6HULLGHGLVWULEX LHDIUHFYHQ HORU

SERII SIMPLE (date negrupate)

0 ULPLPHGLL

0HGLDDULWPHWLF

0HGLD DULWPHWLF HVWH UH]XOWDWXO VLQWHWL] ULL vQWU R VLQJXU  H[SUHVLH QXPHULF  D WXWXURU
-
QLYHOXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH REVHUYDWH RE LQXW  SULQ UDSRUWDUHD YDORULL WRWDOL]DWH D FDUDF teristicii la
QXP UXOWRWDODOXQLW LORU
n
xi
i =1
x=
n
unde:
xi - UHSUH]LQW QLYHOXULOHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHYDULDELOHL

x
i =1
i - UHSUH]LQW YROXPXOFHQWUDOL]DWDOYDULDELOHL

n - UHSUH]LQW QXP UXOXQLW LORU observate.

3URSULHW L

a) GDF x1=x2=...=xi=...=xn=xc , atunci x = xc

b) x min < x < x max
n
c) (x
i =1
i x) = 0

d) GDF  x= xi # a , atunci x = x # a , de unde x = x a

 xi x
e) GDF  x" = , atunci x = , de unde x = x h ,
h h
respectiv :
x
GDF  x" = xi h , atunci x = x h , de unde x =
h

Formule de calcul simplificat al mediei aritmetice:

n

(x i # a)
x= i =1
a
n
n
xi n

i =1 h
(x h)
i
x= h sau x= i =1
:h
n n
n
xi a

i =1 h

x= h+ a
n

0HGLDDUPRQLF

0HGLD DUPRQLF   xh  VH GHILQHWH FD ILLQG LQYHUVD PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FDOFXODW  GLQ YDORULOH

inverse ale termenilor aceleLDLVHULL

n
xh = n
1

i =1 x i

0HGLDS WUDWLF

0HGLD S WUDWLF  ( x p )  HVWH DFHD YDORDUH FDUH vQORFXLQG WHUPHQLL VHULHL ULGLFD L OD S WUDW QX

PRGLILF VXPDS WUDWHORUORU

x 2
i
xp = i =1

0HGLDJHRPHWULF

0HGLDJHRPHWULF  x g UHSUH]LQW DFHDYDORDUHFXFDUHGDF VHvQORFXLHVFWR LWHUPHQLLVHULHL

LVHIDFHSURGXVXOORUYDORDUHDODFDUHVHDMXQJHHVWHHJDO FXSURGXVXOWHUPHQLORUUHDOL

n
xg = n x
i =1
i

3ULQORJDULWPDUHVHRE LQH
n

lg x i
lg x g = i =1

n
QWUHPHGLLOHSUH]HQWDWHH[LVW XUP WRDUHDUHOD LHGHRUGLQH

xh < xg < xa < x p

 9DORULPHGLLGHSR]L LHVDXGHVWUXFWXU

Mediana (Me) UHSUH]LQW  YDORDUHD FHQWUDO  D XQHL VHULL VWDWLVWLFH RUGRQDWH FUHVF WRU VDX

GHVFUHVF WRUFDUHvPSDUWHWHUPHQLLVHULHLvQGRX S U LHJDOH

n +1
Locul Me = unde nUHSUH]LQW QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUVHULHL
2
Valoarea medianei:
GDF QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUVHULHLHVWHLPSDUn=2p+1): Me = x p + 1
x p + x p +1
GDF QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUHVWHSDU n=2p): Me =
2

Modul (Mo) HVWH YDORDUHD FDUH VH UHSHW  GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH PDL HVWH

FXQRVFXWvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHLVXEGHQXPLUHDGH dominanta seriei.

,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

a) ,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

Amplitudinea abVROXW (Aa VH FDOFXOHD]  FD GLIHUHQ  vQWUH QLYHOXO PD[LP  xmax L QLYHOXO
minim (xmin) al caracteristicii:
Aa = xmax - xmin

$PSOLWXGLQHD UHODWLY D YDULD LHL 

A% VH FDOFXOHD] FD UDSRUW vQWUHDPSOLWXGLQHD DEVROXW  D

YDULD LHLLQLYHOXOPHGLXDOFDUDF teristicii:

Aa
A% = 100
x

Abaterile individuale absolute (di) VH FDOFXOHD]  FD GLIHUHQ  vQWUH ILHFDUH YDULDQW 

vQUHJLVWUDW LPHGLDDULWPHWLF DDFHVWRUD

d i = xi x i = 1, n

Abaterile individuale relative (di%) VH FDOFXOHD]  UDSRUWkQG DE aterile absolute la nivelul
mediu al caracteristicii:
d x x
d i % = i 100 = i 100 i = 1, n
x x
Q DQDOL]D YDULD LHL GH PXOWH RUL QH OLPLW P OD D FDOFXOD DEDWHULOH PD[LPH vQWU -un sens sau
altul.

b) ,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU (d )  VH FDOFXOHD]  FD R PHGLH DULWPHWLF  VLPSO  GLQ DEDWHULOH

WHUPHQLORUVHULHLGHODPHGLDORUOXDWHvQYDORDUHDEVROXW 
n

x
i =1
i x
d=
n
 $EDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF sau abaterea standard ( )  VH FDOFXOHD]  FD R PHGLH S WUDWLF  din
DEDWHULOHWXWXURUYDULDQWHORUVHULHLGHODPHGLDORUDULWPHWLF 

(x i x)2
= i =1

&DOFXOD LSHQWUXDFHHDLVHULHFHLGRLLQGLFDWRULYHULILF UHOD LD

>d
Q OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH DSUHFLD]  F  SHQWUX R VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH FX WHQGLQ  FODU  GH

QRUPDOLWDWHDEDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU HVWHHJDO FXGLQYDORDUHDDEDWHULLPHGLLS WUDWLFH

Dispersia YDULDQ D XQHL FDUDFWHULVWLFL ( 2 )  VH FDOFXOHD]  FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF  VLPSO  D

S WUDWHORUDEDWHULORUWHUPHQLORUID GHPHGLDORU

Formulele de calcul sunt:

2
n n
n
(x i x) 2
x xi
2
i
2 = i =1
sau 2 = i =1 i =1
n n n

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH (v VH FDOFXOHD]  FD UDSRUW vQWUH DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF  L QLYHOXO

mediu al seriei:

v= 100
x
Coeficientul GHYDULD LHVHPDLSRDWHFDOFXODLGXS UHOD LD

d
v = 100
x

6(5,,'(',675,%8 ,(81,',0(16,21$/(GDWHJUXSDWH

,QGLFDWRULGHIUHFYHQ H

)UHFYHQ HOH UHODWLYH ( ni*  VH RE LQ UDSRUWkQG IUHFYHQ D ILHF UHL JUXSH  ni) la totalul
k
IUHFYHQ HORU ( ni ) :
i =1

ni ni
ni* = k
sau ni*(%) = k
100
n
i =1
i n
i =1
i
 )UHFYHQ HOHFXPXODWH VH QRWHD]  FX Fi sau Fi*  vQ IXQF LH GH IHOXO IUHFYHQ HORU LQFOXVH vQ

calcul (absolute sau relative):

i i
F i = n j ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,..., k ; respectiv F i* = n *j ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,... k ;
j =1 j =1

0 ULPLPHGLL

0HGLDDULWPHWLF

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

k
xi ni
i =1
x=
k
ni
i =1

3URSULHW L

a) PHGLD VH vQFDGUHD]  vQ LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP  VDX vQ XQXO GLQ FHOH GRX 

intervale nvecinate.
k
b) (x
i =1
i x ) ni = 0
k
( xi # a )ni
i =1
c) GDF  x = xi # a , atunci x = = x#a
k
ni
i =1
n
xi
xi
i =1 h
ni
x
d) GDF x = , atunci x = k
=
n
h h
i
i =1
n

(x i h) ni
UHVSHFWLYGDF  x = xi h , atunci x = i =1
k
= hx
n
i =1
i

3URSULHW LOH GH OD SXQFWHOH F L G VHUYHVF OD calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice.
6HXWLOL]HD] vQDFHVWVFRSIRUPXOHOH

k
(xi # a )n i
i =1
x= a
k
ni
i =1
k
xi k
h n i ( x i h )n i
i =1 i =1
x= h , respectiv x= h
k k
ni ni
i =1 i =1
 k
xi a
h
ni
i =1
x= h + a ,
k
ni
i =1
unde:
a - mijlocul unui intHUYDOGHRELFHLFHQWUXOLQWHUYDOXOXLFXIUHFYHQ DFHDPDLPDUH
h -P ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLGDF VHULDDUHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

e) GDF  vQWU R VHULH VH UHGXF SURSRU LRQDO WRDWH IUHFYHQ HOH PHGLD FDOFXODW  SH ED]D QRLORU
-
IUHFYHQ HU PkQHQHVFKLPEDW 

ni
x c =x
i

ni
c
$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH VHUYHWH OD FDOFXOXO PHGLHL FX DMXWRUXO IUHFYHQ HORU UHODWLYH .
n acest caz c = ni :

x = xi ni* sau x =
x ni
*
i (%)

100

0HGLDDUPRQLF

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH
k

n i
xh = k
i =1
1
x
i =1
ni
i
&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

1 100
xh = k
sau xh = k
1 * 1 *

i =1 xi
ni
i =1 xi
ni (%)

)RUP WUDQVIRUPDW DPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH
k

x n i i
xh = k
i =1
=x
1

i =1 xi
xi ni

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

1 100
xh = k
sau xh = k
1 1

i =1 x i
xi ni*
i =1 xi
xi ni*(%)
 0HGLDS WUDWLF

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

x 2
i ni
xp = i =1
k

n i =1
i

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

k x i
2
ni*(%)
xp = x i =1
2
i ni* sau xp = i =1

100

0HGLDJHRPHWULF

ni k
xg = i =1

i =1
x in i

Prin lRJDULWPDUHVHYDRE LQH

k

n i lg x i
lg x g = i =1
k

n i =1
i

QWUHPHGLLOHSUH]HQWDWHH[LVW XUP WRDUHUHOD LHGHRUGLQH

xh < x g < xa < x p

9DORULPHGLLGHSR]L LHVDXGHVWUXFWXU

Modul (modulul, dominanta)

QFD]XOXQHLVHULLGHGLVWULEX LHSHYDULDQWHPRGXOHVWHYDULDQWDFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP 

QFD]XOJUXS ULLSHLQWHUYDOHORFXOPRGXOXLHVWHLQWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP LDUYDORDUHD

VHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

1
Mo = x0 + h
1 + 2
n care:

x0 - UHSUH]LQW OLPLWDLQIHULRDU DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDO

h - P U imea intervalului modal;

1 - GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHIUHFYHQ DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDOLDFHOXLSUHFHGHQW

2 - GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHIUHFYHQ DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDOLDFHOXLXUP WRU

