MS/MES503 Homework -1 Prob. 1. A specimen consisting of a 5 mm thick strip of Fe-15 atomic%Cr, sandwiched between two 20 cm long pure Fe bars (see figure), is heated at 1600K. be 06m —— ol bp anes nd = pure Fe pure Fe | Fe-0.15 mole% Cr ———— x=0 Smm Using the origin shown above (x=0 at midpoint of Fe-Cr alloy), derive expressions for the Cr concentration, C(x,t), across the entire specimen for the following conditions: a) At'very short’ times. b) At 'short' times. ©) At long! times. ¢) At ‘very long’ times. Can you guesstimate (at least to order of magnitude) the time intervals at which the above cases will be valid? DATA: Density of Fe-Cr solid solution of all compositions, p = 7.19 gmvcm. Diffusion coefficient of Cr at 160K, D = 10-13m2s, foo | 2)= 10 mls = 10 ‘en2/s @ alm: j-Of2= atee a tt S ICAP = 6-075 ate ( Xoos j Lys (x <9) } = € =325 © =X a Y-+0-28 a cox bt A+B ( XX ) 21DF c(-F=O 3 OFA =B [A= 0-075, 8-0-0715 c( Ms OlS ois=ArB J cK) = 07S CI + ef ( XE ae = 0.075 (| — at ( —Cue29) 2Nie TE C (nb = 0- 2 ce THe Tip wot birwe io a he Asgure or). toluene... Juwien C64) b 0:1 J: how Kh) Seton gable, bach Hele, enlrables bo 0.05). Supe Sunee AY Wee ois -C6o0 = 0:0005 OS 2 CCGb) = 0:1 49998 Ahon 0-15, we Canmd- Wr© rire Pio Selden > 14999 cos atc ( a 99 fe (-aas SMI 14 = kh ce C Siew) = oa Cae | ei = J+ Ub (0.28 eine rote 2 at (225) «6.09 ; >) 025, = 2.35 0:25, 2Sieit iB sen ST: b <7. 582 => te ‘ws ad setden © oo b) Gb SHON Lemer: then tole” Colution, Ly emake froclion qo, gee COMED 9 ; OS K OS = O-0750m ell) Ss cS) 7 . ll 8 les [aie x Cony = 201 ob( Zane) feet AE —_ | can = > » $8 6 +4 (Fi) Fae) pie orp Tp en re a 20-999 ene eee Da Ee 2 & Be 23% DL 4 CODE PE = Gadoa) ¢ 2/2025 Vx ta 4666 jgo th BIXIO S, Ce. B : ‘cheb? ‘ BY SSH-FH0 Sher! bane yy mor ree. C) eng Fes | te foe 2) aS prised praed Bere. 4 i ? x r 3 AK CAE) + CCK, ‘D+ ew) COMD = x= = X+490°S xe%r Cups = 0 ee ( en mp OSE fg) | con = ( ee [ix-fes 035) xia) 4) Ab veut long CE >) Eiraty, wnifom comp. gis]. goer fem o-som bo F0'Som- CCK®) = oe =1.35xlo? all Xm be Sample. [cere bee No 40-5 /Prob. 2. A spherical steel pressure vessel, 1 m in diameter, 5 cm in thickness is used to ‘contain a process that generates atomic H by a chemical reaction at 600°C. To avoid problems with H embrittlement of the steel, the pressure vessel is periodically purged and the H baked out of the steel wall. After purging and bakeout, the H concentration in the wall is negligibly low. Reactants are then introduced into the vessel, and the kinetics of H production are such that the surface concentration on the inside wall increases linearly with time, ie., ‘py (0,t) = kt, where k = 10-5 gmvem3-s. ‘The diffusion coefficient of H in steel at 600°C, Dy = 10°6 cm/s. 4) Derive the solution for py,(x.t) that will be valid for a one-day period after the reaction starts, Please orient your solution with the origin (x=0) at the inner surface of the wall Clearly state and justify all assumptions made. b) A specification to prevent cracking requires that the reaction be stopped and the vessel purged if the average H concentration exceeds 0.05 gnvem? in a layer extending from the inner surface to a depth of Imm, Setup, but do not solve, the equation to check if itis safe to nun the reactor continuously for one day. ©) If the solubility limit of H in steel is 0.2 