXO 3H DPEHOH D[H VFDUD
tUHEXLH V ILH SURSRU LRQDO FX L FXUED VH WUDVHD] XQLQG SXQFWHOH GH FRRUGRQDWH GLQWUH FHOH
45
40
35
1UVDODULD L
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2 8 14 20 26 32 38
Vechime (ani)
100
% vechime cumulate
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
IUHFYHQ HFXPXODWH
n cazul nostru, pentru variabila vechime interesea] V VH FXQRDVF UHSDUWL LD VDODULD LORU vQ
x i
748
x= i =1
= = 18,7 ani vechime/salariat,
n 40
FDUHVHSODVHD] vQLQWHUYDOXODOWUHLOHD,QWHUYDOHOHQHHJDOHVHRE LQSULQUHJUXSDUHDFHORUHJDOH
*UXSD PLMORFLH VH YD RE LQH GLQ LQWHUYDOXO FDUH FRQ LQH PHGLD SOXV FHOH GRX LQWHUYDOH
DO WXUDWH LDU FHOHODOWH JUXSH VH FXPXOHD] SkQ OD YDORDUHD PLQLP RE LQkQG SULPD JUXS
Tabelul 1.4.
Grupe tipice ,QWHUYDOXOGHYDULD LH 1XP UXO
A B 1
YHFKLPHPLF 2-8 6
vechime mijlocie 8-26 27
vechime mare 26-38 7
Total - 40
3.1.4. 5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF D VHULLORU GH UHSDUWL LH FX LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH VH IDFHFXDFHOHDL
tipuri de grafice ca n cazul intervalelor egale. Deosebirea apare prin necesitatea de a alege un
LQWHUYDO GH ED] FDUH GHYLQH XQLWDWH D VF ULL GD UHSUH]HQWDUH L SULQ UHGXFHUHD SURSRU LRQDO D
freFYHQ HORU $FHVWH FDOFXOH VXQW QHFHVDUH QXPDL SHQWUX KLVWRJUDP LVDX SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU
YH]LWDEHOXOLILJXUD
Tabelul 1.5.
Grupe tipice ,QWHUYDOXOGHYDULD LH NuP UXO 0 ULPHD 5DSRUWXOID GH )UHFYHQ H
A B 1 2 3 4
YHFKLPHPLF 2-8 6 6 1 6,0
vechime mijlocie 8-26 27 18 3 9,0
vechime mare 26-38 7 12 2 3,5
Pe axa Ox: 1 diviziune = 6 ani, iar pe axa Oy: 1 diviziuQH VDODULD L
10 27
UVDODULD L
6 6
1XP
7
2 8 26 38
Vechime (ani)
Ay 270
k y = 6; h y = = = 45 mii lei
ky 6
Tabelul 1.6.
*UXSHGHVDODULD LGXS YHQLWXULOHVDODULDOH 1XP UXO
A 1
720 - 765 4
765 - 810 7
810 - 855 14
855-900 7
900 - 945 5
945 - 990 3
Total 40
5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF VH IDFH GXS DFHOHDL SULQFLSLL GDU LQkQG FRQW GH YDORULOH QXPHULFH
V SW PkQDOH
n
y i
33440
y= i =1
= = 836 mii lei/salariat
n 40
DP RE LQXW WUHL LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH - 765; 765 - 900; 900 - L D UH]XOWDW UHSDUWL LD
din tabelul 1.7.
Tabelul.1.7.
Grupe tipice *UXSHGXS P ULPHDYHQLWXULORU 1XP UXO
A B 1
YHFKLPHPLF 720 - 765 4
vechime mijlocie 765 - 900 28
vechime mare 900 -990 8
Total 40
Tabelul 1.8.
Sexul 1XP UXO
VDODULD LORU
A 1
Feminin 24
Masculin 16
Total 40
28
24
20
16
12 24
8 16
4
0
Feminin Masculin
Tabelul 1.9.
Vechime 9HQLWXULVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL Total
(ani) 720- 765- 810- 855- 900- 945-
765 810 855 900 945 990
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2-8 4 2 - - - - 6
8-14 - 2 3 - - 5
14-20 - 3 5 - - - 8
20-26 - - 5 5 4 14
26-32 - - 1 1 1 1 4
32-38 - - - 1 - 2 3
Total 4 7 14 7 5 3 40
Tabelul 1.10.