Mediana (Me)

a) n cazul datelor grupate pH YDULDQWH ORFXO PHGLDQHL HVWH YDULDQWD D F UHL IUHFYHQ 
n +1
FXPXODW  HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH GHFkW iar valoarea medianei este chiar varianta
2
UHVSHFWLY 
b) Q FD]XO GDWHORU JUXSDWH SH LQWHUYDOH ORFXO PHGLDQHL HVWH LQWHUYDOXO D F UXL IUHFYHQ 
k

n
i =1
i +1
FXPXODW HVWHSULPD PDLPDUHGHFkW LDUYDORDUHDPHGLDQHLVH FDOFXOHD] GXS 
2
formula:
k

n i +1 m 1
i =1
ni
2
Me = x0 + h i =1
,
nm
unde:
h - P ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLPHGLDQ
m - indexul intervalului median;
m 1 - VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU SUHFHGHQWH LQWHUYDOXOXL PHGLDQ IUHFYHQ D FXPXODW 

n
i =1
i a intervalului precedent celui median);
nm - IUHFYHQ DDEVROXW DLQWHUYDOXOXLPHGLDQ

Cuartilele VXQWDFHOHYDORULDOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLLFDUHVHSDU VHULDvQSDWUXS U LHJDOH

k u 1
( ni + 1) ni
1
4 i =1 i =1
Q1 = x0 + h ,
nu
unde uHVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHQ1
Q2 = Me
k v 1
( ni + 1) ni
3
4
Q3 = x 0 + h i =1 i =1
,
nv
unde vHVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHQ3

Decilele GLYLGVHULDvQ]HFHS U LHJDOHIRORVLQGvQDFHVWVFRSQRX GHFLOH

k d 11
( ni + 1) ni
1
10
D1 = x0 + h i =1 i =1
,
nd 1
unde d1HVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHD1

D5 = M e

k d 9 1
( n i + 1) n
9
i
10
D9 = x 0 + h i =1 i =1
,
nd 9
unde d9 HVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHD9.
,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

a) ,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHDDEVROXW (Aa)
Aa=xL-xl ,
unde:
xL liPLWDVXSHULRDU DXOWLPXOXLLQWHUYDO
xl OLPLWDLQIHULRDU DSULPXOXLLQWHUYDO

$PSOLWXGLQHDUHODWLY DYDULD LHL A%)

Aa
A% = 100
x

b) ,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU (d )
&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVR lute:
k

x
i =1
i x ni
d = k

n
i =1
i

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
k

k x i x n * i (%)
d = xi x n sau d = *
i
i =1

i =1 100

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF sau abaterea standard () :

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

(x i x ) 2 ni
= i =1
k

ni =1
i

 Calculul cu fUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

k

k (x i x ) 2 ni (%)
= (xi =1
i x ) 2 n *i sau = i =1

100

&HLGRLLQGLFDWRULYHULILF UHOD LD

>d

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LH (v):
d
v= 100 , respectiv v = 100
x x
Dispersia (variaQ D ( 2 ) :
IRUPXOHGHULYDWHGLQGHILQL LH
FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH
k

(x i x ) 2 ni
2 = i =1
k

n
i =1
i

FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
k

k (x i x ) 2 ni* (%)
2 = ( xi x ) 2 n * i sau 2 = i =1

i =1 100
ca moment centrat de ordinul doi
 calculul cu freFYHQ HDEVROXWH
2
k
k
x ni xi ni
i
2

2
= i =1k i =1k

i =1
ni ni
i =1


FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
2
k
k
k
k
2 xi2 ni*(%) xi ni*(%)
2 = x 2 i ni* xi ni* sau 2 = i =1
i =1
i =1 i =1 100 100


prin formula de calcul simplificat
SHQWUXRVHULHGHIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

xi a
k 2

i =1 h
ni
=
2
k
h 2 ( x a) 2
ni i =1
 pentru o serie cu frecven HUHODWLYH
xi a * 2
k 2

=
2
ni h ( x a ) 2 sau
i =1 h
xi a *
k 2

i =1 h
ni (%)
=
2
h 2 ( x a) 2
100
1RW  aLhDXDFHOHDLVHPQLILFD LLFDODFDOFXOXOPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH

&RUHF LDOXL6KHSSDUG

h2
( 2 ) = 2 ,
12
unde h HVWHP ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLGHJUXSDUH

$FHDVW FRUHF LHVHDSOLF QXPDLSHQWUXVHULLOHFDUHSUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHSURSULHW L

UHSDUWL LDHVWHQRUPDO VDXXRUDVLPHWULF 

UHSDUWL LDDUHLQWHUYDOHGHJUXSDUHHJDOH
9DULD LDLQWHUFXDUWLOLF LLQWHUGHFLOLF

$EDWHUHDLQWHUFXDWLOLF Qd):

( Me Q1 ) + (Q3 Me) Q3 Q1
Qd = =
2 2

CoeILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHLQWHUFXDUWLOLF 9T :
Q3 Q1
Qd 2 Q Q1
Vq = = = 3
Me Me 2 Me

$EDWHUHDLQWHUGHFLOLF :
( Me D1 ) + ( D9 Me) D9 D1
Dd = =
2 2

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHLQWHUGHFLOLF
:
D9 D1
D 2 D D1
Vd = d = = 9
Me Me 2 Me

0HGLDLGLVSHUVLDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYH

'LVWULEX LDGHIUHFYHQ HDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYHVHSUH]LQW vQWU -un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.1.

Valoarea 5 VSXQVXO
)UHFYHQ HDEVROXWH )UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
caracteristicii nregistrat
0 1 2 3
M
QXP UXOXQLW LORU M
x1 = 1 DA
FDUHSRVHG 
p=
N
caracteristica)
(N-M)
QXP UXOGHXQLW L NM
x2 = 0 NU
FDUHQXSRVHG 
q= = 1 p
N
caracteristica)
Total N = M + (N - M) p+q=1

Media:
M
p=
N

Dispersia:

p2 = p q sau p2 = p (1 p)

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF :
p = pq
 Asimetria

$VLPHWULDDEVROXW ( As )
As = x Mo
&RHILFLHQ LLGHDVLPHWULHSURSXLGH.DUO3HDUVRQSHQWUXVHULLGHGLVWULEX LHXRUDVLPHWULFH

C as = 0 VHULHVLPHWULF

x Mo
C as = C as > 0 DVLPHWULHSR]LWLY

C as < 0 DVLPHWULHQHJDWLY

Acest coeficient poate lua valori cuprinse ntre - L +1; cu ct este mai mic n valoare
DEVROXW FXDWkWDVLPHWULDHVWHPDLPLF 

Q FD]XO FkQG VH FXQRDWH PHGLDQD VHULHL FRHILFLHQWXO GH DVLPHWULH (C as ) se poate calcula
XWLOL]kQGUHOD LD

3( x Me)
C as =

3HDUVRQ PDL SURSXQH L XQ D lt coeficient pentru calculul gradului de asimetrie al unei serii
IRUPDW GLQWU XQQXP UIRDUWHPDUHGHREVHUYD LL
-

3 =
( xi x ) 3 ni
32
ni
=
C as , unde
23 ( xi x ) 2 ni
2 = = 2

ni
Coeficientul propus de Yule:
(Q Me) ( Me Q1 )
C asY = 3 ,
(Q3 Me) + ( Me Q1 )
unde C asY [ 1 , 1 ]

Coeficientul propus de Bowley:

( D Me) ( Me D1 )
C asB = 9 ,
( D9 Me) + ( Me D1 )
unde C asB [ 1,1]

,QGLFDWRULLFRQFHQWU ULL

Coeficientul de concentrare propus de statisticianul italian Corado Gini:

CG = g 2
i i = 1, k ,
unde :
xi ni
gi =
k
xi ni
i = 1
 1
Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul ,1 .
n

Coeficientul de concentrare propus de R. Struck:

n g i2 1
CS =
n 1
Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul [0,1].

6(5,,'(',675,%8 ,(%,',0(16,1$/(

$&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

O serie de distrLEX LHELGLPHQVLRQDO VHSUH]LQW vQWU -un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.2.

Valorile Variantele sau valorile Volumul Medii

caracteristicii caracteristicii dependente Y grupei pe grupe
de grupare X (ni.) (y i )
y1 y2 yj ym
x1 n11 n12 ... n1j n1m n1. (y1 )
x2 n21 n22 n2j n2m n2. (y 2 )
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
xi ni1 ni2 nij nim ni. (y i )
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
xr nr1 nr2 nrj nrm nr. (yr )
Total n.1 n.2 n.j n.m r m y
ni. = n. j
i =1 j =1

9ROXPXOIUHFYHQ DJUXSHL i:

m

n
j =1
ij = ni .

0 ULPLPHGLL

0HGLLOHGHJUXS ( y i ):
m

y j =1
j nij
yi = m

n
j =1
ij
 Media pe total:
m r
y j n. j yi ni .
j =1 i =1
y= sau y=
m r
n. j ni .
j =1 i =1

,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS sau GLVSHUVLDSDU LDO ( i2 ) :

m

(y j y i ) 2 nij
= i
2 i =1
m
,
n j =1
ij

unde:
yj UHSUH]LQW YDULDQWDVDXPLMORFXOLQWHUYDOXOXLj al caracteristicii dependente;
y i media grupei i;
nij IUHFYHQ HOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHILHF UHLYDULDQWHLQWHUYDOGHYDORULGLQFDGUXOJUXSei.

0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS ( 2 = 2y / r )
r
i2 n i .
i =1
2
= ,
r
ni .
i =1
unde:
i2 - dispersia grupei i;
n i . - volumul grupei i.

Dispersia dintre grupe ( 2 = 2y / x ) :

r
( y i y ) 2 ni .
i =1
2
y/ x
= 2
=
r
ni .
i =1

DisSHUVLDWRWDO ( 2 = y2 ) :
m

(y
j =1
j y ) 2 n. j
2 = y2 = m

n j =1
.j
5HJXODDGXQ ULLGLVSHUVLLORU :
=2 2
y/x + 2
y/r

Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula indicatori statistici cu caracter de

P ULPLUHODWLYHGHVWUXFWXU 

Gradul de dHWHUPLQD LH ( R y2 / x ) :
y2 / x
R y2 / x = 100
2
'DF  (R y / x ) !DGPLWHPF IDFWRUXOGHJUXSDUHHVWHKRW UkWRUVHPQLILFDWLYGHWHUPLQDQW

SHQWUXYDULD LDIDFWRUXOXLGHWHUPLQDW Y).

*UDGXOGHQHGHWHUPLQD LH :
2

K y2 / x = 100
y/r

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF ODQLYHOXOJUXSHL :

i = i2

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF SHWRWDO :

= 2

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHODQLYHOXOJUXSHL

i
vi = 100 ,
yi
unde:
i -DEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF DJUXSHL

y i - media grupei.

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHSHWRWDO

v= 100 ,
y
unde:
-DEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF SHWRWDO

y - media pe total.
%&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWL ve

2VHULHGHGLVWULEX LHELGLPHQVLRQDO VHSUH]LQW vQWU -un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.3.

Valorile caracteristicii Total Ponderea grupei

)UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
de grupare X (%) (ni(%))
y1 y2 yj ym
x1 n*11 n*12 ... n*1j n*1m 100 n1(%)
x2 n*21 n*22 ... n*2j n*2m 100 n2(%)
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
xi n*i1 n*i2 ... n*ij n*im 100 ni(%)
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
xr n*r1 n*r2 ... n*rj n*rm 100 nr(%)
Total 100

0HGLLOHGHJUXS ( y i ):
m

yj =1
j n * ij
yi =
100

Media pe total:
r
y i n i (%)
i =1
y=
100

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS VDXGLVSHUVLDSDU LDO ( i2 ) :

m
( y j y i ) 2 n * ij
i =1
i2 =
100

0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS ( 2
= 2
)
y/r
r
i2 n i (%)
i =1
2
=
100

Dispersia dintre grupe ( 2

= 2
):
y/x
r

( y i y ) 2 n i (%)
i =1
2
y/x
= 2
=
100

'LVSHUVLDWRWDO ( 2
= 2
y ):
2
= 2
y = 2
+ 2
 ,QGLFDWRULLPHGLLLDLYDULD LHLSHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOWHUQDWLYH

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS ( 2pi ):
2p = pi qi sau 2p = pi (1 pi ) ,
i i

n care:
pi -UHSUH]LQW PHGLLGHJUXS 
qi -IUHFYHQ HOHUHODWLYHDOHXQLW LORUFDUHQXSRVHG FDUDFWHULVWLFDvQILHFDUHJUXS 

0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH ( p2 ) :
r

2
pi Ni
= 2
p
i =1
r
,
N
i =1
i

n care NiUHSUH]LQW QXP UXOWRWDODOXQLW LORUREVHUYDWHvQILHFDUHJUXS 

Dispersia dintre grupe ( p2 ) :

r

(p i p) 2 N i
p2 = i =1
r
,
N
i =1
i

n care p este media caracteristicii alternative pe ntreaga colectivitate.

'LVSHUVLDWRWDO ( 2p ) :
2p = p q

5HJXODDGXQ ULL
dispersiilor:
= + p2
2
p
2
p

9HULILFDUHDVHPQLILFD LHLIDFWRUXOXLGHJUXSDUHIRORVLQGWHVWXO)

S y2 / x
Fcalculat = ,
S y2 / r
unde:
r

(y y ) ni .
2
i
S y2 / x = i =1
(r -QXP UXOGHJUXSH
r 1

(y y i ) nij
r m
2
j
i =1 j =1
S y2 / r =
nr

'DF )calculat > Ftabelar factorul de grupare este semnificativ

'DF )calculat < Ftabelar factorul de grupare nu este semnificativ
Ftabelar VH GHWHUPLQ  vQ IXQF ie de un anumit nivel de semnifica LH GH H[HPSOX  L GH

gradele de libertate f1=r-1Lf2=n-r.

 PROBLEME REZOLVATE

1.
ntr-un magazLQ OXFUHD]   YkQ] WRUL FDUH vQ OXQD RFWRPEULH  DX UHDOL]DW XQ YROXP DO
desfacerilor (mil. lei) astfel: 138,8; 146,0; 150,0; 152,3; 158,2; 163,1; 165,0; 170,4; 176,2; 180,0.

Se cere:

1. V VHIRUPH]HVHULDSULYLQGYROXPXOGHVIDFHULORUSULQFHQWUDOL]DU ea datelor individuale;

2. V  VH FDOFXOH]H YROXPXO PHGLX DO GHVIDFHULORU GLQ DFHVW PDJD]LQ IRORVLQG PHGLD

DULWPHWLF LV VHYHULILFHSULQFLSDOHOHSURSULHW LDOHDFHVWHLD

3. V VHIRORVHDVF SHQWUX DFHHDL VHULHL DOWHWLSXULGHPHGLLL V  VHDUDWH vQFHU aport de

P ULPHVHDIO HOHID GHPHGLDDULWPHWLF 

4. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHSR]L LHPHGLLGHVWUXFWXU 

5. V  VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH YDULD LH DO GLVWULEX LHL FDOFXOkQG vQ DFHVW VFRS LQGLFDWRULL

VLPSOLLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHLSUHFXPL gradul de asimetrie;

6. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFVHULD

Rezolvare

1. 6HULDVHIRUPHD] SULQRUGRQDUHDYDORULORUYH]LWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL

n
Notnd cu xi termenii individuali, volumul centralizat este x
i =1
i .

10

x i = 138,8 +146,0 +150,0 +....+180,0 = 1600 mil. lei

i =1

2. &DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW L DOH DFHVWHLD se poate

face cu ajutorul unui tabel de calcul (Vezi tabelul 3.4.).

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHVLPSOHLYHULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW L

Tabelul 3.4.

Volumul
xi x xi a xi
Nr.crt. desfacerilor ; h = 20
(mil. lei) a = 138,8 h
A 1 2 3 4
1 138,8 -21,2 0 6,94
2 146,0 -14,0 7,2 7,3
3 150,0 -10,0 11,2 7,5
4 152,3 -7,7 13,5 7,615
5 158,2 -1,8 19,4 7,91
6 163,1 +3,1 24,3 8,155
7 165,0 +5,0 26,2 8,25
8 170,4 +10,4 31,6 8,52
9 176,2 +16,2 37,4 8,01
10 180,0 +20,0 41,2 9,0
Total 1600,0 0 212 80
10 10 10 10
xi
x i (x
i =1
i x) (x
i =1
i a) h
i =1
i =1
2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice simple (vezi coloana 1 din tabelul 3.4.):

x=
xi = 1600 = 160 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
n 10

2.2. 9HULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW LDOHPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH

a) x min < x < x max

138,8 < x < 180

b) (x x ) = 0 (vezi tabelul 3.4., coloana 2)

i

Media fiind un ct exact, suma abaterilor pozitive s-a compensat cu suma abaterilor
negative:(-54,7) + (54,7) = 0

n
c) x
i =1
i = n x

10 160,0 = 1600 mil. lei

(x i a)
d) x = = x a
i =1

n
Alegnd arbitrar a = 138,8 - primul termen -LFDOFXOkQG YDORULOH xi - a (vezi tabelul
VHRE LQH
n

(x i a)
212
x = i =1
= = 21,2 mil. OHLYkQ] WRU
n 10
deci:
x x = a
160-21,2=138,8
de unde:
x = x + a
x =  PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

xi
h x
e) =
n h
/XkQGDUELWUDUXQK YH]LWDEHOXOFRORDQDVHRE LQH

xi
h 80
x = = =8
n 10
x = x h
x = 8 20 = 160 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

3. &DOFXOXOPHGLHLS WUDWLFHDOPHGLHLDUPRQLFHLDOPHGLHLJHRPHWULFH

3.1.&DOFXOXOPHGLHLS WUDWLFH (x ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 3):

p

xp = n
x
257613,18
2
i
160,5= 10 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
n 10
x p > x; 160,5 > 160
 &DOFXOXOPHGLHLDUPRQLFHS WUDWLFHLJHRPHWULFH

Tabelul 3.5.

Volumul 1
Nr.
crt.
desfacerilor xi2 lg xi
(mil. lei) xi
0 1 2 3 4
1 138,8 0,0072046 19265,44 2,14239
2 146,0 0,0068000 21316,00 2,16425
3 150,0 0,0066670 22500,00 2,17605
4 152,3 0,0065659 23195,29 2,18270
5 158,2 0,0063211 25027,24 2,19921
6 163,1 0,0061312 26601,61 2,21245
7 165,0 0,0060606 27225,00 2,21748
8 170,4 0,0058685 29036,16 2,23045
9 176,2 0,0056753 31046,44 2,24601
10 180,0 0,0055550 32400,0 2,25527
Total 1600,0 0,0628986 257613,18 22,02640

3.2. Calculul mediei armonice ( x h ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 2)

n 10
xh = = = 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
1 0,0628986
x
i

xh < x ; 158,98 < 160,0

Deci: x h < x < x p

3.3. Calculul mediei geometrice ( x g ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 4):

n

n lg x i
xg = n xi ;
i =1
lg x g = i =1

n
22,02640
lg x g = 2,20264
10
antilog 2,20264 = 159,5 => x g =PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

Deci: x g < x a ; 159,5 < 160

5HFDSLWXOkQGYDORULOHPHGLLORURE LQXWHDYHP

x a = x = 160,0 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU x p =160,5 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

x h = 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU x g = 159,50 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

5HOD LDGLQWUHPHGLLHVWH

xh < xg < xa < x p

158,98 < 159,5 < 160 < 160.5

$EDWHULOH vQWUH FHOH SDWUX P ULPL PHGLL ILLQG IRDUWH PLFL VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  SHQWUX

DFHDVW  VHULH RULFH PHGLH V DU IRORVLHD P VRDU  VXILFLHQW GH FRUHFW WHQGLQ D FHQWUDO  L GHFL PHGLD
-
vQDFHVWFD]SRDWHILRYDORDUHWLSLF 
4. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUPHGLLGHSR]L LH

4.1. Calculul medianei (Me)

n + 1 10 + 1
locul medianei: U ( Me) = = = 5,5
2 2

valoarea medianei:
x + x 6 158,2 + 163,1
Me = 5 = = 160,65 mil. lei
2 2

4.2. Calculul modului

)LLQGVHULHVLPSO LQHDYkQGWHUPHQLFDUHV VHUHSHWHQXHVWHFD]XO

4.3. Calculul cuartilelor

Calculul cuartilelor presupune stabilirea locului cuartilelor U(Q2LDSRLFDOFXODUHDYDORULORU
lor:

n + 1 11
U (Q1 ) = = = 2,75
4 4

x 2 + x3 146 + 150
Q1 = = = 148 mil. lei
2 2

Q 2 = M e = 160 , 65 mil. lei

3(n + 1)
U (Q3 ) = = 8,25
4

x8 + x9 170,4 + 176,2
Q3 = = = 173,3 mil. lei
2 2

Potrivit celor trei cuartile, seria se poate structura astfel:

6WUXFWXUDVHULHLvQIXQF LHGHYDORULOHFHORUWUHLFXDUWLOH

Tabelul 3.6.

,QWHUYDOGHYDULD LH Structura seriei (%)

138,80-148,00 25
148,00-160,65 25
160,65-173,30 25
173,30-180,00 25
5. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LHLDVLPHWULH

PenWUXFDOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LHVHIRORVHWHWDEHOXO

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

Tabelul 3.7.

Nr.
crt.
xi xi x (xi x )2 xi2 xi x
100
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 138,8 21,2 449,44 19265,44 - 13,25
2 146,0 14,0 196,00 21316,00 - 8,75
3 150,0 10,0 100,00 22500,00 - 6,25
4 152,3 7,7 59,29 23195,24 - 4,81
5 158,2 1,8 3,24 25027,24 - 1,13
6 163,1 3,1 9,61 26601,61 1,94
7 165,0 5,0 25,0 27225,00 3,13
8 170,4 10,4 108,16 29036,16 6,50
9 176,2 16,2 262,44 31046,44 10,13
10 180,0 20,0 400,00 32400,00 12,50
1600,0 109,4 1613,18 257613,18
n 2

x
n

i =1
i xi x (xi x )
i =1

5.1. ,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHDYDULD LHL

Aa = xmax - xmin =180-138,8 = 41,2 mil. lei

x x min 41,2
A% = max = 100 = 25,75%
x 160

Abaterile absoluteDOHILHF UHLYDULDELOHID GHPHGLHdi):

d i = xi x (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 2)

Abaterile relative (di(%))

x x
d i (%) = i 100 (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 5)
x

5.2. ,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU (d )
x LVHIRORVHVFGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXOFRORDQD
n

x i x
109,4
dx = i =1
= = 10,94 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
n 10
 Dispersia ( x2 ) VHFDOFXOHD] FXGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXOFRORDQD 3:
n

(x x)
2
i
1613,18
x2 = i =1
= = 161,318
n 10
'LVSHUVLDVHPDLSRDWHFDOFXODLFXIRUPXOD
n

x 2
i
x2 = x2i =1

n
Datele necesare VHJ VHVFvQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOH L
257613,18
x2 = 160 2 = 161,318
10
Deci s-DDMXQVODDFHODLUH]XOWDW

(xi x )2
$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF x = n
sHFDOFXOHD] H[WU JkQGU G FLQDS WUDW 

din dispersie:
x = x2 = 161,318 = 12,70 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

&RHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LH (v, v)

dx 10 , 94
v = 100 = 100 = 6 , 84%
x 160
x 12 , 70
v= 100 = 100 = 7 , 84%
x 160
Lv GHFLVHSRDWHDILUPDF VHULDDUHXQJUDGPDUHGHRPRJHQLWDWHLPHGLD
v'
HVWHUHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUXvQWUHDJDVHULH

6. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF

QDFHVWFD]YDULD LDQHILLQGFRQWLQX VHSRDWHIRORVLXQJUDILFSULQFRORDQHLRGLDJUDP 

UDGLDO FX]HFHUD]HYH]LILJXULOHL

200
173,4 176,2 180
mil. lei

180 158,2 163,1 165

150 152,3
160 138,8 146
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYROXPXOGHVIDFHULORUPLOOHL

 1
180
160
10 2
140
120
100
80
9 60 3
40
20
0

8 4

7 5

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LH de volumul desfacerilor (mil. lei)

2.
3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  VH FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLWRU OD YHFKLPHD vQ SURGXF LH

vQVFULVHvQWDEHOXOGDWHFRQYHQ LRQDOH

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGLQWU RVHF LHGXS

- YHFKLPH

Tabelul 3.8.

Grupe dHVDODULD L Sub 5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 L

GXS YHFKLPHDQL peste

1XP UXOVDODULD LORU 10 40 60 80 50 30 20 10

Se cere:

1. UHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DVHULHLIRORVLQGIUHFYHQ HOHUHDOHLFHOHFXPXODWH

2. vechimea medie a muncitorilor prin caOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
UHODWLYH L SULQ FDOFXOXO VLPSOLILFDW VSHFLILFkQG FH SURSULHW L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH VWDX

ODED]DFDOFXOXOXLPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYHLSULQFDOFXOXOVLPSOLILFDW

3. LQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHSR]L ie;
4. LQGLFDWRULLVLPSOLLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL
5. indicatorii de asimetrie;
6. PHGLDLGLVSHUVLDSHQWUXPXQFLWRULL cu o vechime mai mare dect vechimea medie.

Rezolvare

1. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DVHULHL

+LVWRJUDPDLSROLJRQXOIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJXUD 3.3.);

&XUEDFXPXODWLY DIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJXUD
 90

80

70

 
60
  50

 40


30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
vechime (ani)

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

350
300
UVDODULD L

250
200
150
QXP

100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

vechime (ani)

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

2. Calculul vechimii medii

n acest scop se vor folosi datele din tabelul 3.9.
Tabelul 3.9.

)UHFYHQ H
Grupe de
1XP UXO
Centrul xi a xi a
VDODULD L de absolute
GXS 
VDODULD LORU
xi ni x i n i*( % ) h ni
interval
a=17,5
h cumulate
vechime (xi) cres- descres-
abs. (ni) n i*( % ) h=5
(ani) F WRU F WRU

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0-5 10 3,33 2,5 25 8,325 -3 -30 10 300
5-10 40 13,33 7,5 300 99,975 -2 -80 50 290
10-15 60 20,00 12,5 750 250,000 -1 -60 110 250
15-20 80 26,67 17,5 1400 466,725 0 0 190 190
20-25 50 16,67 22,5 1125 375,075 1 50 240 110
25-30 30 10,00 27,5 825 275,000 2 60 270 60
30-35 20 6,67 32,5 650 216,775 3 60 290 30
35-40 10 3,33 37,5 375 124,875 4 40 300 10
300 100 - 5450 1816,75 - 40 - -
k k k k k
xi a
ni n i*( % ) xi ni xi ni* (%)
Total
ni
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1 h
2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice pe baza:

frecven HORUDEVROXWH
k
xi ni
i =1 5450
x= = = 18.167 18 , 2 ani/salariat
k 300
ni
i =1

IUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH :
k
x i n i*( % )
i =1
x= 18 , 2 ani/salariat
100

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLIRORVLQGIUHFYHQWHOHUHODWLYHVHED]HD] SHSURSULHWDWHD
k
ni
x i k

c
i =1
k
= x ; n acest caz c = ni
ni
i =1 c
i =1

2.2. Calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice:

k
xi a
h n i
i =1 40
x= h + a = 5 + 17 , 5 = 18 , 1667 18 , 2 ani/salariat
k 300
ni
i =1
Calculul mediei prin acest procedeu s-DED]DWSHGRX SURSULHW LDOHPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHL

anume:
k k

(x i a ) ni (x i a ) ni
x = i =1
k
= x a , de unde: x= i =1
k
+ a;
n
i =1
i n
i =1
i

k k
xi xi

i =1 h
ni
x
hn i
x = k
= , de unde: x= i =1
k
h
n n
h
i i
i =1 i =1
&kQG VXQW LQWHUYDOH HJDOH HVWH FRQYHQDELO V se ia a egal cu centrul intervalului cu
IUHFYHQ D PD[LP  DGLF  a   L SHQWUX h R YDORDUH HJDO  FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOHORU

DGLF  h = 5 (vezi tabelul 3.9.).

3. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUPHGLLGHSR]L LH

3.1.&DOFXOXOPHGLDQHL0HLDFHORUODOWHPHGLLGHSR]L LH:

FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH
k

n i +1
300 + 1
U ( Me) = i =1
= = 150,5 , deci 15 < Me < 20
2 2
 k

n i +1 m 1
i =1
ni
2 150,5 110
Me = x 0 + h i =1
= 15 + 5 = 17,5 ani
nm 80

n i +1
301
U (Q1 ) = i =1
= = 75,25 , deci 10< Q1 <15
4 2

1 k u 1
n i + 1 n i
Q1 = x0 + h
4 i =1 i =1 = 10 + 5 75,25 50 = 12,125 ani
nu 60

Q 2 = M e = 17 , 5 ani

3 k 3
U (Q3 ) = ni + 1 = 301 = 225,75 deci 20 < Q3 < 25
4 i =1 4

3 k v 1
n i + 1 n i
Q3 = x 0 + h
4 i =1 i =1 = 20 + 5 225,75 190 = 23,525 ani
nv 50

FXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

k
n *( i % )
+1
100 + 1
i =1
U ( Me ) = = = 50 , 5 , deci 15 < Me < 20
2 2

k
n i*( % ) + 1 m 1
n *i ( % )
i =1

2 i =1 50 , 5 36 , 66
Me = x 0 + h = 15 + 5 = 17 , 59 ani
n m* ( % ) 26 , 67

k
n *( i % )
+1
101
i =1
U ( Q1 ) = = = 25 , 25 , deci 10 < Q1 < 15
4 2

1 k * u 1 *
n + 1 n
4 i =1 i ( % )
i =1
i( % )
25 , 25 16 , 66
Q1 = x 0 + h = 10 + 5 = 12 , 148 ani
n u* ( % ) 20
 Q 2 = M e = 17 , 59 ani

3 k * 3
U ( Q3 ) = n + 1 = 101 = 75 , 75 , deci 20 < Q3 < 25
4 i =1 i ( % )
4

3 k * v 1
n i ( % ) + 1 n i*( % )
4 i =1
i =1 75 , 75 63 , 33
Q3 = x0 + h = 20 + 5 = 23 , 725 ani
n v* ( % ) 16 , 67

'LIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH LQGLFDWRULL FDOFXOD L FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH L FHL FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH VXQW

QHVHPQLILFDWLYHLSURYLQGLQURWXQMLUHDIUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH

3.2. Calculul modului (Mo):

FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

Locul MovOFRQVWLWXLHLQWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP  Mo < 20.

1 20
Mo = x 0 + h = 15 + 5 = 17 ani
1 + 2 20 + 30

cu frecven HUHODWLYH
1 26,67 20
Mo = x 0 + h = 15 + 5 = 17,27 ani
1 + 2 (26,67 20) + (26,67 16,67)

9DORULOHWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHFRQVLGHUDWHFDP ULPLWLSLFH FHGHILQHVFDFHDVW  VHULHSHQWUX

FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWHVXQW

x =18,2 ani; Me=17,5 ani; Mo=17 ani.

4. Calculul indicatorilorGHYDULD LH (vezi tabelul 3.10.).

4.1. Calculul indicatorilor simpli
QDFHVWFD]QXVXQWFRQFOXGHQ L

4.2. Calculul indicatorilor sintetici

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU  d i ) VHRE LQHGLQvQVXPDUHDYDORULORUGLQFRORDQDYH]LWDEHOXO
3I U V VH LQ VHDPDGHVHPQ
k

x i x ni
1956
dx = i =1
k
= = 6,5 ani/salariat
n
300
i
i =1

Dispersia ( x2 ):
- FDOFXOXORELQXLW
k

(x x ) ni
2
i
20367
x2 = i =1
k
= = 67,89
n
300
i
i =1
 - calculul simplificat:
xi a
k 2

i =1 h
ni
820
x =
2
k
h 2 ( x a) 2 = 25 (18,2 17,5) 2 = 67,84
ni
300
i =1

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF  x)
x = x2 = 67,84 = 8,2 ani/salariat

&RHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LH vLv)

- GDF VHSRUQHWHGHODDEDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU 

dx 6,5
v = 100 = 100 = 35,7%
x 18,2
- GDF VHSRUQHWHGHODDEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF 

x 8,2
v= 100 = 100 = 45%
x 18,2

Interpretnd valoarea coeficientului de YDULD LHVHSRDWHDILUPDF PHGLDQXHVWHVXILFLHQWGH

UHSUH]HQWDWLY FDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXLF VHULDQXHVWHVXILFLHQW GHRPRJHQ 'HDOWIHOILLQGYRUEDGH

WR LVDODULD LLHUDGHDWHSWDWFDYHFKLPHDPHGLHV DLE RGLVSHUVLHPDUHVDODULD LLvQDQVDPEOX l lor

V DSDU LQ ODvQWUHJXOLQWHUYDOGHYDULD LHDYHFKLPLL

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

Tabelul 3.10.

Grupe de 1XP UXO Centrul xi x (xi x ) ni (xi x )2 .ni xi a

2

VDODULD L muncitorilor de ni
GXS  interval a = 17,5 h
vechime (ani) (xi) h=5
abs. (ni) n i* ( % )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0-5 10 3,33 2,5 -15,7 -157 2464,9 90
5-10 40 13,33 7,5 -10,7 -428 4579,6 160
10-15 60 20,00 12,5 -5,7 -342 1949,4 60
15-20 80 26,67 17,5 -0,7 -56 39,2 0
20-25 50 16,67 22,5 4,3 215 924,5 60
25-30 30 10,00 27,5 9,3 279 2594,7 120
30-35 20 6,67 32,5 14,3 286 4089,8 180
35-40 10 3,33 37,5 19,3 193 3724,9 160
300 100 - - -10 20367,0 820
(xi x ) ni (x x ) .ni
k 1)
xi a
k 2 2

ni n i*( % )
Total k

i =1 i =1
i

i =1 h
ni
1)
'HRDUHFH PHGLD QX HVWH XQ FkW H[DFW L D IRVW URWXQMLW  QX YHULILF  SURSULHWDWHD

(x i x ) ni = 0 .'LIHUHQ DILLQGIRDUWHPLF  -10), rotunjirea medieQXYDLQIOXHQ DGHFkW

ntr-RP VXU IRDUWHPLF P ULPHDFHORUODO LLQGLFDWRUL

5. Calculul indicatorilor de asimetrie

Q DFHVW VFRS YRP FDOFXOD FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH SURSXL GH 3HDUVRQ (Cas L &as L
Yule:
( x Mo) 18,2 17
C as = = = 0,146
x 8,2
 3( x Me) 3(18,2 17,5)
C as = = = 0,256
x 8,2

q 2 q1
AS = , unde q1=Me - Q1; q2 =Q3 Me
q 2 + q1

q1 = 17,5 12,125 = 5,375

q2 = 33,575 17,5 = 6,075

6,075 5,375
AS = = 0,061
6,075 + 5,375
&HLWUHLLQGLFDWRULGHDVLPHWULHFDOFXOD LLQGLF RDVLPHWULHPRGHUDW SR]LWLY 

6. 0HGLDLGLVSHUVLDFDUDFWHULVWicii alternative
Media (p)
M
p= ,
N
unde: M QXP UXOPXQFLWRULORUFXRYHFKLPH! x = 18,2 ani; M =110;
N QXP UXOWRWDODOPXQFLWRULORU1 
M 110
p= = = 0,3667
N 300
Dispersia ( 2p )
2p = p(1 p) = 0,3667(1 0,3667) = 0,2322

3.
ntr-R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  FDUH DUH  GH PXQFLWRUL V D RUJDQL]DW R REVHUYDUH VWDWLVWLF  L
-
s-DXRE LQXWXUP WRDUHOHGDWH

5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LDRE LQXW EXF L

Tabelul 3.11.

Grupe de muncitori 1XP UPXQFLWRUL

GXS SURGXF LDRE LQXW EXF

Sub 120 10
120-140 18
140-160 23
160-180 38
180-200 51
200-220 40
220-240 15
LSHVWH 5
Total 200
 5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPHDQL

Tabelul 3.12.

Grupe de muncitori Structura muncitorilor

GXS YHFKLPH (ani) vQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

Sub 2 4,2
2-4 8,5
4-8 12,9
8-12 30,2
12-18 26,2
18-24 10,2
LSHVWH 7,8
Total 100,0

Se cere:

1. V  VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H VWDWLVWLF FHOH GRX  VHULL IRORVLQG PHWRGD JUDILF  LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL

FHQWUDOHPHGLLOHGHVWUXFWXU LQGLFDWRULLGHYDULD LH L asimetrie;

2. V  VH SUHFL]H]H GXS  FDUH GLQ YDULDELOH HVWH PDL RPRJHQ  FROHFWLYLWDWHD GH PXQFLWRUL DL

VRFLHW LLFRPHUFLDOHUHVSHFWLYH

Rezolvare

1. 6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD LQGLYLGXDO  HVWH SUH]HQWDW 

FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWHLHVWHJUXSDW SHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

3HQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD VWDWLVWLF  D DFHVWHL VHULL GH IUHFYHQ H VH YD IDFH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF 

SULQKLVWRJUDP SROLJRQXOLFXUEDFXPXODWLY DIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJLIRORVLQGFROL

7 din tabelul 3.13. Graficul de concentrare se face analog cu cel din figura 1.4. (vezi capitolul 1).

60
51
50
40
 38
 
40


30 23
 18
 15
20
10
10 5

0
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

     

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LD]LOQLF EXF L

 225
200
175

nr. muncitori
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
SURGXF LDEXF

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LD]LOQLF EXF L

)LLQGLQWHUYDOHHJDOHSHQWUXPHGLHLGLVSHUVLHVHYRUXWLOL]DIRUPXOHOHGHFDOFXOVLPSOLILFDW

k
xi a xi a
2

h
k
ni
i =1



i =1 h
ni
x= h + a , respectiv x =
2
k
h 2 ( x a) 2
ni
k
ni i =1
i =1

Pentru calculul indicatorilor se va folosi tabelul 3.13.

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUFDUHFDUDFWHUL]HD] UHSDUWL LDFHORUGHPXQFLWRUL

vQIXQF LHGHP ULPHDSURGXF LHL]LOQLFHRE LQXWH

Tabelul 3.13.

Grupe de 1XP U Centre xi a xi x x a

2 )UHFYHQ HFXPXODWH

muncitori muncitori de ni i ni
GXS  (ni) interval h h h &UHVF WRU Descres-
SURGXF LD (xi) F WRU

RE LQXW 
a=190
(buc.) h=20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
sub 120 10 110 -4 -40 160 10 200
120-140 18 130 -3 -54 162 28 190
140-160 23 150 -2 -46 92 51 172
160-180 38 170 -1 -38 38 89 149
180-200 51 190 0 0 0 140 111
200-220 40 210 1 40 40 180 60
220-240 15 230 2 30 60 195 20
LSHVWH 5 250 3 15 45 200 5
Total 200 -93 597 - -

93
x= 20 + 190 = 180 , 7 buc./muncitor
200
597
2
x = 20 2 ( 180 , 7 190 ) 2 = 1107 , 51
200
 x = 1107,51 = 33,28 buc./muncitor

x 33,28
v= 100 = 100 = 18,42%
x 180,7

3H ED]D FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH YDULD LH VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY 

pentru cele mai multe valori individuale ale serieLGHRDUHFHDPRE LQXWXQFRHILFLHQWPLFGHYDULD LH
FHHDFHvQVHDPQ vQDFHODLWLPSF GDWHOHVXQWGHVWXOGHRPRJHQHvQWUHHOH

'LQDFHODLWDEHOVHSRWFDOFXODLFHLODO LGRLLQGLFDWRUL DLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHYDORDUHPRGDO 

LYDORDUHPHGLDQ 

,QWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ PD[LP FXSULQGHLPRGXO

180 < Mo < 200, de unde:

1 (51 38)
Mo = x 0 + h = 180 + 20 = 190,83 EXF L
1 + 2 (51 38) + (51 40)

Locul medianei n serie:

n i +1
200 + 1
U ( Me) = i =1
= = 100,5
2 2

Q LQWHUYDOXO DO FLQFLOHD VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW ORFXO PHGLDQHL vQ

seULHDGLF 

180 < Me < 200

n i +1 m 1
i =1
ni
2 100,5 89
Me = x 0 + h i =1
= 180 + 20 = 184,5 EXF L
nm 51

Deci, x , Me L Mo VH J VHVF vQ DFHODL LQWHUYDO VHULD HVWH XRU DVLPHWULF  L SXWHP YHULILFD

UHOD LD

3( x -Me) = x -Mo

3(180,700-184,5) =-11,4

x -Mo = 180,7-190,83 =-10,13

QVHDPQ F SHQWUXVHULDQRDVWU FXRGLIHUHQ QHVHPQLILFDWLY VHYHULILF UHOD LDGLQWUHFHL

WUHLLQGLFDWRULDLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHH[LVWHQW vQFD]XOUHSDUWL LLORUPRGHUDWDVLPHWULFH

Pentru stabilirea gradului de asimetrie vom avea:

( x Mo ) 180 , 7 190 , 83 10 , 13
C as = = = = 0 , 30
x 33 , 28 33 , 28
 3( x Me) 3(180,7 184,5) 11,4
C as = = = = 0,34
x 33,28 33,28

q 2 q1
AS = , unde q1=Me - Q1; q2 =Q3 Me
q 2 + q1

n i +1
201
U (Q1 ) = i =1
= = 50,25
4 4

140 < Q1 < 160

1 k u 1
n i + 1 n i
Q1 = x0 + h
4 i =1 i =1 = 140 + 20 50,25 28 = 159,34 EXF L
nu 23

3 k 3
U (Q3 ) = ni + 1 = 201 = 150,75
4 i =1 4

200 < Q3 < 220

3 k v 1
n i + 1 n i
Q3 = x 0 + h
4 i =1 i =1 = 200 + 20 150,75 140 = 205,375 EXF L
nv 40

q1 = 184,5-159,34 = 25,16

q2 = 205,375-184,5 = 20,875

20,875 25,16
AS = = 0,093
20,875 + 25,16

n toate cazurile s-DX RE LQXW YDORUL QHJDWLYH UHODWLY PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH
FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  SUHGRPLQ  YDORULOH PDL PDUL L FD DWDUH LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH VXQW PDL

UHSUH]HQWDWLYL SHQWUX WHUPHQLL FDUH SUH]LQW  DEDWHUL QHJDWLYH vQ FRPSDUD LH FX FHL FDUH SUH]LQW 

abateri pozitive ( x < Me < Mo).

2. 6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS  YHFKLPH HVWH SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L FX

IUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

3HQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF HVWHQHFHVDUV VHIDF RVHULHGHFDOFXOHSUHJ WLWRDUH

 &DOFXOXOIUHFYHQ HORUUHGXVHLDIUHFYHQ HORUFXPXODWH pentru seria referitoare la vechime

Tabelul 3.14.
*UXSHGXS  Structura 0 ULPHD 5DSRUWXOID GH )UHFYHQ H )UHFYHQ H

vechime muncitorilor intervalulu primul interval reduse relative

(ani) (n*i(%)) i (hi) h n i* (%) cumulate
Ki = i FUHVF - descres-
h1 Ki tor F WRU

A 1 2 3 4 5 6
0-2 4,2 2 1,0 4,2 4,2 100,0
2-4 8,5 2 1,0 8,5 12,7 95,8
4-8 12,9 4 2,0 6,5 25,6 87,3
8-12 30,2 4 2,0 15,1 55,8 74,4
12-18 26,2 6 3,0 8,7 82,0 44,2
18-24 10,2 6 3,0 3,4 92,2 18,0
24-30 7,8 6 3,0 2,6 100 7,8
Total 100 - 15 - - -

Folosind datele din tabelul 3.14. se constituie: histograma, polLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU L FXUED
FXPXODWLY YH]LILJL

16 30,2

14
structura muncitorilor (%)

12
10 8,5 26,2
8 12,9

6 4,2
10,2
4 7,8

2
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
vechime (ani)

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

structura muncitorilor (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

vechime (ani)

)vJXUD5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

 L vQ DFHVW FD] WUHEXLH FDOFXOD L LQGLFDWRULL FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  VWDWLVWLF DFHDVW  VHULH )LLQG

LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH FHQWUHOH GH LQWHUYDO L DSRL VH YD DSOLFD R IRUPXO  GH FDOFXO

VLPSOLILFDW 'H UHJXO  VH RSWHD]  QXPDL SHQWUX IRORVLUHD XQHL VLQJXUH SURSULHW L bazate pe
PLFRUDUHDWHUPHQLORUFXRFRQVWDQW  a" (vezi tabelul 3.15.).

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHDPHGLLORUGHSR]L LHLDLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

ntr-o serie cu intervale neegale

Tabelul 3.15.

)UHFYHQ  Centrul
(xi - a)
Intervale reODWLY intervalului
a = 10
( xi a ) ni*(%) ( xi a ) 2 ni*(%) )UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

GHYDULD LH * cumulative
(n i (%) )
( xi )
A 1 2 3 4 5 6
0-2 4,2 1 -9 -37,8 340,2 4,2
2-4 8,5 3 -7 -59,5 416,5 12,7
4-8 12,9 6 -4 -51,6 206,4 25,6
8 - 12 30,2 10 0 0 0 5,5,8
12 - 18 26,2 15 5 31 655 82,0
18 - 24 10,2 21 11 112,2 1234,3 92,2
24 - 30 7,8 27 17 132,6 2554,2 100,0
Total 100 - - 226,9 5113,5 -

x=
(x i a ) ni*(%)
=
226,9
+ 10 12,3 ani/muncitor
100 100

2
=
(xi a ) 2 n i*(%)
( x a )2 =
5113 , 5
( 12 , 3 10 ) 2 = 45 , 84
x
100 100

x = 45,84 = 6,77 ani/muncitor

x 6,77
v= 100 = 100 = 55%
x 12,3

8 < Mo < 12

1 (30,2 12,9)
Mo = x 0 + h =8+4 = 11,25 ani
1 + 2 (30,2 12,9) + (30,2 26,2)

Locul medianei n serie:

n i +1
100 + 1
U ( Me) = i =1
= = 50,5
2 2

8 <Me < 12
 k
n* i (%)
+1
m 1
n *i (%)
i =1

2 i =1 50 , 5 26 , 6
Me = x 0 + h =8+4 = 11 , 298 ani
* 30 , 2
n m (% )

101
U (Q1 ) = = 25,25
4

4 < Q1 <8

25,25 12,7
Q1 = 4 + 4 = 7,89 ani
12,9

Q 2 = M e = 11 , 298 ani

3
U (Q3 ) = 101 = 75,75
4

12 < Q3 < 18

75,75 55,8
Q3 = 12 + 6 = 16,568 ani
26,2

( x Mo) 12,3 11,25

C as = = = 0,155
x 6,77

3( x Me) 3(12,3 11,298)

C as = = = 0,44
x 6,77

q1 = Me-Q1=11,298 7,89 = 3,488

q2 = Q3 Me = 16,568 11,298 = 5,27

q 2 q1 5,2 3,488
AS = = = 0,203
q 2 + q1 25,2 + 3,488

$QDOL]kQG UH]XOWDWHOH VH FRQVWDW  F  VHULD DUH FDUDFWHU QHRPRJHQ GHRDUHFH FRHILFLHQWXO GH

YDULD LH WRWDO  HVWH GH  5HIHULQGX QH OD YHFKLPH DFHDVW  VLWXD LH HUD GH DWHSWDW VHULD DYkQG
-
LQWHUYDOHQHHJDOHGHYDULD LHLIUHFYHQ HOHGLVWULEXLQGX -se neuniform.
&DOFXOkQGFRHILFLHQ LLGHDVLPHWULHVHFRQVWDW RDVLPHWULH spre valorile mici (Mo < Me < x ).
Q ILQDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F  VHULD SULYLQG GLVWULEX LD SURGXF LHL vQ EXF L HVWH PXOW PDL

RPRJHQ  FDUDFWHUL]DW  GH LQGLFDWRUL FX YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX YDULD LH L DVLPHWULH L HVWH QHRPRJHQ 

SHQWUX VHULD SULYLQG YHFKLPHD PHGLH FHHD FH QH SHUPLWH V  WUDJHP FRQFOX]LD F  vQ PRG FRUHFW vQ

vQWUHSULQGHUHD UHVSHFWLY  SURGXF LLOH LQGLYLGXDOH RE LQXWH QX GHSLQG vQ SULQFLSDO GH YHFKLPH FL GH

DO LIDFWRULHVHQ LDOLVSHFLILFL
 4.
ntr-R VRFLHWDWHFRPHUFLDO  V DX vQUHJLVWUDW FX SULYLUH OD XQ SURGXV GH ED]  GHVWLQDW YkQ] ULL
-
SULQXQLW LOHSURSULLGDWHOHQHFHVDUHGHWHUPLQ ULLQLYHOXOXLPHGLXDOSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL (xi)LDO
consumului specific GH WLPS GH PXQF   yi 'DWHOH VH SUH]LQW  vQWU R VHULH ELGLPHQVLRQDO  vQ FDUH
-
FKHOWXLHOLOHWRWDOHGHWLPSGHPXQF  ziUHSUH]LQW IUHFYHQ HOHFRPXQHSHQWUXFHOHGRX YDULDELOH

Tabelul 3.16.
Produs Nivelul Consumul specific de timp Cheltuielile
SURGXFWLYLW LL GHPXQF RUH-om la 1000 lei totale de timp
muncii orare SURGXF LH GHPXQF

PLLOHLRU  (yi) (mii ore-om)

(xi) (zi)

A 1 2 3
A 10,0 0,100 11624
B 6,25 0,160 6444
C 7,47 0,134 100
Total 8,65 0,116 18168

Se cere:

1. calculul nivelului mediu alSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL( w = x );

2. FDOFXOXOFRQVXPXOXLPHGLXGHWLPSGHPXQF ( t = y ).
1RW V VHVSHFLILFHFHIHOGHPHGLLV-DXXWLOL]DWLGHFH"

Rezolvare

'DF  FHOH GRX  FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH vQWUH HOH VH SXQH SUREOHPD

DOHJHULLFHOXLPDLSRWULYLWWLSGHPHGLHSHQWUXDS VWUDDFHHDLUHOD LHGHLQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOLWDWHL

vQWUHP ULPLOHPHGLLFDOFXODWH

1
QWUH FHOH GRX  YDULDELOH DSDU UHOD LLOH xi =  SHQWUX FDUH VH YD RE LQH R UHSDUWL LH
yi
ELGLPHQVLRQDO FXIUHFYHQ HFRPXQH (n ).
xi yi

3ULPD VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH D QLYHOXULORU SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ GDWHOH

FRORDQHORULLDUFHDGH -a doua sHULHGHGLVWULEX LH-DFRQVXPXULORUVSHFLILFHGHWLPSGHPXQF 

- HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ GDWHOH FRORDQHORU  L  $VWIHO SUH]HQWDWH FHOH GRX  VHULL DX DFHOHDL SRQGHUL

SHQWUXDPEHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLDGLF QXP UXOWRWDOGHRP -ore lucrate.

3HQWUXDS VWUDUHOD LDGHLQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOLWDWHGLQWUHFHOHGRX YDULDELOHLvQWUHP ULPLOH

PHGLL SHQWUX FDOFXOXO QLYHOXOXL PHGLX DO SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL YRP IRORVL PHGLD DULWPHWLF 

SRQGHUDW  LDU SHQWUX FDOFXOXO FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH WLPS GH PXQF  VH YD DSOLFD PHGLD DUPRQLF 

SRQGHUDW 

1. &DOFXOXOQLYHOXOXLPHGLXDOSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL
k

x n i xi yi
10 11624 + 6,25 6444 + 7,47 100
w=x= i =1
k
= = 8,65 mii lei/ore-om
n
18168
xi yi
i =1
 2. &DOFXOXOFRQVXPXOXLPHGLXGHWLPSGHPXQF
k

n xi y i
18168
t =y= k
i =1
= = 0,116 ore-om/1000 lei
1 1 1 1
y
i =1
n xi yi
0,10
11624 +
0,16
6444 +
0,134
100
i

9HULILFDUHDUHOD LHLGLQWUHFHOHGRX PHGLLvQPLLOHL

1 1
x= ; = 8,62;
y 0,116
'LIHUHQ D SRDWH SURYHQL GLQ URWXQMLUHD FDOFXOXOXL 'HFL PHGLD DUPRQLF  SRDWH VXEVWLWXL

PHGLD DULWPHWLF  FkQG VH FXQRVF SURGXVHOH GH IUHFYHQ  L QX IUHFYHQ HOH UHDOH 8Q DVWIHO GH

exemplu poate fi cel al indiceluLDUPRQLFDOSUH XULORUYH]LFDSLWROXO,QGLFL

5.
6HFXQRVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH FXSULYLUHODGLVWULEX LDYkQ] WRULORUGLQWU -un complex comercial
vQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPHDvQPXQF LYDORDUHDYkQ] ULORUUHDOL]DWHvQWU RV SW PkQ  -
Tabelul 3.17.

6XEJUXSHGHYkQ] WRULGXS YROXPXOYkQ] ULORUPLOOHL

Grupe GHYkQ] WRUL Total

220
GXS YHFKLPHDQL ) sub 190 190-200 200-210 210-220
LSHVWH

A 1 2 3 4 5 6
sub 10 5 15 5 - - 25
10-20 - 12 35 8 - 55
LSHVWH - - 7 15 8 30
Total 5 27 47 23 8 110

Se cere:

1. SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU SULYLQG UHSDUWL LDYkQ] WRULORUGXS YROXPXOYkQ] ULORUSH WRWDOL

pe grupe de vechime;
2. UHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DQXP UXOXLYkQ] WRULORUGXS YHFKLPHSHFHOH trei grupe, folosind
JUDILFXOSULQS WUDW

3. calculul mediiloUSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPHLSHWRWDO
4. LQGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHLSHILHFDUHJUXS LSHWRWDO
5. LQWHUSUHWDUHDJUDGXOXLGHRPRJHQLWDWHSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO
6. verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor;
7. ce indicatori statistici se pot calcula pe baza UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH
LQWHUSUHWHD] VWDWLVWLFDFHWLLQGLFDWRUL

8. FDOFXOXO L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD YkQ] WRUL FDUH VH DIO  SHVWH

PHGLDYkQ] ULORUSHWRWDO
Rezolvare

1. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DGLVWULEX LHLYkQ] WRULORUILJXULOHL

50
45

WRUL
40
35

UYkQ]
30
25
1XP
20
15
10
5
0
9ROXPXOYkQ] ULORUPLOOHL
170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDYkQ] WRULORUvQWU XQFRPSOH[FRPHUFLDOGXS

- YROXPXOGHVIDFHULORU

50

45 Total
gr. I
40
WRUL

gr. II
35 gr. III
UYkQ]

30

25
1XP

20

15

10

0
9ROXPXOYkQ] ULORUPLOOHL
170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDYkQ] WRULORUGXS YROXPXOGHVIDFHULLSHWRWDOLSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPH

2. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DQXP UXOXLYkQ] WRULORUGXS YHFKLPH (vezi figura 3.11.).

Scara: 1 cm = 2 persoane

55
25 30

sub 10 ani 10-20 ani DQLLSHVWH

)LJXUD1XP UXOGHYkQ] WRULSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPH

3. Calculul mediilor
PHGLLOHGHJUXS :
m

y n
j =1
j ij

yi = m

n
j =1
ij

185 5 + 195 15 + 205 5

y1 = = 195 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
25

195 12 + 205 35 + 215 8

y2 = = 204,27 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
55

205 7 + 215 15 + 225 8

y3 = = 215,33 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
30

PHGLDJHQHUDO (y ):
- independent:
m

y n
j =1
j j

y= m

n j =1
j

185 5 + 195 27 + 205 47 + 215 23 + 225 8

y= = 205,18 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
110

- pe baza mediilor de JUXS 

r

y n i i
y= i =1
r

n
i =1
i

195 25 + 204,27 55 + 215,33 30

y= = 205,18 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU .
110

4. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS ( ): 
i
2

( y j y i )2 n ij
m

j =1
i2 =
m
n ij
j =1

(185 - 195) 2 5 + (195 - 195 ) 2 15 + (205 - 195 ) 2 5

12 = = 40
25
 (195 - 204,27 ) 2 12 + (205 - 204,27 ) 2 35 + (215 - 204,27 ) 2 8
22 = = 35,83
55

(205 - 215,33 )2
7 + (215 - 215,33 ) 2 15 + (225 - 215,33 ) 2 8
32 = = 49 , 89
30

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH ( ):
2

i
2
ni
40 25 + 35,83 55 + 49,89 30
2 = i =1
r
= = 40,63
n
110
i
i =1

dispersia dintre grupe 2 = y2 / x : ( )

r
( y i y ) n i
2

i =1
2
= =
r
n i
i =1

( 195 205 , 18 ) 2 25 + ( 204 , 27 205 , 18 ) 2 55 + ( 215 , 33 205 , 18 ) 2 30

= 52 , 06
110

GLVSHUVLDWRWDO ( ): 2

( y j y )2 n j
m

j =1 (185 205,18) 2 5 + (195 205,18) 2 27 + ( 205 205,18) 2 47

= 2
= +
m 110
n j
j =1

( 215 205,18) 2 23+ ( 225 205,18) 2 8

+ = 92, 69
110

5. Aprecierea gradului de omRJHQLWDWHSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO

&DOFXOXOFRHILFLHQ LORUGHYDULD LH

pe grupe
1 = 12 = 40 = 6,32 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

1 6,32
v1 = 100 = 100 = 3,24%
y1 195

2 = 22 = 35,83 = 5,98 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

 2 5,98
v2 = 100 = 100 = 2,93%
y2 204,27
3 = 32 = 49,89 = 7,06 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

3 7,06
v3 = 100 = 100 = 3,18%
y3 215,33

pe total
= 2 = 92,69 = 9,62 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

9,62
v= 100 = 100 = 4,69%
y 205,18

&RPSDUkQGUH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHVHFRQVWDW F 

ILHFDUHJUXS OXDW VHSDUDWHVWHPDLRPRJHQ GHFkWFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO GLQFDUHDIRVW

H[WUDV 

grupDDGRXDHVWHPDLRPRJHQ GHFkWFHOHODOWHGRX 

YDORULOH PLFL DOH FRHILFLHQ LORU GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L SH ILHFDUH JUXS  L SH WRWDO DWHVW  XQ

JUDG GH RPRJHQLWDWH ULGLFDW DO JUXSHORU L FROHFWLYLW LL WRWDOH L GHFL XQ JUDG GH

UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHFRUHVSXQ] WRUSHQWUXPHGLLOHFDUHOHFDUDFWHUL]HD] 

6. Verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor

2 = 2 + 2

92,69 = 52,06 + 40,63

7. 3HED]DUHJXOLLGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORUVHSRWFDOFXODDO LGRLLQGLFDWRULVWDWLVWLFL

*UDGXOGHGHWHUPLQD LH ( R y2 / x )
2 52,06
R y2 / x = 100 = 100 = 56,16%
2
92,69

*UDGXOGHQHGHWHUPLQD LH ( K y2 / x )
2 40,63
K y2 / x = 100 = 100 = 43,84%
2
92,69
6H SRDWH DILUPD F   GLQ YDULD LD WRWDO  D YROXPXOXL YkQ] ULORU HVWH H[SOLFDW  GH

YDULD LD SURGXV  GHIDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH YHFKLPHD factor dominant deoarece R y2 x > 50%), restul
GHILLQGLQIOXHQ DUHODWLY DFHORUODO LIDFWRULQHvQUHJLVWUD L

8. &DOFXOXO L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX YkQ] WRULL FDUH VH DIO  SHVWH YROXPXO

PHGLXDOYkQ] ULORUSHWRWDO "

* Calculul mediilor
mi
PHGLLOHSHJUXS : wi = ,
ni
 de unde:
0
w1 = =0
25
8
w2 = = 0,1455
55

23
w3 = = 0,7667
30
m 31
media pe total: w = = = 0,2818
n 110

* Calculul dispersiilor

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS :

w2 = wi (1 w ),
i i

de unde:

w2 = w 1 (1 w 1 ) = 0 (1 0 ) = 0
1

w2 = w 2 (1 w 2 ) = 0 , 1455 (1 0 , 1455 ) = 0 , 1243

2

w2 = w 3 (1 w 3 ) = 0 , 7667 (1 0 , 7667 ) = 0 , 1789

3

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH ( w2 ):

2
wi ni
0 25 + 0,1243 55 + 0,1789 30
= 2
w
i =1
r
= = 0,1109
n
110
i
i =1

dispersia dintre grupe ( w2 ):

r

(w w ) ni
2

= 2 i =1
i
=
(0 0,2818) 25 + (0,1455 0,2818) 55
2 2
+
w r

n
110
i
i =1

+
(0,7667 0,2818)2 30 = 0,0914
110

dispersia total ( w2 ):
w2 = w(1 w) = 0,2818 (1 0,2818 ) = 0,2023

5HJXODDGXQ ULLGLVSHUVLLORUVHS VWUHD] LvQFD]XOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYH

w2 = w2 + w2
0,2023 = 0,1109 + 0,0914
 6.
3HQWUX XQ DJHQW HFRQRPLF FH GHVI RDU  WUHL DFWLYLW L V-au nregistrat datele privind

veniturile salariale ale personalului pentru luna mai 2001 (vezi tabelul 3.18.).

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHDFWLYLW LvQIXQF LHGHP ULPHDYHQLWXULORUVDODULDOHvQOXQDPDL

Tabelul 3.18.
vQID GHWRWDOXOJUXSHL

Grupe duS VDODULL Activitatea I Activitatea II Activitatea III

(zeci mii lei)
A 1 2 3
sub 250 10 - -
250 - 270 12 - -
270 - 290 25 20 -
290 - 310 28 35 -
310 - 330 15 20 20
330 - 350 10 15 47
350 - 370 - 10 23
LSeste - - 10
Total 100 100 100

1XP UXO GH VDODULD L D vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHD VWUXFWXU  DFWLYLWDWHD O - 20%; activitatea II -
-LDFWLYLWDWHD,,,- 30%.

Se cere:

1. V  VH DSOLFH UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L V  VH VSHFLILFH GDF  IDFWRUXO G e grupare
este semnificativ sau nu;
2. V  VH DUDWH JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH SH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW L L SH WRWDO L V  VH LQWHUSUHWH]H

UH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHSHQWUXFDUDFWHUL]DUHDYDULD LHL

3. V VHFDOFXOH]HQXP UXOGHVDODULD LIUHFYHQ HOHDEVROXWHWLLQGF SHWRWDOQXP UXOORUD

IRVWGHLV VHYHULILFHSHED]DIUHFYHQ HORUDEVROXWHGLVSHUVLDWRWDO 

Rezolvare

1. )LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH PHGLLOH L GLVSHUVLLOH VH SRW GHWHUPLQD FX IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO

VLPSOLILFDWFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

m yj a *
nij (%)

j =1 h
yi = h + a
100

2
m yj a
h nij* (%)
i2 =
h 2 (y a )2
j =1
100
 1.1. Pentru activitatea I VH YD H[WUDJH VHULD L VH YRU FDOFXOD PHGLD GLVSHUVLD abaterea
PHGLHS WUDWLF (vezi tabelul 3.19.).

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHD,

Tabelul 3.19.

Grupe GXS  Structura Centrul de yj a yj a * yj a

2
salarii (zeci VDODULD LORU interval n1 j (%) n1*j (%)
mii lei) n* ( 1 j (%) ) (y ) j
h
a = 300
h h
h = 20
A 1 2 3 4 5
230-250 10 240 -3 -30 90
250-270 12 260 -2 -24 48
270-290 25 280 -1 -25 25
290-310 28 300 0 0 0
310-330 15 320 1 15 15
330-350 10 340 2 20 40

Total 100 - - -44 218

44
y1 = 20 + 300 = 291,200 zeci mii lei/salariat
100

20 2 (291,2 300 ) = 794,56

218
12 = 2

100

1 = 794,56 = 28,187 zeci mii lei/salariat

28,187
v1 = 100 = 9,68%
291,2

1.2. Pentru activitatea II (vezi calculele n tabelul 3.20.)

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDD,,, -a
Tabelul 3.20.

*UXSHGXS  Structura Centrul de yj a y j a * y j a

2
salarii (zeci VDODULD LORU interval n2 n 2*
(n ) (y ) h
j (%)
mii lei) * h h
j (%)
2 j (%) j
a = 300
h = 20
A 1 2 3 4 5
270-290 20 280 -1 -20 20
290-310 35 300 0 0 0
310-330 20 320 1 20 20
330-350 15 340 2 30 60
350-370 10 360 3 30 90
Total 100 - - 60 190

60
y2 = 20 + 300 = 312 ]HFLPLLOHLVDODULDWDGLF OH i/salariat
100
 20 2 (312 300 ) = 616
190
22 = 2

100

2 = 616 = 24,82 zeci mii lei/salariat

24,82
v2 = 100 = 7,95%
312

1.3. Pentru activitatea a III-a vezi calculele n tabelul 3.21.

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDD -a
Tabelul 3.21.

*UXSHGXS  Structura Centrul de yj a y a * y j a

2
salarii VDODULD LORU interval j n 2 j (%) n 3* j (%)
(zeci mii lei) (n *
3 j (%) ) (y )
j
h
a = 300
h
h

h = 20
A 1 2 3 4 5
310-330 20 320 -1 -20 20
330-350 47 340 0 0 0
350-370 23 360 1 23 23
3LSHVWH 10 380 2 20 40
Total 100 - - 23 83

23
y3 = 20 + 340 = 344,6 zeci mii lei/salariat sau 3446000 lei/salariat
100

20 2 (310,84 340 ) = 310,84

83
32 = 2

100
3 = 310,84 = 17,6 zeci mii lei/salariat

17,06
v3 = 100 = 5,11%
344,84

1.4. &XQRVFkQG PHGLLOH SDU LDOH L SRQGHULOH VDODULD LORU DFWLYLW LORU UHVSHFWLYH VH SRDWH

calcula media pe total:

r
y i n i*( % ) ( 291, 2 20 )+ (312 50 ) (344, 6 30 )
i =1
y= = = 317 , 62 zeci mii lei/salariat
100 100

1.5. $SOLFkQG UHJXOD DGXQ ULL GLVSHUVLLORU 2 = 2 + 2 VH FRQVWDW  F  SXW em calcula doar
GRX GLQWUHHOHXUPkQGFDGLVSHUVLDWRWDO V ILHFDOFXODW SHED]DUHOD LHLGHPDLVXV

r
i2 n i*(%) (794,56 20) + (616 50) + (310,84 30)
i =1
2
= = = 560 , 164
100 100
 r
( y i y )2 n i*(%)
i =1
2
= =
100
( 291, 2 317 , 62 ) 2 20 + ( 312 317 , 62 ) 2 50 + ( 344 , 6 317 , 62 ) 2 30
= = 378 , 24
100

2 = 2 + 2 = 560,164 + 378,24 = 938,404

1.6. &DOFXOXOJUDGXOXLGHGHWHUPLQD LHLQHGHWHUPLQD LH:

2 378,276
R y2 / x = 2 100 = 100 = 40,31%
938,404

2 560,164
K y2 / x = 100 = 100 = 59,69%
2
938,404

K y2 / x > R y2 / x IDFWRUGHJUXSDUHQHUHSUH]HQWDWLYFHHDFHvQVHDPQ F vQOXQDQRLHPEULHQX

a existat dect ntr-R SURSRU LH GH  GLIHUHQ H VSHFLILFH vQWUH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW L vQ cazul
YHQLWXULORUVDODULDOHFHHDFHHUDGHDWHSWDW

2. 3HQWUXDQDOL]DRPRJHQLW LLVHYRUIRORVLLQGLFDWRULLSUH]HQWD LvQ tabelul 3.22. (coloana 5).

5HSDUWL LDSHFHOHWUHLDFWLYLW LDVDODULLORUPHGLLLDLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

Tabelul 3.22.

AFWLYLW L Structura Salariile medii Dispersiile Abaterile medii &RHILFLHQ LL

personalului (zeci mii lei) S WUDWLFH GHYDULD LH

(zeci mii lei)

A 1 2 3 4 5
I 20% 291,2 794,56 28,187 9,68%
II 50% 312,0 616,00 24,820 7,95%
III 30% 344,6 310,84 17,600 5,11%
Total 100% 317,62 938,404 30,63 9,64%

QH[HPSOXODQDOL]DWVHSRWWUDJHXUP WRDUHOHFRQFOX]LL

DWkW SH vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  FkW L SH ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWH VHULLOH VXQW RPRJHQH

deoarece s-DX RE LQXW YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH 'DF  VH LHUDUKL]HD] 

VHULLOH GXS  FULWHULXO YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH RUGLQHD RPRJHQLW LORU HVWH DFWLYLWDWHD D ,,,
-a
(5,11%); activitatea a II-D  L PDL SX LQ RPRJHQ  SULPDDFWLYLWDWHD FDUH
GHS HWHFXIRDUWHSX LQJUDGXOGHRPRJHQLWDWHSH total (9,64%);

DYkQG FRHILFLHQ L PLFL GH YDULD LH PHGLLOH VXQW vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH FX XQ JUDG PDUH GH

UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH ID  GH YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH GLQ FDUH DX IRVW FDOFXODWH GHRDUHFH WR L

FRHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LHVXQWVXE

 3. Seriile din tabelul 3.1VHSRWSUH]HQWDLFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH
WLLQGF QXP UXOWRWDODOVDODULD LORUDIRVWGHLDYkQGUHSDUWL LDORUUHODWLY SHDFWLYLW L

VHRE LQH

20
activitatea I 400
= 80 VDODULD L
100
50
activitatea a II-a 400 = 200 salaria L
100
30
activitatea a III-a 400 = 120 VDODULD L
100
$SOLFkQG JUHXW LOH VSHFLILFH GLQ ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWHD OD QXP UXO GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOHD] 

IUHFYHQ HOH DEVROXWH FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ  QXPDL vQ QXPHUH vQWUHJL UHIHULQGX -se la persoane
(vezi tabelul 3.23).

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHFHOHWUHLDFWLYLW LvQIXQF LHGHYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOH

Tabelul 3.23.

*UXSHGXS VDODULL Activitatea I Activitatea II Activitatea III Total

(zeci mii lei)
sub 250 8 - - 8
250-270 10 - - 10
270-290 20 40 - 60
290-310 22 70 - 92
310-330 12 40 24 76
330-350 8 30 56 94
350-370 - 20 28 48
LSHVWH - - 12 12
Total 80 200 120 400

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLSHWRWDOSHED]DIUHFYHQ HORUDEVROXWH

Tabelul 3.24.

*UXSHGXS VDODULL 1XP UXO Centrul de yj a yj a yj a

2
(zeci mii lei) salDULD LORU interval n j n j
(n )
j (y )
j
h
a = 340
h h
h = 20
A 1 2 3 4 5
sub 250 8 240 -5 -40 200
250-270 10 260 -4 -40 160
270-290 60 280 -3 -180 540
290-310 92 300 -2 -184 368
310-330 76 320 -1 -76 76
330-350 94 340 0 0 0
350-370 48 360 1 48 48
LSHVWH 12 380 2 24 48
Total 400 - -448 1440
 k xj a
h
nj
448
y= i =1
k
h+ a = 20 + 340 = 317,6 zeci mii lei/salariat
n
400
j
i =1

yj a
2
k

i =1
nj
h 1440
y =
2
k
h 2 ( y a) 2 = 400 (340 317,6) 2 = 938,24
nj
400
i =1
Deci s-a ajuns la aceleDL YDORUL L SHQWUX PHGLH L SHQWUX GLVSHUVLH FD vQ FD]XO IRORVLULL
IUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH

PROBLEME PROPUSE

1.
Pentru 40 de agen LHFRQRPLFLFHDFWLYHD] vQDFHODLGRPHQLXGHDFWLYLWDWH s-au nregistrat
datele privind profitul realizat (mil. lei) n luna august: 40, 63, 59, 52, 62, 50, 45. 51, 54, 50, 48, 55,
59, 47, 57, 53, 46, 55, 64, 53, 42, 51, 53, 56, 52, 58, 49, 54, 60, 46, 41, 47, 42, 44, 63, 58, 49, 55,
50, 53.

Se cere:

1. V VHJUXSH]HFHLGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOHGXS SURILWXOUHDOL]DW

2. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFUHSDUWL LDRE LQXW ODSXQFWXOSUHFHGHQW

3. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHLV VHLQWHUSUHWH]HUHOD LDGLQWUHHL

4. V VHYHULILFHUHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHDPHGLHL

5. V VHGHWHUPLQHLQGLFDWRULLFDUHVHSDU GLQDJHQ LLHFRQRPLFLVLWXD LODFHQWUXO

UHSDUWL LHL

6. V VHP VRDUHJUDGXOGHDVLPHWULH

2.
3HQWUXRXQLWDWHHFRQRPLF VHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 3.25.

Grupe de muncitori Nr.

GXS P ULPHD muncitori
SURGXF LHLPLLEXF

Sub 10 2
10-12 6
12-14 10
14-16 20
16 -18 18
LSHVWH 6
Total 60
Se cere:

1. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFGLVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS P ULPHDSURGXF LHL

2. V VHYHULILFHGDF GLVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS P ULPHDSURGXF LHLHVWHRPRJHQ 

3. V VHFDOFXOH]HQLYHOXOFHQWUDOL]DWDOSURGXF LHLSHQWUXPXQFLWRULLFXSURGXF LDGHFHO

SX LQPLLEXF

4. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRUXOFDUHVHSDU GLQPXQFLWRULGHUHVWXOPXQFLWRULORU

3.
3HQWUXGHVDODULD LDLXQHLVRFLHW LFRPHUFLDOHVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 3.26.

Grupe GHVDODULD L 1XP U Timpul mediu Abaterea medie

GXS YHFKLPHDQL VDODULD L nelucrat (min.) S WUDWLF SULYLQG

timpul nelucrat
(min.)
A 1 2 3
sub 10 20 30 4,8
10-20 90 45 9,0
LSHVWH 40 55 6,6

Se cere:

1. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFVWUXFWXUDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPH

2. V VHYHULILFHRPRJHQLWDWHDSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO

3. V VHGHWHUPLQHvQFHP VXU YDULD LDWLPSXOXLQHOXFUDWVHGDWRUHD] GHRVHELULORUSULYLQG

YHFKLPHDvQPXQF 

4.
Dintr-XQVRQGDMVWDWLVWLFGHSURSRU LRQDOVWUDWLILFDWV-DXRE LQXWGDtele:

Tabelul 3.27.

*UXSHGHDJHQ L *UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL

HFRQRPLFLGXS  (mil. lei)

Total
P ULPHDFDSLWDOXOXL sub 10 10-14 14-18 18-22 22-26 L

(mil. lei) peste

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I 5 10 5 - - - 20
II - 10 15 25 15 5 70
III - - 10 20 15 5 50
Total 5 20 30 45 30 10 140

Se cere:

1. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFGLVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXLSHWRWDO

2. V VHYHULILFHUHJXODGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORULV VHDUDWHGDF IDFWRUXOGHJUXSDUHHVWH

semnificativ sau nu;

3. V VHFDUDFWHUL]H]HRPRJHQLWDWHDSHILHFDUHJUXS LSHWRWDO
4. V VHP VRDUHJUDGXOGHDVLPHWULHSHQWUXJUXSDD,, -a;
5. V VHYHULILFHUHJXODDGXQ ULLGLVSHUVLLORUSHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLFX

profitul mai mic dect 18 mil.lei.

5.
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Tabelul 3.28.

Grupe tipice de Structura Profitul mediu Dispersia privind

DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL DJHQ LORU (mil.lei/ag.ec.) P ULPHD

GXS FLIUD economici profitului

de afaceri (%)
A 1 2 3
sub 20 50 14,4 11,52
20-30 30 19,68 11,28
LSHVWH 20 30,8 5,76

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