gm/em?, schematically show how the concentration profile of H in the reactor wall will change with time. If the rate of production of H in the vessel is 2.5X10-3 gms, what will be the steady state concentration profile of H. Pay attention to details in the concentration plots and indicate numerical values on the plots wherever possible. Is it safe to operate the reactor under steady state conditions? @) When the walls reach steady state concentration profile, will the pressure in the tank change with time? If so, what is dP/di? ¢) How would the steady sate diffusion profile change iti) Disa decreasing function of ‘composition and ii) D is an increasing function of composition (qualitative answer only required, sketch shape of concentration profiles and justify). fino, @) Bue bap Ir Sy as condi'moke eee pnts 1dey, X= \ Wa 24nseeo x O-30m- we @ 0.3<< Som, oe gubseda watl o oF NEE, Le Cerna tn frie Conolikten valid ar Poss Buk oF AZO, CHEN) > Commeb ure Lop Solder. hee fe wre Leplora Meos{eun .UlObh= kt -—@ uU(ro=0 -© TOHad=0 -—& ev z= paU wo OE BKr ape D Ow SUCKS) ~ oe are 2 (ter®) amu - Su =o ax* Dd 7 {SD WD? uwece +Qe CO, 20 Gyce U ond U me beunded cé) ume C2 CFP _D L@® 2 “lo9= K£(® — From 9 Leflore teble, _Y E pen vened £0 2 ¥! 4. bub [mam-1} 2 ee 2 £(O* Se : 5 uted (em) 2 el! @ oe, ulna c Se 2 Getic! st Q2UAHS)= EK ewex sé Jip2 4, SeP ~ 4K >ucxpp= kK /€ is a. = -! oF “G CURD) Yo? ty at A We 5 Moe 2De im) © ICH =e ee fers, ee x TE 29 2) U(xb a = 3 b) +f COX OAX of cone Koos rom? oO: fe Cex) oh at, e= 24X3600 Sec .@ oc ec) S=-> ge SHavdy Hele 3 Cone profile ae, Sno Gn Hr depletion on oll 2 TF FO) ~ EE = cornow. Man flax max Ee J MAX Ce enol mn C, i [steed tht dies poi 20-29y, Co (orm) =0 ° = 24 ‘ Een: “may = “DP (onan = 10 XO Ss ~~ 2 4x10? gr] om-s fee A = 4xio Fx a Thx C50) = 1.26x Io 3 Ins por, prodaclimnnale = 2-SxKIOF Ms Bra prodaction note WO Rrswmovel rok Hy premme to par UW peep bed hokey up. : rey &ecend , (2.5-1.26x 10°F 9m = 1.24 gm of Hy wl Aetwadole amd 4 H |S Sree [onde (Ng = Lam, we gel 1-24 4H]: A MOK pamad ateqe mek Bags) acuwmutelion un ben sec 0-6 Dem doo/s Ve met VT are fined dp = PT dm E Vv ae = $314 x 873 x OG2 Tr (0-5)? am (08) 2 $600 Pa|s prone im owade . Now. J Me Borst PRESCRE 4 kn bank wer given, je Cam Cabtabete mn drerinrsion Teme. beri Com Than bere ouptre, e@) i) Diact bub AC = Conroe K (axe, OX ay all pgp {er gttody sae - 2 i odDF” 5 > (oD sheng i x w) Diact hang, ge v a i low ©" 9cProb. 3. A 7-inch thick Fe plate has @ uniform concentration of hydrogen. How long will it take to remove 90% of the hydrogen if the plates are heated and the surface hydrogen concentration of the plate surfaces are held at zero. Assume that the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plate at the temperature of anneal is 10* em’/s. ce fw. fo ae . eo * i Tha alae EC= F (eexpa% 2 oO wm kab (— (26H) de ad 2 tia t(PZ) 77? 4=0 ip bak Lome Lime , ; Jo]. & Left, uv ak dons Serco only Kam only « Loe wo doth oF 1 TI 2} i — 7 pe = O:l = 3 PC re te tn ( ext’) 7 TWD S -4 de 7217. 760m, D= 10 ial 2 = J =f bap (-BTEA 678 3 17.78)" Br D1. B X15 Fox kivrm Uden iy GOA !@ Prob. 4. Rechargeable Li-ion batteries require Li ions to diffuse into a layered oxide cathode material. Titanium oxide (TO) is a potential cathode material. Assume that the TO particles are spherical, with a radius of 10 m. Assume that these particles do not have any Li to start with. Assume that the surface of these particles quickly reach a concentration of c*. The diffusivity of Li in TO is 10? em*/s. i) How long will it take for the center of the TO particles to reach a concentration of c*/2? Assume initially, that only the first term of the solution can be used. Justify that this is a good assumption. ii) Now assume that the particles were 100 nm in diameter. How long will it take for this ase? Is the ‘first term only’ assumption still good? iii) A123 Systems is a Li-ion battery manufacturer who showed that using nano-sized cathode powders dramatically reduced the chargi of these rechargeable batteries Based on your calculations, does this make sense? Aro 4. i) Coludken 4 diffusion inte a Spree URC Comeone Suagnre concankiahen e. a as cen = cf iee = 09 % (de ae % O70 ¥nO36 > cloH= et a we Wed © Cob) = Oe 2 aot 1- oo eT te = 1/4 5 ~TDde . dm C1/4)@ D210 arP{s — R=10 fem = 10X10" bm =10° Sey 10 Tale bot Soe Tam (y=, -. £ eC ty a eee , See Pe agin oe Farm (} 24) Ze o Be eC iT} 2. eel f—3TT X10 K1-4K!0 Soa = 9-008 i Teun 2 <4] [4 Bowe bo [648m only 9 of -7 _é it) d=10. “ome /s g= Somm = FOXKIG om = SM0Om be -h sxid Dg, TE oie oo 7 30 y Ss i ff AIO xB. tee = bE ) (625) Csx06)* wie 4 (St Mim only 5 pintifad atnerry Phy afecteng 240, seduce Moree by 9 a(aderg 4x10 7 be. Cl RE. AIZS Syelem mmachred bet b beached by gud Lutinee «@® Prob. 5. Interdiffusion experiments were recently carried out in the medium-tedium (Md- Te) binary alloy system. Md and Td both have FCC crystal structures in which diffusion is isotropic, ic., independent of crystallographic direction; and they both exhibit complete solid solubility. The experiment consisted of placing inert markers between two Md and Td single crystals, and annealing the couple for 180 hours at 1000°C. The figure below shows the concentration profile measured after the anneal, along with the location of the Matano interface and the inert markets. 1 Xuma] ava ‘Matano interface ° 200) ak 6 120 x (um) a) Calculate the vacancy flux across the plane of the inert markers at t = 180 hours. b) Calculate how far the Matano interface has moved with respect to the Md-rich end of the sample after 180 hours. DATA atomic mass: My, = 65 g/mole, Mry = 32.1 g/mole lattice constant: ay, AV = 0 in the Md-Td system BO Tugt Sat W =0 ONmnd +°D,, ON 2 T= Dna SE +974 x Hemel 4 Md ore etSree Ny vw weg gmat, Nea + Ney % Noo > ONwy ONG = ONrop - 7% ax Ox 3 on Bak a dowd in clay Lo ae = CDng- Dra & au ck Make, onctte4 K oom M “oto Vi= CDma - Dra) 3.Nag ox We ve Sv pi by i ? [Sv =) Vv Vo Nret 1-@ = oh " = = 3 p ng Vn CHG) = oe (Ont andor vel Von (Td) = 32:1 = 100m3 3.2) o™, ak ahh Mo -Td conperhos - 2) i = 100m inde : Ll enki wh AN ComporhS, , ae = © Onl melee % fomG WE frroms Np bebe reed V 4a Cobenkts Ty,rmarbe and tat Meters hfe Yon of el We : 2 Xm = ke C ko Aeprporlionatily Constone) bale mmonher velowly ° 7 : ya Bn = pO rem ae > 2e BE : Dy = V Nee = Xm Hie gt 2 ny gx Hat oftix 10h, Xo, = FOpA™ ob 2 iSO X3690 Bo Koo = oxi? om iy ell .x 10 Mil sll ri x ol aie b) _ Malane mn dorfre mmarks Ak Gv&tnal onferfece , (2 enema inka [re wr i> ied UM oerped- te beb- comolinel, 0 ARur UUA tt Ont 1B je Thu Ae Mas-ere mtirfore aoe HUsarHe sf Narptct ta fle bnd2 of 24 Ample a anata =O