Sexul Vechime Total
2-8 8-14 14-20 20-26 26-32 32-38
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
Feminin 5 5 4 6 2 2 24
Masculin 1 - 4 8 2 1 16
Total 6 5 8 14 4 3 40
Tabelul 1.11.
9HQLWXULVDODULDOHV SW PkQDOHPLLOHL
1035
990
945
855
810
765
720
675
2 8 14 20ani 26 32 38
5. &HQWUDOL]DUHDSHJUXSHDIUHFYHQ HORULDYDORULORUYDULDELOHORUvQUHJLVWUDWH
)RORVLQG JUXSDUHD VH SRW FHQWUDOL]D QX QXPDL IUHFYHQ HOH FD OD SXQFWHOH L FL L YDORULOH
unor caractHULVWLFL FDUH DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH )RORVLQG GUHSW FDUDFWHULVWLF GH ED] YHFKLPHD YRP
FHQWUDOL]D GDWHOH L SHQWUX FHOHODOWH YDULDELOH YH]L WDEHOXO 6FRSXO ILLQG DFHOD GH D FXQRDWH
Tabelul 1.13.
3HQWUX D HYLGHQ LD FX PDL PXOW FODULWDWH UHOD LD GLQWUH YHFKLPH L IRQGXO GH VDODULL YRP
UHSUH]HQWDJUDILFSULQS WUDWHLFHUFXULGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXO3HQWUXDVWDELOLVFDUDGHUHSUH]HQWDUH
Tabelul 1.14.
2-8 8 - 14 14 - 20 20 - 26 26 - 32 32 - 38
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
F 2 740 F 1 85 M 1 77 M 2 910 F 2 92 F 3 87
0 0 4 0 3 8 0 2 0
F 3 790 F 9 77 F 1 83 F 2 810 F 3 87 F 3 96
0 7 0 5 0 0 4 0
F 2 790 F 9 78 M 1 79 F 2 870 M 2 81 M 3 98
0 9 0 1 7 0 8 0
F 6 730 F 1 81 F 1 82 M 2 900 M 2 99 M 1 28
2 0 5 0 4 9 0 =1 0 10
4
M 6 730 F 1 84 M 1 83 M 2 930 M 1 35 F=
3 0 8 0 4 =2 1 90 2
4
F 2 720 F 1 81 M 2 910 F n 6=
9 0 4 =2 3
M=1 21 4500 M=0 5 40 M 1 79 M 2 810 n5
3 50 0 0 3 =4
F=5 F=5 F 1 83 F 2 810
6 0 4
n1=6 n2=5 M= 1 64 M 2 810
4 3 70 0
4
F=4 M 2 860
2
n 3= M 2 860
8 4
F 2 860
2
F 2 860
2
F 2 820
4
M=8 3 120
2 20
2
F=6
n4=1
4
22540000
4500000 6400000
4500000 22540000
6400000
RE LQH UHSDUWL LL DFFHQWXDW DVLPHWULFH Q DFHVW FD] VH UHLD JUXSDUHD FX DOW QXP U GH
LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH L RSHUD LD VH UHSHW SkQ OD RE LQHUHD XQHL UHSDUWL LL FH WLQGH VSUH
evenimente rare, printr-R DQDOL] SUHDODELO D GDWHORU SULPDUH VH SRW HOLPLQD DD -zisele
FD]XUL DEHUDQWH L FDOFXOD R QRX DPSOLWXGLQH D YDULD LHL SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD P ULPLL
intervalelor;
UHOXDUHDJUXS ULLGDF UHSDUWL LDSUH]LQW IUHFYHQ HPD[LPHDO WXUDWH
-
vQ FD]XO JUXS ULORU SH LQWHUYDOH GH YDULD LH QHHJDOH UHJUXSDUHD LQWHUYDOHORU HJDOH VH YD
FRPSDUDWLY FX JUXSHOH GH OD H[WUHPH FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH PDL SX LQ UHSUH]HQWDWH Q DFHVW
Tabelul 1.15.
&HULQ H
2. JUXSD L FHL GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL L GXS
3. HYLGHQ LD L WLSXULOH FDOLWDWLYH FH VH SRW FRQWXUD vQ FDGUXO FROHFWLYLW LL IRORVLQG FULWHULXO
mediei;
4. JUXSD L FRPELQDW FHL GH DJHQ L HFRQRPLFL GXS JUDGXO GH LQVWUXLUH D PDQDJHUXOXL L
GXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL