Partea a II-a

Probleme complexe

1.
3HQWUX  GH PXQFLWRUL DL XQHL VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH V -au nregistrat datele privind timpul
OXFUDWvQWUHRV SW PkQ RUH    

39, 40, 38, 43, 40, 40, 40, 38, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41, 43, 42, 40, 42, 38, 40, 39, 40, 37, 38, 38, 37, 39,
40, 39, 39, 40, 40, 41.

Se cere:

1. V VHJUXSH]HPXQFLWRULLGLQHDQWLRQGXS WLPSXOOXFUDW

2. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFUHSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS WLPSXOOXFUDW

3. V  VH FDOFXOH]H SURGXF LD PHGLH SH XQ PXQFLWRU XWLOL]kQG PHGLD DULWPHWLF  L V  VH

YHULILFHSURSULHW LOHDFHVWHLD

4. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FH DOWH WLSXUL GH PHGLL VH PDL SRW FDOFXOD L vQ FH UDSRUW GH P ULPH VH

DIO HOHID GHPHGLDDULWPHWLF 

5. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHSR]L LH

6. V  VH FDOFXOH]H LQGLFDWRULL VLQWHWLFL DL YDULD LHL L V  VH SUHFL]H]H GDF  PHGLD HVWH

UHSUH]HQWDWLY 

7. V  VH HVWLPH]H SDUDPHWULL FROHFWLYLW LL JHQHUDOH GDF  UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]  FX R

probabilitate P = 0,9973 (z = 3), iar ceLGHPXQFLWRULUHSUH]LQW GLQQXP UXOWRWDO

al acestora;
8. V  VH GHWHUPLQH QRXO YROXP DO HDQWLRQXOXL GDF  HURDUHD OLPLW  FDOFXODW  DQWHULRU VH

P UHWH GH  RUL L VH XWLOL]HD]  VHOHF LD QHUHSHWDW  FHOHODOWH FRQGL LL U PkQkQG

neschimbate.

Rezolvare

1. $PSOLWXGLQHDYDULD LHLILLQGPLF  A0 = xmax xmin = 43  RUHLQXP UXOYDORULORU

vQUHJLVWUDWH ILLQG GH DVHPHQHD PLF VH SRDWH HIHFWXD JUXSDUHD SH YDULDQWH L RE LQHP

datele prezentate n tabelul 1.

 5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS WLPSXOOXFUD t (ore)
Tabelul 1.
Grupe de 1XP UXO

PXQFLWRULGXS  muncitorilor (ni)

timpul lucrat
(ore) (xi)
0 1
37 5
38 6
39 8
40 13
41 7
42 5
43 6
Total 50

2. 'LVWULEX LLOH RE LQXWH SULQ JUXSDUH SH YDULDQWH VH UHSUH]LQW  JUDILF SULQ GLDJUDPD SULQ

bastoane.

14
12
10
nr. muncitori

8
6
4
2
0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

timpul lucrat (ore)

)LJ'LVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS WLPSXOOXFUDWRUH

3. &DOFXOXOPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHLYHULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW LDOHDFHVWHLD

Calculul mediei aritmetice ponderate:

x i n i 37 5 + 38 6 + 39 8 + 40 13 + 41 7 + 42 5 + 43 6
x= = =
n i 50
2000
= = 40 ore / muncitor
50

9HULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW LDOHPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH :

a) xmin < x < xmax

37 < 40 < 43
 b) (xi x ) ni = (37 40)5 + (38 40)6 + (39 40) 8 + (40 40) 13 +
+ (41 40) 7 + (42 40) 5 + (43 40) 6 = - 35 + 35 = 0

c) xi ni = x xi
2000 = 40 50

d)
( xi a ) ni = x a
ni
Pentru a RE LQHP

(xi a)ni = (37 2)5 + (38 2)6 + (39 2)8 + (40 2)13 + (41 2)7 + (42 2)5 + (43 2)6 =
ni 50
1900
= = 38 = 40 2 = x a
50

x x
e) hi ni = h
Pentru h RE LQHP

37 38 39 40 41 42 43
5 + 6 + 8 + 13 + 7 + 5+ 6
x 200 40 x
hi ni = 10 10 10 1050 10 10 10 = 50 = 4 = 10 = h
4. &DOFXOXOPHGLHLDUPRQLFHLDOPHGLHLS WUDWLFH

Calculul mediei armonice ( xh ):

xh =
ni =
50
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x ni 37
5 + 6 + 8 +
38 39 40
13 + 7 +
41 42
5 + 6
43
i
= 39,92 ore/muncitor

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLS WUDWLFH ( x p ):

xi2 ni 37 2 5 + 38 2 6 + 39 2 8 + 40 2 13 + 412 7 + 42 2 5 + 43 2 6
xp = = =
n i 50
= 40,04 ore/muncitor

xh < x < x p

39,92 < 40 < 40,04

5. Calculul indicatorilRUPHGLLGHSR]L LH

Calculul medianei (Me)

Locul M e =
ni +1
=
50 + 1
= 25 , 5
2 2
5+6+8+13 = 32 > 25,5

9DORDUHD PHGLDQHL HVWH YDULDQWD D F UHL IUHFYHQ  FXPXODW  HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH

dect 25,5, deci Me = 40 ore.

Calculul modului

Valoarea modului este variantaFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHIUHFYHQ HLPD[LPH

Mo = 40 ore.

6. &DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHDYDULD LHL :

Aa = xmax xmin = 43 37 = 6 ore

x max x min 6
A% = 100 = 100 = 15%
x 40

$EDWHULOHILHF UHLYDULDQWHID GHPHGLH :

 Abaterile absolute: d i = xi x

De exemplu:

di max(+) = 43 40 = 3 ore

di max(-) = 37 40 = -3 ore

xi x
 Abaterile relative: di (%) = 100
x

De exemplu:

3
di(%) max(+) = 100 = 7,5%
40
3
di(%) max(-) = 100 = 7,5%
40
 ,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU ( d ):

xi x ni 37 40 5 + 38 40 6 + ... + 43 40 6
d = = =
ni 50
70
= = 1 , 4 ore / muncitor
50

Dispersia:

2
=
( xi x ) 2 ni
=
(37 40) 2 5 + (38 40) 2 6 + ... + (43 40) 2 6 158
= = 3,16
ni 50 50

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF :

= 2 = 3,16 =1,8 ore / muncitor

5DSRUWXOGLQWUHFHOHGRX DEDWHULPHGLL

d 1,4
= = 0,79
1,8

6H SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  UHSDUWL LD YDORULORU WLQGH F WUH QRUPDOLWDWH GHRDUHFH DFHVW

4
raport .
5
/D DFHHDL FRQFOX]LH VH SRDWH DMXQJH L GLQ DQDOL]D LQGLFDWRULORU WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH FDUH

sunt egali ca valoare ( x = Me = Mo).

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LH

1,8
v= 100 = 100 = 4,5%
x 40
d 1,4
v= 100 = 100 = 3,5%
x 40

v< v < 35% VHULDHVWHRPRJHQ LPHGLDHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUXVHULH

7. Extinderea rezultatelor asupra coOHFWLYLW LLJHQHUDOHGLQFDUHDIRVWH[WUDVHDQWLRQXO

&DOFXOXOHURULLOLPLW DGPLV :

2 3,16
6HOHF LDUHSHWDW  x = z = 3 = 0,754 buc.
n 50
 2 n 3,16 50
6HOHF LDQHUHSHWDW  x = z 1 = 3 1 = 0,715 buc.
n N 50 500

/LPLWHOHSHQWUXSURGXF LDPHGLH pe un muncitor din colectivLWDWHDJHQHUDO 

x - x < x 0 < x + x

6HOHF LDUHSHWDW 

40 0,754 < x0 < 40 + 0,754

39,246 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,754 buc. / muncitor

Selec LDQHUHSHWDW 

40 0,715 < x0 < 40 + 0,715

39,285 buc. / muncitor < x0 < 40,715 buc. / muncitor

/LPLWHOHSHQWUXSURGXF LDWRWDO DPXQFLWRULORUGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO 

N
N( x - x) < xi < N( x + x)
i =1
6HOHF LDUHSHWDW 

500
500 (40 0,754) < xi < 500 (40 + 0,754)
i =1
500
19623 buc. < xi < 20377 buc.
i =1
6HOHF LDQHUHSHWDW 

500
500 (40 0,715) < xi <500 (40 + 0,715)
i =1
500
19642,5 buc. < xi < 20357 buc.
i =1

8. 'HWHUPLQDUHDYROXPXOXLHDQWLRQXOXLSHQWUX x = x 1,03 = 0,715 1,03 = 0,736

z 2 2 3 2 3,16
n= = = 47 muncitori
z 2 2 3 2 3,16
( x ) +
2
(0,736) +
2
N 500
 2.
Dintr-un sondaj statistic de 10% din colectivitate s-auRE LQXWGDWHOH

Tabelul 2.

*UXSHGHDJHQ L 6XEJUXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS SURILWPLOOHL Total

HFRQRPLFLGXS FLIUDGH Sub 12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 L

afaceri (mil.lei) peste

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I 8 20 12 - - - 40
II - 15 25 30 20 10 100
III - - 8 35 12 5 60
Total 8 35 45 65 32 15 200

Se cere:

1. V  VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS  SURILW SHQWUX JUXSD D ,, -a
GXS FLIUDGHDIDFHUL

2. V VHVWDELOHDVF JUDGXOGHRPRJHQLWDWHDOGLVWULEX LHLDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULP ea

profitului pentru grupa a doua;
3. V  VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH DVLPHWULHDO GLVWULEX LHLDJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS  P ULPHD

profitului pentru grupa a doua;

4. FH LQGLFDWRUL VWDWLVWLFL VH SRW FDOFXOD SH ED]D UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH

interpreWHD] VWDWLVWLFDFHWLLQGLFDWRUL

5. V VH FDOFXOH]HPHGLDLGLVSHUVLDSHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLFDUHVHJ VHVF

peste media profitului pe total.

Rezolvare

Pentru punctele 1.L2.YRPSUH]HQWDvQWDEHOXOXUP WRUGLVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS 

profit (mil. lei) pentru grupa a II-DGXS FLIUDGHDIDFHUL

Tabelul 3.

Grupe de xi a
DJHQ L 1UDJHQ L
Centul de xi a xi a
2

economici economici xini h

ni ( xi x ) (xi - x )2ni ni
interval xi h=4 h h
GXS SURILW (ni)
a = 22
(mil. lei)
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
12-16 15 14 210 -2 -30 -111 821,4 60
16-20 25 18 450 -1 -25 -85 289,0 25
20-24 30 22 660 0 0 +18 10,8 0
24-28 20 26 520 1 20 92 423,6 20
28-32 10 30 300 2 20 86 739,6 40
xi a
2
r xi a
xi ni = ni
(xi - x )
(xi - x )2ni=
ni
Total 100 - i =1 - h h
=2284,4
=2140 =15 = 145
1. 3HQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF VHIRORVHVFKLVWRJUDPDLSROLJRQXOIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJ

Scara:
35
30 pe Ox: 1 cm = 4 mil.
30 SH2\FP DJHQ L

25
25

20
20 15


15
10

10
5
0
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
profit (mil. lei)

)LJ'LVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXLPLOOHL

2. *UDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH VH GHWHUPLQ  FX DMXWRUXO FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH YDULD LH SHQWUX

GHWHUPLQDUHDF UXLDVXQWQHFHVDUHRVHULHGHFDOFXOHSUHDODELOH

Media ( x ):

&DOFXOXORELQXLW

r
xi ni 2140
i =1
x= r
= = 21,4 mil. lei / agent economic
100
ni
i =1

Calcul simplificat:

r
xi a
h

15
i =1
x= r
h + a = 4 + 22 = 21,4 mil. lei/agent economic
100
ni
i =1

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU  d ):

r
xi x ni
i =1 392
d= = = 3,92 mil. lei
r 100
ni
i =1
 Dispersia (2)

&DOFXORELQXLW

2
=
( xi x ) 2 ni
=
2284
= 22,84
ni 100

Calculul simplificat:

x a
i
2 = h 2 ( x a ) 2 = 145 16 (21,4 22)2 = 22,84
h
ni 100

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF  )

= =
2
22,84 = 4,789 mil.lei

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHYVDXY )

d 3,92
v= 100 = 100 = 18,32%
x 21,4
4,78
v = 100 = 100 = 22,33%
x 21,4

5H]XOW F VHULDUHSUH]HQWkQGJUXSDD,, DHVWHRPRJHQ LDUPHGLDHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWLY 

-

3. Pentru a determina gradul de asimetrie al grupei a II-a vom calcula coeficientul de

asimetrie propus de Pearson (Cas):

x Mo
C as =

1 ( 30 25 )
M 0 = x0 + h = 20 + 4 = 21,33 mil. lei
1 + 2 ( 30 25 ) + ( 30 20 )

21 , 4 21 , 33
C as = = 0,0146
4 , 78

5H]XOW F VHULDHVWHDSURDSHVLPHWULF 

4. Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici:

- JUDGXOGHGHWHUPLQD LHR 2y / x );
2
- JUDGXOGHQHGHWHUPLQD LH K y / x ).
3HQWUXDGHWHUPLQDDFHWLLQGLFDWRULHVWHQHFHVDUV VHFDOFXOH]H

PHGLLGHJUXS ( yi )
m
y j n ij
j =1
yi = ;
m
n ij
j =1

10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12
y1 = = 14,4 mil.lei/agent economic
8 + 20 + 12

y 2 = PLOOHLDJHQWHFRQRPLFDIRVWFDOFXODW ODSFW 2.).

18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5
y3 = = 22,93 mil.lei/ agent economic
8 + 35 + 12 + 5

PHGLDJHQHUDO (y)

m
y j n. j 10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15
j =1
y= m
= =
200
n. j
j =1
= 20 , 46 mil. lei/agent economic

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS

m
( y j yi ) 2 nij (10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12
j =1
i2 = = = 7,84
m
8 + 20 + 12
nij
j =1

= FDOFXODW
2
2 ODSXQFWXO 2.)

(18 22,93) 8 + (22 2,93) 35 + (26 22,93) 12 + (30 22,93) 5

2 2 2 2
3 = = 9,79
2

8 + 35 + 12 + 5

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS ( 2 )

r
i2 ni . 7,84 10 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60
i =1
2 = r
= = 15,925
200
ni .
i =1
 dispersia dintre grupe (2)

r
(yi y0 )2 ni . (14,4 20,46)2 40+ (21,4 20,46)2 100+ (22,93 20,46)2 60
i=1
=
2
r
= =
200
ni .
i=1
= 9,62
GLVSHUVLDWRWDO ( 2 )

2 = 2 + 2 = 9,62 + 15,92 = 25,54

Se pot calcula doi indicatori statistici:

JUDGXOGHGHWHUPLQD LH

2 9,62
R y2 / x = 100 = 100 = 37,67%
2
25,54

 gradul de nHGHWHUPLQD LH

2
15 , 92
K 2
y/r
= 100 = 100 = 62 , 33%
2 25 , 54

'LQ DQDOL]D FHORU GRL LQGLFDWRUL VH REVHUY  F  YDULD LD SURILWXOXL SH WRWDO HVWH LQIOXHQ DW 

vQ SURSRU LH PDL PLF   GH YDULD LD FLIUHL GH DIDFHUL L vQ SURSRU LH GH  GH YDULD LD

IDFWRULORUQHvQUHJLVWUD i.

5. 0HGLDLGLVSHUVLDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLFXXQSURILWGHSHVWHPLOLRDQHOHL

m 32 + 15 47
p= = = = 0,235
n 200 200

2p = p(1-p) = 0,235(1-0,235) = 0,1797.

3.
Dintr-XQVRQGDMVWDWLVWLFGHGLQFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO V DXRE LQXWGDWH
- le:
Tabelul 4.

*UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS QXP UXO 6XEJUXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXL Total

GHVDODULD L (mil. lei)
Sub 12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 LSHVWH

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sub 20 8 20 12 - - - 40
20-40 - 15 25 30 20 10 100
4LSHVWH - - 8 35 12 5 60
Total 8 35 45 65 32 15 200
Se cere:

1. V  VH FDOFXOH]H PHGLD L GLVSHUVLD SHQWUX GLVWULEX LD DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL GXS  P ULPHD

profitului;
2. V  VH HVWLPH]H OLPLWHOH vQWUH FDUH VH YRU vQFDGUD SURILWXO PHGLX L SURILWXO WRWDO vQ

coOHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  GDF  UH]XOWDWHOH VH JDUDQWHD]  FX R SUREDELOLWDWH GH 

(z = 3);
3. FDUHYDILYROXPXOHDQWLRQXOXLGDF HURDUHDOLPLW FUHWHFX

4. V VHFDOFXOH]HGLVSHUVLDGLQWUHJUXSHSULQSURFHGHHOHFXQRVFXWHLV VHGHWHUPLQHFkWOD

VXW GLQYDULD LDSURILWXOXLVHGDWRUHD] GHRVHELULORUSULYLQGQXP UXOGHVDODULD L

Rezolvare

1. &DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLSHWRWDO

y=
y j nij =
10 8 + 14 35 + 18 45 + 22 65 + 26 32 + 30 15
=
nij 8 + 35 + 45 + 65 + 32 + 15

=20,46 mil.lei/agent economic

( y j y )
2
n. j ( 10 20 , 46 ) 2 8 + ( 14 20 , 46 ) 2 35 + ( 18 20 , 46 ) 2 65
2
= = +
n . j
y
200

( 26 20 , 46 ) 2 32 + 30 20 , 46 ) 2 15
+ = 25 , 54
200

2. La sondajul stratificat, indicatorii de selHF LHVHFDOFXOHD] XWLOL]kQGPHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGH

2
JUXS  SHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDF UHLDVXQWQHFHVDUHXUP WRDUHOHFDOFXOH

PHGLLGHJUXS

yi =
y j nij
nij

10 8 + 14 20 + 18 12
y1 = = 14,4 mil.lei / agent economic
40

14 15 + 18 25 + 22 30 + 26 20 + 30 10
y2 = = 21,4 mil.lei / agent economic
100

18 8 + 22 35 + 26 12 + 30 5
y3 = = 22,93 mil.lei / agent economic
60
 GLVSHUVLLGHJUXS

i2 =
(y j yi )2 nij
nij
(10 14,4) 2 8 + (14 14,4) 2 20 + (18 14,4) 2 12
12 = = 7,84
40
(14 21,4) 2 15 + (18 21,4) 2 15 + (22 21,4) 2 30 + (26 21,4) 2 20
22 = +
100
(30 21,4) 2 10
+ = 22,84
100
(18 22,93) 2 8 + (22 22,93) 2 35 + (26 22,93) 2 12 + (30 22,93) 2 5
3 =
2
= 9,79
60

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS

2 7,84 40 + 22,84 100 + 9,79 60

= = 15,925
200

Eroarea medie de reprezentativitate:

2 n 15,925 200
y = 1 = 1 = 0,07166 = 0,2676 mil. lei
n N 200 2000

(URDUHDOLPLW PD[LP DGPLV :

2 n
y = z y = z 1 =30,2676 = 0,803
n N

Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul mediuvQWRWDOFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO 

y y < y0 < y + y
20,46 0,803 < y 0 < 20,46 + 0,803
19,657 mil. lei/agent economic < y 0 < 21,263 mil. lei/agent economic

Intervalul n care va fi cuprins profitul total:

N
N( y - y ) < y
i =1
i < N( y - y )
2000
200019,657< yi < 2000 21,263
i =1
2000
39314 mil.lei < yi < 42526 mil.lei
i =1
 3. Volumul noXOXLHDQWLRQvQFD]XOvQFDUHHURDUHDOLPLW VHP UHWHFX

2
z2 2
n = , unde: -HVWHPHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS
2
y2
( )
y
2
+
N

(URDUHDOLPLW P ULW FX

y = 0,803 + 0,2 0,803 = 0,9636

3 2 15 , 925 143 , 325

n = = = DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL
3 2 15 , 925 1 , 00016
( 0 , 9636 ) 2 +
2000

4.
Dintr-un sondaj organizat n cadrul unei S.C. se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 5.

*UXSHGHPXQFLWRULGXS QXP UGHRUH Nr. muncitori 3URGXF LDPHGLH &RHILFLHQWGHYDULD LH

lucrate lunar (buc./muncitor) (%)

A 1 2 3
150 30 25 10
160 60 30 25
170 10 32 8
Total 100 - -

WLLQG F  HDQWLRQXO UHSUH]LQW   GLQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO  L D IRVW H[WUDV SULQ VHOHF LH

QHUHSHWDW VHFHUH

1. V VHYHULILFHJUDGXOGHRPRJHQLWDWHDOHDQWLRQXOXL

2. V  VH FDOFXOH]H vQWUH FH OLPLWH VH YD vQFDGUD SURGXF LD WRWDO  vQ FROHFWLYLWDWHD JHQHUDO 

probabilitatea fiind de 0,9545 (z = 2);

3. V  VH GHWHUPLQH P ULPHD HDQWLRQXOXL SHQWUX R QRX  VHOHF LH GDF  VH YRU IRORVL DFHOHDL

FRQGL LLGHODSXQFWXOLDUHURDUHDOLPLW VHPLFRUHD] FX

4. V VHUHSDUWL]H]HYROXPXOQRXOXLHDQWLRQSHJUXSHGXS QXP UXOGHRUHOXFUDWHFRQIRUP

SURFHGHXOXLVHOHF LHLWLSLFHSURSRU LRQDOHLRSWLPH

Rezolvare

1. 6HFDOFXOHD] FRHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHSHWRWDOHDQWLRQ

v= 100 ,
y

unde: y -HVWHPHGLDHDQWLRQXOXL
-HVWHDEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF 
3HQWUXDU VSXQGHFHULQ HLHVWHQHFHVDU FDOFXODUHDvQSUHDODELODXUP WRULORULQGLFDWRUL

media pe total

r
y i ni 25 30 + 30 60 + 32 10
i =1
y= = = 28,7 buc./muncitor
r
30 + 60 + 10
ni
i =1

2
dispersia dintre grupe ( )

r
( y i y0 )2 ni
( 25 28 , 7 ) 2 30 + ( 30 28 , 7 ) 2 60 + ( 32 28 , 7 ) 2 10
i =1
2
= = =
r 30 + 60 + 10
n i
i =1

621
= = 6 , 21
100

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS ( i2 )

i
2
v y
vi = 100 i2 = i i
yi 100

12 = 6,25

22 = 56,25

32 = 6,5536

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS ( 2 )
r
i2 ni
i =1
2 = r
ni
i =1

6,25 30 + 56,25 60 + 6,5536 10 3628,04

2 = = = 36,28
30 + 60 + 10 100

GLVSHUVLDWRWDO VHFDOFXOHD] XWLOL]kQGUHJXODGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORU

2 = 2 + 2 = 6,21 + 36,28 = 42,49

 DEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF

= 2 = 42,49 = 6,518 buc.

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LH :

6,518
v= 100 = 22,71% < 35% HDQWLRQXOHVWHRPRJHQ
28,7

2. 6HFDOFXOHD] 

eroarea medie de reprezentativitate ( y )

2 n 36,28 100
y = 1 = 1 = 0,3265 = 0,57 buc.
n N 100 1000

HURDUHDOLPLW (y)

y = z y = 2 0,57 = 1,14 buc.

,QWHUYDOXOGHvQFUHGHUHSHQWUXSURGXF LDWRWDO :

N
N ( y0 y ) < yi < N ( y0 + y )
i =1
1000
1000 (28,7 1,14) < yi < 1000) 28,7 1,14)
i =1
1000
28560 buc. < yi < 29840 buc.
i =1

3. 9ROXPXOQRXOXLHDQWLRQ n):

z 2
2
n = , unde :
( )
2 2
2 z

y +
N

y = y 0,25 y = 1,14 0,285 = 0,855 buc.

2 2 36,28 129,12 129,12

n= = = 150 muncitori
2 36,28 0,731 + 0,12913
2
0,86
(0,855) +
2
1000

Q FRQGL LLOH XQHL HURUL PD[LPH GH   EXF YROXPXO HDQWLRQXOXL WUHEXLH V  ILH

format din 150 de muncitori.

 4. 3HQWUX UHSDUWL]DUHD SH JUXSH D YROXPXOXL QRXOXL HDQWLRQ FRQIRUP VHOHF LHL WLSLFH

SURSRU LRQDOHLRSWLPHVHvQWRFPHWHXUP WRUXOWDEHO

Tabelul 6.

Grupe de muncitori Nr. muncitori n Ni iNi i Ni

GXS QXP UXOGH colectivitatea = N i* i N i
ore lucrate lunar JHQHUDO N i
A 1 2 3 4
150 300 0,3 750 0,1362
160 600 0,6 4500 0,8173
170 100 0,1 256 0,0465
r
Total Ni= 1000 N*i= 1,00 i N i = 5506 1,00
i =1

VHOHF LDWLSLF SURSRU LRQDO :

n1 = 45
Ni
ni = n = n2 = 90
N i n3 = 15

VHOHF LDWLSLF RSWLP :

n 1 = 20 , 43 20
i Ni
n i = n = n 2 = 122 , 59 123

r
i N i n 3 = 6 , 975 7

i =1

5.
6H FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLQG HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL WRWDO GH P UIXUL GLQ 5RPkQLD vQ

perioada 1991 2000.

Tabelul 7.

Anii 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
0RGLILFDUHUHODWLY ID 
2,27 12,13 25,74 28,6 2,21 4,28 -1,53 2,42 21,92
de anul precedent (%)

Se cere:

1. V VHUHFRQVWLWXLHVHULDGHYDORULDEVROXWHWLLQGF H[SRUWXODFUHVFXWvQDQXOID GH

anul 1995 cu 2457 mil.$;

2. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLPHGLL
3. V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFVHULD
4. s  VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL  2000 printr-XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L
unul analitic;
5. V  VH VWDELOHDVF  FDUH GLQ FHOH GRX  SURFHGHH H[SULP  FHO PDL ELQH WHQGLQ D vQ SHULRDGD
UHVSHFWLY 

6. V  VH DMXVWH]H HYROX LD H[SRUWXOXL vQWUH DQLL  -1995 printr-XQ SURFHGHX PHFDQLF L
unul analitic.
 Rezolvare

1. 3HQWUXDUHFRQVWLWXLVHULDGHYDORULDEVROXWHVHFDOFXOHD] PDLvQWkLLQGLFLLFXED]DvQODQ 

SRUQLQGGHODXQDGLQIRUPXOHOHGHFDOFXODOHULWPXULORUGHFUHWHUHFXED]DvQODQ 

Rt / t 1 = I t / t 1(%) 100 ,

de unde:
It/t-1(%) = Rt/t-1 + 100
I1992/1991 = 2,27 + 100 = 102,27%
I1993/1992 = 12,13 + 100 = 112,13%

I2000/1999 = 21,92 + 100 = 121,92%

,QGLFLLGHGLQDPLF VXQWWUHFX LvQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 8.

Anii 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
,QGLFLLGHGLQDPLF FXED]D
102,27 112,13 125,74 128,6 102,21 104,28 98,47 102,42 121,92
vQODQ 

3OHFkQGGHODUHOD LDvQWUHLQGLFL

It/t-1 = It/1
I1996/1995 I1997/1996 I1998/1997 I1999/1998 I2000/1999 = I2000/1995
VHRE LQH

I2000/1995 = 1,0221 1,0428 0,9847 1,0242 1,2192 = 1,3106

Deci:

y 2000
= 1 , 3106 y 1995 7910 mil. $
y 1995
y y 2000 10367 mil. $
2000 y 1995 = 2457

6H UHFRQVWLWXLH vQWUHDJD VHULH GH YDORUL DEVROXWH SH ED]D LQGLFLORU FX ED]D vQ ODQ  FXQRVFXW

(vezi tabelul 9).

Tabelul 9.

Anii 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
([SRUWWRWDOGHP UIXUL
4266 4363 4892 6151 7910 8085 8431 8302 8503 10367
(mil. $)

2. Indicatorii medii:

nivelul mediu

y=
yt =
71270
= 7127 mil. $
n 10
PRGLILFDUHDPHGLHDEVROXW

y n y1 10367 4266
= = 677 , 89 mil. $
n 1 9
 indicele PHGLXGHGLQDPLF

yn 10367
I = n 1 =9 = 1 , 10369 sau 110,369%
y1 4266
ritmul mediu

R = ( I 1 ) 100 = (1,10369 1) 100 = 10,369%.

3. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF VHIDFHSULQFURQRJUDP KLVWRULRJUDP 

10400
9600
8800
8000
Export (mil.$)

7200
6400
5600
4800
4000
3200
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Anii

)LJXUD(YROX LDH[SRUWXOXLGHP UIXULvQSHULRDGD -2000

4. Ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 2000:

0HWRGDPHFDQLF

6HRSWHD] SHQWUXPHWRGDPRGLILF ULLPHGLLDEVROXWH

5HOD LDGXS FDUHVHDMXVWHD] WHUPHQLLVHULHL

Yti = y1 + (t 1)

5H]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH sunt trecute n tabelul 10., coloana 2.

Tabelul 10.
0HWRGDPRGLILF ULLPHGLHLDEVROXWH
Anii yt Y t i = 4266 + 677 , 89 ( t 1 ) ( yt Yti ) 2

0 1 2 3
1991 4266 Y1 = 4266 + 677,89(1-1) = 4266 0,0
1992 4363 Y2 = 4266 + 677,89(2-1) = 4943,89 337433,19
1993 4892 Y3 = 5621,78 532578,85
1994 6151 Y4 = 6299,67 22102,77
1995 7910 Y5 = 6977,56 869444,35
1996 8085 Y6 = 7655,45 184513,20
1997 8431 Y7 = 8333,34 9537,47
1998 8302 Y8 = 9011,23 503007,19
1999 8503 Y9 = 9689,12 1406880,65
2000 10367 Y10 = 10367 0,0
Total yt = 71270 Y t i = 73165 ( y t Y t i ) = 3865497,67
2
 Metoda anaOLWLF

3HQWUXDMXVWDUHYRPDSOLFDRUHOD LHGHWLSOLQLDU

Y t i = a + bti

Pentru calculul parametrilor aLbIRORVLPPHWRGDFHORUPDLPLFLS WUDWH

[yi (a + b ti )]
2
= min

6LVWHPXOGHHFXD LLHVWH

n n
na + b t i = y i
i =1 i =1
n n n
a t +b t 2 =
i i y i t i
i =1 i =1 i =1

Cu conGL LD ti = 0 sistemul devine:

n
na = y i
i =1
n n
b t 2 =
i yi t i
i =1 i =1

n n
yi yiti
i =1 i =1
a= ; b=
n n
t i2
i =1

&DOFXOHOHQHFHVDUHUH]ROY ULLVLVWHPXOXLVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 11.

0HWRGDDQDOLWLF
Anii yt 2
Y t i = a + bti ( yt Yti ) 2
ti t i
yiti
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1991 4266 -9 81 -38394 Y1 = 7127+1327,13(-9)=4182,83 6912,25
1992 4363 -7 49 -30541 Y2 = 7127+327,13(-7)=4837,09 224761,32
1993 4892 -5 25 -24460 Y3 = 5491,35 359220,42
1994 6151 -3 9 -18453 Y4 = 6145,61 29,05
1995 7910 -1 1 -7910 Y5 = 6799,87 1232388,62
1996 8085 1 1 8085 Y6 = 7454,13 397996,96
1997 8431 3 9 25293 Y7 = 8108,39 104077,21
1998 8302 5 25 41510 Y8 = 8762,65 212198,42
1999 8503 7 49 59521 Y9 = 9416,91 835231,49
2000 10367 9 81 93303 Y10 = 10071,17 87515,39
yi = 71270 ti =0 t i2 =330 yiti =107954 Y t i =71270 ( y t Yt )
2
Total =3460336,13
i
 10 a = 71270

330 b = 107954

71270
a= = 7127
10

107954
b= = 327,13
330

5. Pentru alegereaFHOHLPDLDGHFYDWHPHWRGHVHFRPSDU 
n n
volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Y t i ;
i =1 i =1
(yi - Y t i ) VHUH LQHPHWRGDFDUHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LDGHPLQLP
2

FRHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LHFDOFXOD LGXS I ormula:

yt ( y i Yti ) 2
vy = 100 , unde: yt =
t y n

6HDOHJHPHWRGDFXFHOPDLPLFFRHILFLHQWGHYDULD LH

&DOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH  FRORDQD  L WDEHOXO 

coloana 6, iar rezultatele n tabelul 12.

Tabelul 12.

Nr. Metoda de ajustare Y t i

(yi - Y t )2i
yt Vyt(%)
crt.
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 0RGLILFDUHDPHGLHDEVROXW 73165 3865497,67 621,73 8,72
2 Trend liniar 71270 3460336,13 588,25 8,25

QWUHFHOHGRX PHWRGHH[LVW RGLIHUHQ IRDUWHPLF vQIDYRDUHDWUHQGXOXLOLQLDU

6. ajustarea termenilor seriei pe perioada 1991 1995

0HWRGDPHFDQLF

6HRSWHD] SHQWUXPHWRGDLQGLFHOXLPHGLX

7HUPHQLLVHULHLVHDMXVWHD] GXS UHOD LD

( t 1 )
Y t i = y1 I

Indicele mediu este:

y 1995 7910
I = n 1 =4 = 1 , 1669 sau 116,69%
y 1991 4266
 6HULDGHGDWHLWHUPHQLLDMXVWD LSULQDFHDVW PHWRG VXQWWUHFXWHvQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 13.

Valori ajustate prin metoda indicelui mediu

Anii yi ( t 1 ) (yi -Y t i )2
Y t i = y1 I
0 1 2 3
1991 4266 Y1 = 4266 1,1669(1-1) = 4266 0
1992 4363 Y2 = 4266 1,1669(2-1) = 4978,04 378274,2
1993 4892 Y3 = 5808,92 840742,3
1994 6151 Y4 = 6778,40 393743,7
1995 7910 Y5 = 7910 0
Total yi = 27582 Y t i = 29741,45 1.612.760,0

Metoda analitLF
*UDILFXO GLQ ILJXUD  DUDW  SHQWUX DFHDVW  SHULRDG  R WHQGLQ  GH HYROX LH GH WLS

parabolic.
$MXVWDUHDVHIDFHGXS UHOD LD

Y ti = a + bti + cti2

6HDSOLF PHWRGDFHORUPDLPLFLS WUDWHSHQWUXFDOFXOXOSDUDPHWULORU a, b, c.

SLVWHPXOGHHFXD LLHVWH

na + bt i + ct i2 = y i

at i + bt i + ct i = y i t i
2 3

at 2 + bt 3 + ct 4 = y t 2
i i i i i

'DF  ti = 0 sistemul devine:

na + ct i2 = y i
2
bt i = y i t i
at 2 + ct 4 = y t 2
i i i i

&DOFXOHOHQHFHVDUHUH]ROY ULLVLVWHPXOXLGHHFXD LLVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXO

Tabelul 14.

9DORULDMXVWDWHSULQPHWRGDDQDOLWLF
Anii yi 2 4
Y t i =a+bti+ cti2 (yi-Y t i )2
ti t i t i
yiti yit i2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1991 4266 -2 4 16 -8532 17064 4280,34 196
1992 4363 -1 1 1 -4363 4363 4319,23 1915,81
1993 4892 0 0 0 0 0 7939,26 2048,47
1994 6151 1 1 1 6151 6151 6134,43 274,56
1995 7910 2 4 16 15820 31640 7910,74 0,55
(yi-Y t i )2=
Total yi=27582 ti=0 2
t i =10
4
t i =34 yiti=9076 2
yit i =59218 Y t i =27582
=4435,39
 5 a + 10 c = 27582

10 b = 9076

10 a + 34 c = 59218

a = 4937,26
b = 907,6
c = 289,57

3HQWUXDOHJHUHDFHOHLPDLDGHFYDWHPHWRGHVHFRPSDU 

n n
volumul total empiric y i cu cel teoretic Yt i ;
i =1 i =1
VXPD S WUDWHORU GLIHUHQ HORU GLQWUH YDORULOH HPSLULFH L FHOH WHRUHWLFH VH UH LQH

PHWRGDFDUHvQGHSOLQHWHFRQGL LDGHPLQLP

FRHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LHFDOFXOD LGXS IRUPXOD

yt ( y i Yt i ) 2
v yt = 100 , unde: y t =
y n

CaOFXOHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QHFHVDUH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOHOH  FRORDQD  L WDEHOXO 
coloana 7, iar rezultatele n tabelul 15..

Tabelul 15.

Nr. Metoda de ajustare Y t i

(yi-Y t )2
i
yt v y t (%)
crt.
0 1 2 3 4 5
1. Metoda indicelui mediu 29741,45 1.612.760,2 567,94 10,29
2. Trend parabolic 27582 4435,39 29,78 0,54

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH FX YDORDUHD FHD PDL PLF  LQGLF  PHWRGD GH DMXVWDUH FHD PDL

SRWULYLW QFD]XOQRVWUXIXQF LDSDUDEROLF GHJUDGXO,,DMXVWHD] FHOPDLELQHVHULDGHGDWH

6.
3HQWUXWUHLVRFLHW LFRPHUFLDOHVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 16.

Societate 9DORDUHDSURGXF LHL Modificarea Dinamica 1UGHVDODULD L

FRPHUFLDO vQSUH XULFXUHQWH SUH XULORU volumului fizic Perioada de 3HULRDGDFXUHQW

(mil. lei) DOSURGXF LHL ED] (PC)

(%) (PB)
0 1 2 3 4 5
A 500 +50 80 50 45
B 1200 +80 100 150 150
C 300 +100 90 60 58
 Se cere:

1. LQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLDLSUH XULORULDLYDORULL
2. indicii de grup ai YDORULLYROXPXOXLIL]LFLDOSUH XULORU
3. PRGLILFDUHDUHODWLY LDEVROXW DYDORULLSURGXF LHLFXHYLGHQ LHUHDLQIOXHQ HLIDFWRULORU
4. LQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLLGHJUXSDLQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L
5. SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLSHILHFDUHVRFLHWDWHFRPHUFLDO LSHWRWDOvQFHOHGRX SHULRDGH
6. LQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLLGHJUXSDLSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL
7. PRGLILFDUHD UHODWLY  L DEVROXW  D SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL FX HYLGHQ LHUHD
IDFWRULORUGHLQIOXHQ 

8. PRGLILFDUHD SURGXF LHL SH VHDPD SURGXFWLYLW LL L D QXP UXOXL GH VDODULD L FX

GHVFRPSXQHUHDSHGRLIDFWRULLSHWUHLIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ 

9. V  VH UHSUH]LQWH JUDILF SURGXF LD SH WRWDO LQkQG VHDPD GH IDFWRULL GH LQIOXHQ  SHQWUX

FD]XODGRLIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ 

Rezolvare

1. )RUPXOHOHGHFDOFXOLUH]XOWDWHOHFDOFXOHORUSHED]DGDWHORUGLQHQXQ VXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQ

WDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL

Tabelul 17.

9DORDUHDSURGXF LHLvQ
i 1p/ 0 =r 1p/ 0 +100 q pq
iv=ipiq i (%) p0q0= 1 v 1 p0q1= 1p 1
Societatea p v p q
FRPHUFLDO
SHULRDGDFXUHQW  p1q1) r 1/ 0 i%
(mil.lei) (%) i i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A 500 +50 150 80 1,2 120 416,667 333,333
B 1200 +80 180 100 1,8 180 666,667 666,667
C 300 +100 200 90 1,8 180 166,667 150
Total 2000 1250 1150

2. Pentru calculul indiciORU GH JUXS WUHEXLH RE LQXWH XUP WRDUHOH LQIRUPD LL YDORDUHD

SURGXF LHLvQSHULRDGDGHED]  p0q0YDORDUHDSURGXF LHLvQSUH XULFRQVWDQWHp0q1).

5H]XOWDWHOHFDOFXOHORUVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL

v ( p ,q )
I 1/ 0 =
p1 q1 =
2000
= 1 , 6 sau 160%
p0q0 1250

v(q)
I 1/ 0 =
i q p0 q0
=
1150
= 0 , 92 sau 92%
p0 q0 1250

p 1 q 1 2000 2000
= = = = 1 , 7391 sau 173,91%
v( p)
I 1/ 0
1 500 1200 300 1150
p1 q1 + +
p 1, 5 1, 8 2
i
3.
PRGLILF ULOHUHODWLYH
:
pentru factorul cantitativ: Rv(q) = I (%) - 100 = - 8%
v(q)


pentru factorul calitativ: Rv(p) = I (%) - 100 = + 73,91%

v(p)


 pe total: Rv(p,q) = I (%)

v ( p, q )
- 100 = + 60%
 PRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH
:
pe seama factorului cantitativ: v ( q ) = i q p 0 q 0 p 0 q 0 = - 100 mil. lei
1
pe seama factorului calitativ: v ( p ) = p1q1 p p1q1 = 850 mil. lei
i
pe total: = p1q1 p 0q 0 = 750 mil. lei
v( p,q )


4. ,QGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLLGHJUXSDLQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD LVHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

45
50 = 0 , 9 sau 90% pentru SC " A"

T1 150
i 1T/ 0 = = 1 sau 100% pentru SC " B"
T0 150
58
60 = 0 , 9667 sau 96,67% pentru SC " C"

T 1 253
I 1T/ 0 = = = 0 , 9731 sau 97,31%
T 0 260

5. )RUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO L UH]XOWDWHOH FDOFXOHORU SHQWUX SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL SH ILHFDUH

VRFLHWDWHFRPHUFLDO VXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL
Tabelul 18.

p0 q0 p 0 q1 w1
SC p0q0 p0q1 T0 T1 w0 = w1 = iw= w0T1 iT
T0 T1 w0
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A 416,667 333,333 50 45 8,333 7,407 0,8889 373,985 0,9
B 666,667 666,667 150 150 4,444 4,444 1 666,600 1
C 166,667 150 60 58 2,777 2,586 0,9312 161,067 0,9667
Total 1250 1150 260 253 4,808 4,545 0,9453 1202,652 0,9731
p 0 q 0 p 0 q 1
T 0 T1

6. ,QGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLDLSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLVXQWSUH]HQWD LvQWDEHOXOFRORDQD

3HQWUX FDOFXOXO LQGLFLORU GH JUXS DL SURGXFWLYLW LL PHGLL D PXQFLL WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH

SURGXFWLYLW LOHPHGLLSHWRWDODVWIHO

w 0 T 0 p 0 q 0
w0 = = = 4 , 808 mil.lei/salariat
T 0 T 0

w 1 T 1 p 0 q 1
w1 = = = 4 , 545 mil.lei/salariat
T 1 T 1

w 0 T 1 1202 , 652
w* = = = 4 , 753 mil.lei/salariat
T 1 253
 3HED]DDFHVWRUDVHFDOFXOHD] XUP WRULLLQGLFDWRUL

w ( w ,g T ) w1 4 , 545
I SV = = = 0 , 9453 VDXLQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU YDULDELO 
w0 4 , 808

T w* 4 , 753
= = = 0 , 9896
w( g )
I VS VDXLQGLFHOHYDULD LHLVWUXFWXULL
w0 4 , 808

w1 4 , 545
= = = 0 , 9562
w(w)
I SF VDXLQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU IL[ 

w* 4 , 753

7. Pe baza indicilor de grup se pot calcula:

PRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH :

T
w ( w ,g )
= w 1 w 0 = 4 , 545 4 , 808 = 0 , 263 mil. lei
T
w ( g )
= w * w 0 = 4 , 753 4 , 808 = 0 , 055 mil. lei

w ( w ) = w 1 w * = 4 , 545 4 , 753 = 0 , 208 mil. lei

PRGLILF ULOHUHODWLYH :
T
R w ( w ,g )
= 5 , 47%
T
Rw(g )
= 1 , 14%

R w ( w ) = 4 , 38%

8. D 'HVFRPSXQHUHD SURGXF LHL SH GRL IDFWRUL GH LQIOXHQ  VH SRDWH UHDOL]D n mai multe
moduri:
*Varianta I

I Q ( w ,T ) =
w1 T1 = p 0 q 1 = 0 , 92 sau 92% R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%
w0 T0 p 0 q 0
L Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil. lei

I Q(T ) =
w 0 T1 =
1202 , 652
= 0 , 9621 sau 96 , 21% R Q ( T ) = 3 , 79%
w0 T0 1250

L Q ( T ) = 47 , 348 mil. lei

w1 T 1 1150
I Q(w) = = = 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62% R Q ( w ) = 4 , 38%
w0T 1 1202 , 652

L Q ( w ) = 52 , 652 mil. lei

*
Varianta II

w1 T 1
I Q ( w ,T ) = = 0 , 92 sau 92% , R Q ( w ,T ) = 8%
w 0 T 0

L Q ( w ,T ) = 100 mil.lei

I Q ( T ) =
w0 T 1 = 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%, R Q ( T ) = 2 , 69%
w 0 T 0

Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = ( 253 260 ) 4 , 808 = 33 , 656 mil. lei

I Q(w) =
w1 T1 = 0 , 94531 sau 94 , 53%, R Q ( w ) = 5 , 47%
w 0 T 1

Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w 0 ) T 1 = ( 4 , 545 4 , 808 ) 253 = 66 , 539 mil. lei

Verificare:

Q ( w ,T ) T
I =I w
I = 0,9453 0,9731=0,9199 0,92

E'HVFRPSXQHUHDSURGXF LHLWRWDOHSHWUHLIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ 

I Q ( w , g T ,T )
=
w 1 g 1T T 1
= 0 , 92 sau 92%, Q ( w , g
T
, T )
100 mil. lei
w 0 g 0T T 1

I Q ( T )
=
w 0 g 0T T 1
=
w0 T1 = 0 , 9731 sau 97 , 31%,
w 0 g 0T T 0 w 0 T 0

Q ( T ) = ( T 1 T 0 ) w 0 = 33 , 656 mil. lei

I Q( gT )
=
w 0 g 1T T 1
=
w* T1 = 0 , 9886 sau 98 , 86%,
w 0 g 0T T1 w 0 T1
T
Q ( g )
= ( w * w 0 ) T 1 = 0 , 055 253 = 13 , 915 mil.lei

I Q(w) =
w 1 g 1T T1 =
w1 T1 = 0 , 9562 sau 95 , 62%
w 0 g 1T T1 w * T1

Q ( w ) = ( w 1 w * ) T 1 = 0 , 208 253 = 52 , 624 mil. lei

 9. 9DORDUHD SURGXF LHL vQ FHOH GRX  SHULRDGH vQ IXQF LH FH SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PHGLH L GH

QXP UXOGHVDODULD L

p0q0 = w 0 T 0 = 4,808 260 1250 mil. lei

p0q1 = w1 T1 = 4,545 253 1150 mil. lei

PentrXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DSURGXF LHLSHWRWDOvQIXQF LHGHFHLGRLIDFWRULGHLQIOXHQ 

VHIRORVHWHGUHSWXQJKLXO

L: (1 cm = 1 milion lei)
OFP VDODULD L

VDODULD L
i
VDODULD

1250 mil. lei

1150 mil. lei

4,808 mil. lei 4,545 mil. lei

3HULRDGDGHED] 3HULRDGDFXUHQW

7.
Se cunosc datele:
Tabelul 19.

Firma Fond de salarii (mil. lei) 1XP UVDODULD L

3HULRDGDGHED] )60) Perioada cuUHQW )61 ) 3HULRDGDGHED] 70 ) 3HULRDGDFXUHQW 71 )

0 1 2 3 4
A 750 567 300 210
B 900 828 250 230
C 310 335 100 100
Total 1960 1730 650 540

Se cere:

1. V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOLDLIRQGXOXLGHVDODULLLDLQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L

2. V VHFDOFXOH]HVDODULLOHPHGLLSHILHFDUHILUP vQFHOHGRX SHULRDGHLLQGLFLLLQGLYLGXDOL

ai salariului mediu;
3. V  VH FDOFXOH]H GLQDPLFD IRQGXOXL GH VDODULL SH WRWDO PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW  D DFHVWXLD L

FRQWULEX LDIDFWRULORUGHWHUPLQDQ L

4. V  VH FDOFXOH]H VDOD riul mediu pe total (la nivel de ansamblu al celor 3 firme), pe cele
GRX  SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL GH JUXS DL VDODULXOXL PHGLX FX VWUXFWXU  YDULDELO  FX VWUXFWXU 

IL[ LDLYDULD LHLVWUXFWXULL

5. V VHFDOFXOH]HPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHDOHVDODULXOXLPHGLXSHWRWDOLFRQWULEX LDIDFWRULORU

GHLQIOXHQ 

6. V  VH FDOFXOH]H VDODULXO PHGLX SH WRWDO vQ FHOH GRX  SHULRDGH L LQGLFLL VDODULXOXL PHGLX

IRORVLQGSHQWUXFDOFXOHVWUXFWXUDVDODULD LORUSHFHOHWUHLILUPH
Rezolvare

1. Indicii individuali ai fondului de salDULLLDLQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD LVHSRWFDOFXODSHED]D

datelor din tabel:
indicii fondului de salarii:
567
750 = 0,756 sau 75,6% (pentru firma " A" )
FS1 828
/0 =
i1FS = = 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" )
FS 0 900
335 = 1,0806 sau 108,06% (pentru firma " C" )
310
LQGLFLLQXP UXOXLGHVDODULD L

210
300 = 0,70 sau 70% (pentru firma " A" )
T 230
i1T/ 0 = 1 = = 0,92 sau 92% (pentru firma " B" )
T0 250
100 = 1,00 sau 100% (pentru firma " C" )
100

2.
VDODULXOPHGLXSHILHFDUHILUP 

750
300 = 2500 mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A")
FS 0 900
S0 = = = 3600 mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B")
T0 250
310 = 3100
100 mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")

567
210 = 2700 mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "A")
FS 828
S1 = 1 = = 3600
T1 230 mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "B")
335 = 3350
100
mii lei /salariat (pentru firma "C")
indicii individuali ai salariului mediu:

2700
2500 = 1,08 = 108% (pentru firma " A" )
S 3600
i1S/ 0 = 1 = = 1,00 = 100% (pentru firma " B" )
S 0 3600
3350 = 1,0806 = 108,06% (pentru firma " C" )
3100
 Tabelul 20.

Firma Salariu mediu (mii lei/salariat) S0T1 (mii lei)

3HULRDGDGHED] 60) 3HULRDGDFXUHQW 61 )
0 1 2 3
A 2500 2700 525
B 3600 3600 828
C 3100 3350 310
Total S 0 = 3015,38 S 1 = 3203,7 1663

3.
dinamica fondului de salarii pe total LQIOXHQ DIDFWRULORUGHWHUPLQDQ L

FS ( S ,T )
I 1/ 0
FS 1 = S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 0 , 8826 sau 88 , 26%
=
FS 0 S 0 T 0 1960
FS ( T )
I 1/ 0 =
S 0 T 1 = 1663 = 0 , 8485 sau 84 , 85%
S 0 T 0 1960
FS ( S )
I 1/ 0 =
S 1 T 1 = 1730 = 1 , 0403 sau 104 , 03%
S 0 T 1 1663
5HOD LDGHVLVWHPGLQWUHFHLWUHLLQGLFL

= I 1/ 0 I 1/ 0
FS ( S ,T ) FS ( T ) FS ( S )
I 1/ 0

0 , 8826 = 0 , 8485 1 , 0403

PRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHLFRQWULEX LDIDFWRULORU

1FS/ 0( S ,T ) = S1T1 - S0T0 = 1730 1960 = - 230 mil.lei

1 / 0 = S0T1 - S0T0 = 1663 1960 = - 297 mil.lei

FS( T )

1 / 0 = S1T1 - S0T1 = 1730 1663 = 67 mil.lei

FS( S)

5HOD LDGHVLVWHPGLQWUHPRGLILF ULOHDEVROXWH

1FS/ 0( S ,T ) = 1 / 0 + 1FS/ 0(S)

FS( T )

- 230 = - 297 + 67
4.
salariul mediu pe total:

S0 =
FS 0 =
1960 10 3
= 3015,3 mii lei/salariat
T0 650

S1 =
FS1 = 1730 10 3 = 3203,7 mii lei/salariat
T1 650

indicii de grup ai salariului mediu:

LQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU YDULDELO :

I1S/ (0S , g
T
)
=
S1
=
FS1 : FS 0 = S1T1 : S 0T0
S0 T1 T0 T1 T0
3203,7
I1S/ 0 = = 1,0624 sau 106,24%
3015,3

LQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU IL[ :

I1S/(0S ) =
S1T1 : S0T1 = 3203,7 : 1663 103 = S1 = 3203,7 = 1,0403 sau 104,03%
T1 T1 540 S* 3079,6

LQGLFHOHYDULD LHLVWUXFWXULL

I1S/ (0g
T
)
=
S 0T1 : S 0T0 =
S * 3079,6
= = 1,021 sau 102,1%.
T1 T0 S 0 3015,3

5HOD LDGHVLVWHP

T T
I1S/ (0S , g )
= I1S/ (0S ) I1S/(0g )

1,0624 = 1,0213 1,0403

5. 0RGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHDOHVDODULXOXLPHGLX

T
S1 /(0S , g )
= S 1 S 0 = 3203,7 3015,3 = 188,4 mii lei

S1 /( S0 ) = S1 S * = 3203,7 3079,6 = 124,1 mii lei

T
S1 /( 0g )
= S * S 0 = 3079,6 3015,3 = 64,3 mii lei
 6HYHULILF UHOD LD

T T
S1 /(0S , g )
= S1 /(0S ) + S1 /(0g )

188,4 = 124,1 + 64,3

6. 6WUXFWXUDVDODULD LORUvQFHOHGRX SHULRDGHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL 4.

Tabelul 21.

Salariu mediu (mii

6WUXFWXUDVDODULD LORU %)
lei/salariat)
Firma
Perioada de
Perioada 3HULRDGDGHED]  Perioada S0g T0 (%) S1g 1T (%) S0g 1T (%)
FXUHQW  T T
ED] 60) (g 0 ) FXUHQW  g1 )
(S1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A 2500 2700 46,16 38,89 115400 105003 97225
B 3600 3600 38,46 42,59 138456 153324 153324
C 3100 3350 15,38 18,52 47678 62042 57412
Total s 0 =3015,38 s 1 =3203,7 g T0 =100,0 g 1T =100,0 301534 320369 307961

salariul mediu pe total (pe ansamblul celor 3 firme):

S0 =
S 0 g 0T(%) =
301534
= 3015,34 mii lei/salariat
100 100

S1 =
S1 g1T(%) =
320369
= 3203,69 mii lei/salariat
100 100

S* =
s 0 g1T(%)
=
307961
= 3079,61 mii lei/salariat
100 100

indicii salariului mediu:

LQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU YDULDELO 

s1 3203,69
I1s/ 0 = = = 1,0624 sau 106,24%
s0 3015,34

LQGLFHOHFXVWUXFWXU IL[ 

s1 3203,69
I 1s/(0s ) = = = 1,0403 sau 104,03%
s* 3079,61

LQGLFHOHYDULD LHLVWUXFWXULL

T s* 3079,61
I 1s/(0g )
= = = 1,0213 sau 102,13%
s 0 3015,34
 8.
6HFXQRVFGDWHOHPLOLDUGHOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH

Tabelul 22.

VAB (miliarde lei 3RSXOD LDRFXSDW  Modificarea

Ramura SUH XULFXUHQWH (mii persoane) SUH XULORUvQ

VABi POi 1996/1994

p
1994 1996 1994 1996 RVABi
(%)
0 1 2 3 4 5
,QGXVWULHFRQVWUXF LL 21269,6 43248,9 3520 3200 +81,48
$JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU 9897,6 20949,2 3630 3290 +110,82
Alte ramuri 14787,5 37656,1 2880 2940 +118,5
Total 45954,7 101854,2 10030 9430
Sursa: Anuarul Statistic al Romniei, anul 1998, pag. 118, 340-342

Se cere:

1. SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLSHUDPXULLSHvQWUHDJDHFRQ omie;
2. V VHGHWHUPLQHLQIOXHQ DIDFWRULORUDVXSUDPRGLILF ULLSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLSHvQWUHDJD

economie;
3. V VHGHWHUPLQHFRQWULEX LDILHF UXLIDFWRUODPRGLILFDUHDDEVROXW DSURGXFWLYLW LLPHGLL

a muncii pe ntreaga economie.

Rezolvare:

1. Productivitatea muncii (W)

3HQWUXFDOFXOXOSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLODQLYHOXOUDPXULL Wi),

SHQWUXVHIRORVHWH VABvQSUH XULFXUHQWH

VABi 0
Wi 0 = , unde i = 1,3
POi 0
SHQWUXVHIRORVHWHVABvQSUH XULFRQVWDQWH

VAB i*1 VAB i 1

Wi1 = , unde VAB i*1 = = R VAB + 100
p p
, n care I VAB (%)
PO i 1 p i i
I VAB
i

5H]XOWDWHOHFDOFXOHORUVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL

Tabelul 22.

Productivitatea
Ramura
p
I VAB VAB i 1 VAB i*1 muncii
Wi0POi1
i
(mld.lei) (mii lei/pers.)
(mld. lei)
Wi0 Wi1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
,QGXVWULHFRQVWUXF LL 1,8148 43248,9 23831,22 6042,5 7447,2 19336
$JULFXOWXU VLOYLFXOWXU 2,1082 20949,2 9937,01 2726,6 3020,3 8970,514
Alte ramuri 2,185 37656,1 17233,91 5134,5 5861,8 15095,43
Total 101854,2 51002,13 4581,7 5408,4 43401,944
Productivitatea muncii la nivelul economiei ( W VHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

3
VAB i 0 45954 , 7.10 9
i =1
W0 = = = 4581 , 7 mii lei/pers.
3
10030.10 3
PO i 0
i =1

3
VAB i 1 51002 , 13.10 9
i =1
W1 = = = 5408 , 4 mii lei/pers.
3
9430.10 3
PO i 1
i =1

2. 'LQDPLFDSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL pe ntreaga economie:

W1 5408,4
= = = 1,1804 VDXFHHDFHUHSUH]LQW
PO
I W (W , g RFUHWHUH
)

W0 4581,7
cu 18,04%

0RGLILFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL SH HFRQRPLH  W  SRDWH IL DQDOL]DW  vQ IXQF LH GH

productivitatea muncii la nivelul ramurilor (Wi VL GH VWUXFWXUD SRSXOD LHL RFXSDWH SH
( )
ramuri g iPO .

Modificarea W pe seama Wi:

PO W*
IW (g )
= ,
W0
unde:

3
W i 0 PO i 1 43401 , 944.10 9
i =1
W* = = = 4602 , 5 mii lei
3
9430.10 3
PO i 1
i =1

PO W* 4602 , 53
IW (g )
= = = 1 , 0045 sau 100,45%
W0 4581 , 7

Modificarea W pe seama (g iPO ):

W1 5408 , 4
IW (W )
= = = 1 , 1751 sau 117,51%
W* 4602 , 5
 5H]XOW  F  SH WRWDO HFRQRPLH FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL VH GDWRUHD]  DSURDSH vQ

WRWDOLWDWH FUHWHULL SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO UDPXULORU LQIOXHQ D PRGLILF ULL

VWUXFWXULLSRSXOD LHLSHUDPXULILLQGQHJOLMDELO 

3. &RQWULEX LD ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD PRGLILFDUHD DEVROXW  D SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL OD QLYHOXO

HFRQRPLHLVHGHWHUPLQ DVWIHO

PO
W (g )
= W * W 0 = 4602 , 5 4581 , 7 = 20 , 8 mii lei

W (W )
= W 1 W * = 5408 , 4 4602 , 5 = 805 , 9 mii lei

0RGLILFDUHDDEVROXW SHWRWDO :
PO
W (g ,W )
= W 1 W 0 = 5408 , 4 4581 , 7 = 826 , 7 mii lei

0RGLILF ULOHDEVROXWHYHULILF UHOD LDGHVLVWHP

PO PO
W (g ,W )
= W (g )
+ W (W )
= 20 , 8 + 805 , 9 = 826 , 7 mii lei

3H ED]D UHOD LHL GH PDL VXV VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD FRQWULEX LD UHODWLY  D ILHF UXL IDFWRU OD

PRGLILFDUHDSURGXFWLYLW LLPHGLLDPXQFLL

PO
W ( g PO ) W (g ) 20 , 8
K = PO
= = 2 , 58%
W (g ,W ) 826.7

W (W ) W (W ) 805 , 9
K = PO
= = 97 , 42%
W (g ,W ) 826.7

9.
6HFXQRVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWHUHIHULWRDUHODHFRQRPLD5RPkQLHL

Tabelul 23.

Indicatori 1995 1996 1997

0 1 2 3
3URGXF LHEUXW POGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHGF 150115
DJULFXOWXU LVLOYLFXOWXU 25160
industrie 72093
FRQVWUXF LL 11042
alte ramuri 41820
&RQVXPLQWHUPHGLDUPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHGF 83516
DJULFXOWXU LVLOYLFXOWXU 10894
industrie 48381
FRQVWUXF LL 6287
alte ramuri 17954
9DORDUHDG XJDW EUXW POGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHGF : 100487 229770
DJULFXOWXU LVLOYLFXOWXU 20662 46953
industrie 37054 88911
FRQVWUXF LL 7469 13487
alte ramuri 35302 80419
 Indicatori 1995 1996 1997
0 1 2 3
,PSR]LWHSHSURGXVLQFOXVLY79$POGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 5579 7900 18981
6XEYHQ LLPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 1231 1849 2498
7D[HYDPDOHPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 1189 1853 3497
&RQVXPILQDOPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHGF 58662 90711 213536
SRSXOD LH 48545 77733 187562
DGPLQLVWUD LH 10117 12978 25974
)RUPDUHDEUXW GHFDSLWDOIL[POGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 15425 25076 47952
9DULD LDVWRFXULORUPDWHULDOHPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 2085 1695 5744
([SRUWQHWPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH -4036 - 9091 - 17482
5HPXQHUDUHDPXQFLLPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWH 28035
([FHGHQWXOEUXWGHH[SORDWDUHPOGOHLSUH XULFXUH nte) 38564
0RGLILFDUHDSUH XULORUID GHDQXOOD

FRQVXPXOILQDODOSRSXOD LHL 0 44,4 268,9

FRQVXPXOILQDODODGPLQLVWUD LHL 0 38,7 211,9
IRUPDUHDEUXW GHFDSLWDOIL[ 0 56,5 255,8
YDULD LDVWRFXULORU 0 94,0 503,1
export net 0 74,2 359,4
,QGLFLLGHSUH XULDL9$%ID GHvQ

DJULFXOWXU LVLOYLFXOWXU 100 149,6 335,2

industrie 100 146,2 369,2
FRQVWUXF LL 100 151,3 349,5
alte ramuri 100 141,5 362,4
,QGLFHOHSUH XULORUGHFRQVXP 100 138,8 353,6
Deflatorul PIB (%) 100 144,78 357,83
)RQGXULIL[HPLOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHPHGLHDQXDO  159390,3
Dinamica fondurilor fixe (%) 100 109,06 104
3RSXOD LDRFXSDW PLLSHUVRDQHPHGLHDQXDO  9752 9436
Sursa: calcule pe baza Anuarului Statistic al Romniei, anul 1997, p. 125, 355-356, 359-362, 367-369,
391-392; date CNS pentru anul 1997.

Se cere:
1. VABSHUDPXULLSHWRWDOHFRQRPLHvQDQXOVWUXFWXUDVAB pe ramuri n anii 1995,
1996, 1997;
2. PIBGXS PHWRGDSURGXF LHLVWUXFWXUDPIB;
3. PIBGXS PHWRda veniturilor; structura PIB;
4. PIBGXS PHWRGDFKHOWXLHOLORUVWUXFWXUDPIB;
5. GHIOD LRQDUHDPIB utiliznd mai multe metode;
6. dinamica PIBUHDOLQRPLQDO
7. FRQVXPXOILQDOUHDODOSRSXOD LHLGLQDPLFDDFHVWXLD
8. UDWDLQIOD LHL
9. GHWHUPLQD LLLQWHUSUHWD LSULQFLSDOHOHFRUHOD LLPDFURHFRQRPLFH
10. LQGLFDWRULLPDFURHFRQRPLFLGHULYD L
Rezolvare
 9DORDUHD DG XJDW  EUXW  VAB) H[SULP  YDORDUHD FUHDW  GH IDFWRULL GH SURGXF LH vQ

SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO VH RE LQH FD GLIHUHQ  vQWUH SURGXF LD WRWDO  EUXW  GLQWU R UDPXU 
- (PB L
consumul intermediar (CI):
VABi = PBi - Cii
&RQVXPXO LQWHUPHGLDU UHSUH]LQW  YDORDUHD EXQXULORU PDWHULDOH L VHUYLFLLORU SURGXVH vQ

SHULRDGDGHFDOFXOLXWLOL]DWHSHQWUXIDEULFDUHDGHQRLEXQXULLVHUYLFLL9DORDUHDDG XJDW EUXW SH

total econoPLH H[SULPDW  vQ SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH VH RE LQH FD VXP  D QLYHOXULORU

indicatorului pe ramuri (vezi tabelul 24.).

 Tabelul 24.

VAB 1995 (mld. lei Structura VAB (%) n anul

Ramura
SUH XULFXUHQWH
1995 1996 1997
0 1 2 3 4
$JULFXOWXU LVLOYLFXOWXU 14266 21,42 20,56 20,43
Industrie 23712 35,60 36,87 38,70
&RQVWUXF LL 4755 7,14 7,44 5,87
Alte ramuri 23866 35,84 35,13 35,00
Total 66599 100 100 100

'DWHOH GLQ WDEHOXO DQWHULRU DUDW  F  vQ SHULRDGD   LQGXVWULD D FRQWLQXDW V
- -L
vQW UHDVF SR]L LDGRPLQDQW vQHFRQRPLHvQWLPSFHDJULFXOWXUDDvQUHJLVWUDWXQXRUGHFOLQ

2. Produsul intern brut (PIB H[SULP  YDORDUHD EUXW  D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU ILQDOH

SURGXVH vQ SHULRDGD GH FDOFXO GH WR L DJHQ LL HFRQRPLFL FDUH L GHVI RDU  DFWLYLWDWHD vQ LQWHULRUXO
-
ULL

Determinarea PIB GXS  PHWRGD YDORULL DG XJDWH PHWRGD SURGXF LHL SUHVXSXQH DJUHJDUHD

YDORULLDG XJDWHEUXWHFUHDWHvQUDPXULOHHFRQRPLHL

PIB pf = ( PB i CI i ) = VAB i
i i

PIB pp = VAB i + I nind

i

I nind = IP S + TV ,

unde:
PIBpf - SURGXVXOLQWHUQEUXWODSUH XULOHIDFWRULORU
PIBpp - SURGXVXOLQWHUQEUXWODSUH XULOHSLH HL
I nind - impozite indirecte nete;
IP - impozite pe produs (inclusiv TVA);
S - VXEYHQ LL
TV - taxe vamale.

QFHOHFHXUPHD] Y om nota cei trei ani ai perioadei analizate astfel:

0 1995
1 1996
2 1997

PIB OD SUH XULOH IDFWRULORU POG OHL SUH XUL FXUHQWH FRUHVSXQGH YDORULL DG XJDWH EUXWH SH

DQVDPEOXOHFRQRPLHLYH]LWDEHOHOHL

PIB0 = 66599
PIB1 = 100487
PIB2 = 229770
 PIBODSUH XULOHSLH HLPOGOHLSUH XULFXUHQWHVHRE LQHDG XJkQGLPSR]LWHOHLQGLUHFWHQHWH

PIB0 = 66599 + 5537 = 72136

I nind = 5579 1231 + 1189 = 5537
0

PIB1 = 100487 + 7904 = 108391

I nind = 7900 1849 + 1853 = 7904
1

PIB2 = 229770 + 19980 = 249750

I nind = 18981 2498 + 3497 = 19980
2

9DORULOH RE LQXWH SHQWUX FHL WUHL DQL QX VXQW FRPSDUDELOH GHRDUHFH VXQW H[SULPDWH vQ SUH XUL

GLIHULWHSUH XULOHFXUHQWHDOHILHF UXLDQ

Tabelul 25.

Ponderea n PIBpp (%)

Componente 1995 1996 1997
VAB 92,32 92,71 92,00
Impozite indirecte nete 7,68 7,29 8,00
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Structura pe componente a PIB GXS  PHWRGD YDORULL DG XJDWH WDEHOXO  QX D vQUHJLVWUDW

VFKLPE ULVHPQLILFDWLYHvQSHULRDGDDQDOL]DW 

3. PIB GXS metoda veniturilor PHWRGD UHSDUWL LHL VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG YHQLWXULOH RE LQXWH
GHIDFWRULLGHSURGXF LH

PIB pp = RS + ENE + A + I nind = R + EBE + I nind ,

unde:

RS - UHPXQHUDUHDVDODULD LORUVDODULLLPSR]LWHSHVDODULL&$6

ENE - excedentul net de exploatare (dividende, impozit pe profit, profit nedistribuit,
rente, dobnzi nete);
A - amortizarea;
EBE - excedentul brut de exploatare;
EBE = ENE + A

PIB0 = 28035 + 38564 + 5537 = 72136 mild lei.

Structura PIB n anul 1995:

remunerarea muncii: 38,86%
excedentul brut de exploatare: 53,46%
impozite indirecte nete: 7,68%

4. PIB GXS  metoda cheltuielilor PHWRGD XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH VH RE LQH vQVXPkQG FKHOWXLHOLOH

SHQWUXEXQXULOHLVHUYLFLLOHILQDOHvQIXQF LHGHGHVWLQD LDDFHVWRUD

PIBpp = CP + CA + FBC + EXN

FBC = FBCF + VS ,
unde:
CP - consumul final aOSRSXOD LHL
CA - FRQVXPXOILQDODODGPLQLVWUD LHL
FBC - IRUPDUHDEUXW GHFDSLWDO
FBCF - IRUPDUHDEUXW GHFDSLWDOIL[
VS YDULD LDVWRFXULORUPDWHULDOH

EXN export net.

PIB0 = 48545 + 10117 + (15425 + 2085) 4036 = 72136 mld lei

PIB1 = 77733 + 12978 + (25076 + 1695) 9091 = 108391 mld lei
PIB2 = 187562 + 25974 + (47952 + 5744) 17482 = 249750 mld lei
Tabelul 26.

Ponderea n PIBpp (%)

Componente
1995 1996 1997
Consum privat 67,30 71,72 75,10
Consumul admLQLVWUD LHL 14,02 11,97 10,40
)RUPDUHDEUXW GHFDSLWDOIL[ 21,38 23,13 19,2
9DULD LDVWRFXULORU 2,89 1,56 2,30
Export net -5,59 -8,39 -6,70
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0

Structura PIB FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH XWLOL] ULL ILQDOH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU WDEHOXO  DUDW  R

FUHWHUH VHPQLILFDWLY  D SRQGHULL FRQVXPXOXL SULYDW vQ SHULRDGD  -1997 n detrimentul
FRQVXPXOXL DGPLQLVWUD LHL L DO LQYHVWL LLORU %DODQ D FRPHUFLDO  GH]HFKLOLEUDW  LPSRUWXO D GHS LW

H[SRUWXODLQIOXHQ DWQHJDWLYP ULPHD PIB n cei treLDQLFRQVLGHUD L

'HIOD LRQDUHD PIB se poate realiza global sau pe componente.

$WXQFL FkQG VH FXQRDWH deflatorul PIB LQGLFHOH VLQWHWLF GH SUH XUL DO FRPSRQHQWHORU
SURGXVXOXL LQWHUQ EUXW P ULPHD PIB real se poate calcula raportnd PIB nominal la deflatorul

FRUHVSXQ] WRUDQXOXLUHVSHFWLYFRQIRUPUHOD LHL

PIB t
PIB t* = ,
Dt
unde:
PIB t* - P ULPHDPIBUHDOvQSUH XULFRQVWDQWHvQDQXOt;
PIBt - PIBQRPLQDOvQSUH XULFXUHQWHvQDQXOt;
Dt - deflatorul PIB pentru anul t.

DateOH DSOLFD LHL QH SHUPLW V  H[SULP P PIB GLQ DQLL  L  vQ SUH XULOH DQXOXL 
SUH XULFRQVWDQWH

PIB 96 108391
*
PIB 96 = = = 74866 mld. lei
D 96 / 95 1 , 4478

PIB 97 249750
*
PIB 97 = = = 69795 , 7 mld. lei
D 97 / 95 3 , 5783
 0 ULPHD PIB UHDO VH PDL SRDWH GHWHUPLQD L SULQ nsumarea componentelor sale
GHIOD L onateFRQIRUPUHOD LHL

Ci
PIB * = C i* = ,
I CP
i

unde:
C i* - componenta iH[SULPDW vQSUH XULFRPSDUDELOHFRQVWDQWH

Ci - componenta iH[SULPDW vQSUH XULFXUHQWH

I CP - LQGLFHOHSUH XULORUEXQXULORULVHUYLFLLORUFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHFRPSRQHQWHL i.

i

'H H[HPSOX SRUQLQG GH OD HOHPHQWHOH GH XWLOL]DUH ILQDO  PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH SLH HL VH
GHWHUPLQ DVWIHO

CP CA FBCF VS EXN
PIB * = + + + +
P P P P P
I CP I CA I FBCF I VS I EXN

77733 12978 25076 1695 9091

*
PIB 96 = + + + = 74866 , 6 mld. lei
1 , 444 1 , 387 1 , 565 1 , 940 1 , 742

187562 25974 47952 5744 17482

*
PIB 97 = + + + = 69795 , 5 mld. lei.
3 , 689 3 , 119 3 , 558 6 , 031 4 , 594

&HOH GRX  PHWRGH GH GHIOD LRQDUH DSOLFDWH DQWHULRU FRQGXF OD DFHODL UH]XOWDW FX PLFL

GLIHUHQ HGDWRUDWHURWXQMLULORUGHFDOFXOLQWHUPHGLDUH

'DF  VH XWLOL]HD]  LQGLFLL GH SUH XUL DL VAB pe ramuri ale economiei, PIB UHDO OD SUH XULOH
IDFWRULORUVHGHWHUPLQ FXUHOD LD

VAB i
PIB = VAB i = ,
I iP

unde:
VAB i - VABFUHDW vQUDPXUDiH[SULPDW vQSUH XULFRPSDUDELOH
VABi - VABFUHDW vQUDPXUDiH[SULPDW vQSUH XULFXUHQWH
I iP - LQGLFHOHGHSUH XULFRUHVSXQ] WRUUDPXULLi.

20662 37054 7469 35302

PIB 96 = + + + = 69048 , 2 mld. lei.
1 , 496 1 , 462 1 , 513 1 , 415

46953 88911 13487 80419

PIB 97 = + + + = 64139 , 4 mld. lei.
3 , 352 3 , 692 3 , 495 3 , 624
 7. Dinamica PIB nominal VHFDOFXOHD] SHED]DYDORULORUH[SULPDWHvQSUH XULFXUHQWH

PIBt
/0 =
I tPIB 100,
PIB0

unde:
PIBt - valoarea PIBQRPLQDOH[SULPDW vQSUH XULFXUHQWHGLQDQXOt;
PIB0 - valoarea PIB nominal nDQXOGHED] 

Dinamica PIBQRPLQDOODSUH XULOHSLH HL

PIB96 108391
/0 =
I1PIB 100 = 100 = 150,26%
PIB95 72136
PIB97 249750
/0 =
I 2PIB 100 = 100 = 346,22%
PIB95 72136

$FHDVW  GLQDPLF  LQFOXGH DWkW YDULD LD FDQWLW LL IL]LFH D EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FXSULQVH vQ

PIB FkW L HIHFWXO PRGLILF ULL SUH XULORU OD DFHVWH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL. Dinamica PIB real surprinde
YDULD LDHIHFWLY DPIBLQGHSHQGHQWGHVFKLPEDUHDSUH XULORUSHSDUFXUVXOSHULRDGHLFRQVLGHUDWH

6HFDOFXOHD] SHED]DYDORULORUGHIOD LRQDWHDOHPIB:

PIBt*
/0 =
I tPIB 100,
PIB0*

unde: PIB t* valoarea PIB real n anul t.

ntruct pentru exprimarea PIB UHDO DP XWLOL]DW SUH XULOH DQXOXL  SUH XUL FRQVWDQWH
0 = PIB 0 .
*
UH]XOW F  PIB

Dinamica PIBUHDOODSUH XULOHSLH HL

*
* PIB 96 74866
I 1PIB
/0
= 100 = 100 = 103 , 78%
PIB 95 72136

*
* PIB 97 69795 , 7
I 2PIB
/0
= 100 = 100 = 96 , 76%
PIB 95 72136

*
PIB *
PIB 97 69795 , 7
I 2 /1
= 100 = 100 = 93 , 23%
* 74866
PIB 96

Comparativ cu dinamica PIBQRPLQDOFDUHLQGLF RFUHWHUHIRDUWHPDUHGHODXQDQODDOWXO

dinamica PIB UHDO DUDW R FUHWHUH PRGHVW  GH  vQ  ID  GH  XUPDW  GH R UHGXFHUH
FX  vQ  ID  GH  'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX  GLQDPLFL HVWH H[SOLFDW  SULQ FUHWHUHD

FRQVLGHUDELO DSUH XULORUvQGHRVHELvQDQXO

 Dinamica PIB UHDOODSUH XULOHIDFWRULORU

69041 , 2
I 1PIB
/0
= 100 = 103 , 67%
66599
64139 , 1
I 2PIB
/0
= 100 = 96 , 31%
66599

Dinamica PIBUHDOODSUH XULOHIDFWRULORUFRQILUP FRQFOX]LLOHDQWHULRDUH

&RQVXPXOILQDOUHDODOSRSXOD LHL VHGHWHUPLQ SULQvPS U LUHDFRQVXPXOXLQRPLQDOOD

LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP  IPC ,QGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP HYLGHQ LD]  YDULD LD SUH XULORU
P UIXULORULWDULIHORUVHUYLFLLORUFDUHLQWU vQFRQVXPXOSRSXOD LHL

CPt
CPt* = ,
IPC t

unde:
CPt* - FRQVXPXOILQDOUHDODOSRSXOD LHLvQSUH XULFRQVWDQWHvQDQXO t;
CPt - FRQVXPXOILQDOQRPLQDODOSRSXOD LHLvQSUH XULFXUHQWHvQDQXO t;
IPCt - LQGLFHOHSUH XULORUGHFRQVXPvQDQXO t.

'DF DOHJHPFDSUH XULFRQVWDQWHSUH XULOHDQXOXLUH]XOW F 

CP95* = CP95 = 48545 mld. lei

CP96 77733
CP96* = = = 49543 mld. lei
IPC 96 / 95 1 , 569

CP97 187562
CP97* = = = 53043 , 6 mld. lei
IPC 97 / 95 3 , 536

Dinamica indicatorului a fost:

* 49543
CP
I 96 / 95
= 100 = 102 , 06%
48545
* 53043 , 6
CP
I 97 / 96
= 100 = 107 , 07%
49543

&RQVXPXO ILQDO UHDO DO SRSXOD LHL D FUHVFXW FX  vQ  ID  GH  L FX  vQ

1997 comparativ cu 1996.

8. 5DWDLQIOD LHLR) se poate calculavQIXQF LHGHVFRSXODQDOL]HLSHED]DGHIODWRUXOXLPIB:

R=D%-100
VDXSHED]DLQGLFHOXLSUH XULORUGHFRQVXP

R=IPC%-100

Deflatorul PIB HVWH XQ LQGLFH GH SUH XUL PDL FXSULQ] WRU GDU LQGLFHOH SUH XULORU GH FRQVXP

UHIOHFW  PDL ELQH LPSDFWXO SUH XULORU DVXSUD SRSXOD LHL 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY IPC este folosit pentru
FDOFXODUHD VDODULXOXL UHDO D YHQLWXULORU L FRQVXPXULORU UHDOH DOH SRSXOD LHL L SHQWUX QHJRFLHUHD

LQGH[ ULORUVDODULLORUSHQVLLORUHWF

5DWDLQIOD LHLFDOFXODW vQFHOHGRX YDULDQWHHVWHSUH]HQWDW vQWDEHOXOQU

Rezultatele sunt relativ apropiate.

Tabelul 27.

5DWDLQIOD LHLID GH Anul

FDOFXODW SHED]D 1996 1997
deflatorul PIB 44,78 257,83
IPC 38,8 253,6

9. &RPSDUD LDGLQWUHdinamica PIB*LGLQDPLFDIRQGXULORU fixe:

1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I F = 109 , 06%

1997/1995: I PIB = 96 , 76% I F = 104%

Dinamica fondurilor fixe a devansat dinamica PIBGHWHUPLQkQGUHGXFHUHDHILFLHQ HLPHGLLD

XWLOL] ULLFDSLWDOXOXLIL[

&RUHOD LDGLQWUH dinamica PIBLGLQDPLFDSRSXOD LHLRFXSDW e:

1996/1995: I PIB = 103 , 78% I T = 96 , 76%

DIRVWUHVSHFWDW GHWHUPLQkQGFUHWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL

10. ,QGLFDWRULLPDFURHFRQRPLFLGHULYD LFDUHSRWILFDOFXOD LFXGDWHOHSUREOHPHLVXQW

CP + CA
 rata consumului final = 100
PIB

- n 1995 58662: 72136 = 71,32%;

- n 1996 90711: 108391 = 83,69%;
- n 1997 213536: 249750 = 85,50%.

FBCF
UDWDLQYHVWL LLORUEUXWH = 100
PIB

- n 1995 15425: 72136 = 21,38%;

- n 1996 25076: 108391 = 23,13%;
- n 1997 47952: 249750 = 19,20%.
  PIB / perVRDQ RFXSDW SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL

- n 1995  PLOOHLSUH XULSHUVRDQ 

- n 1996  PLOOHLSUH XULSHUVRDQ 

3,%IRQGXULIL[HHILFLHQ DFDSLWDOXOXLIL[

- n 1995 72136: 159390,3 = 0,453 lei/ 1 leu sau 453 lei/ 1000 lei;
- n 1996 74866: (159390,3 OHLOHXSUH XUL
- n 1997 69795,7: (159390,3 OHLOHXSUH XUL

 coeficientul capitalului (necesarul de capital fix la 1 leu PIB):

- n 1995 1: 0,453 = 2,21 lei/ 1 leu ;

- n 1996  OHLOHXSUH XUL
- n 1997  OHLOHXSUH XUL

SURGXFWLYLWDWHDHILFLHQ DFDSLWDOXOXLFLUFXODQW 3,%&,

- n 1995 72136: 83516 = 0,864 sau 864 lei/ 1000 lei.

 intensitatea capitalului vQ]HVWUDUHDWHKQLF DPXQFLL IRQGXULIL[HSRSXOD LHRFXSDW

- n 1995  PLOOHLSUH XULSHUVRDQ 

- n 1996 (159390,3 PLOOHLSUH XULSHUVRDQ 

 rata excedentului brut = excedentul brut de exploatare/ VAB

- n 1995 38564: 66599 = 57,9%.

VHSRDWHFDOFXODGLUHFWFDP ULPHLQYHUV DHILFLHQ HLFDSLWDOXOXLIL[