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How FlatSlabs Rev1 PDF
How FlatSlabs Rev1 PDF
How FlatSlabs Rev1 PDF
Introduction
Common Intro. for all publications - TBC
Designing to Eurocode 2
The design of flat slabs with Eurocode 21 is essentially the same as with BS 81102, however, the layout and
content of Eurocode 2 will initially appear alien to designers familiar with BS 8110. British designers will find it
strange that Eurocode 2 does not contain the derived formulae or specific guidance on determining moments and
shear forces. This has arisen because it has been European practice to give principles in the codes and for the
detailed application to be presented in other sources such as text books.
The checks for flexural capacity and deflection can be carried out using similar procedures to those in BS 8110.
However, assessment of the punching shear capacity may initially appear unusual. This guide will lead the
designer through the design steps required for flat slabs and highlight key points that will enable Eurocode 2 to be
used with confidence.
The first guide in this series How to use Eurocode 2: Introduction3 highlighted the key differences between
Eurocode 2 and BS 8110, including terminology. Eurocode 2 terminology will be used throughout this guide to aid
familiarity, eg units of stress will be quoted in MPa, not N/mm2. It should also be noted that values from the UK
National Annex have been used throughout this guide; this includes values that are embedded in derived formulae.
Analysis
In terms of analysis of flat slabs Eurocode 2 and BS 8110 are very similar; the following methods of analysis may
be used:
Grillage Analysis
Finite element analysis
Yield line analysis
Equivalent frame method
The code gives further advice, in appendix I, on the equivalent frame method; those used to designing flat slabs
using BS 8110, will find this very familiar. Whatever method is used to determine the moments and shears, the
following guidance can be used for the design of the reinforcement.
Flexural Capacity
Eurocode 2 offers alternative methods for determining the stress-strain relationship of concrete. For simplicity and
familiarity the method presented here is the simplified rectangular stress block which is very similar to that found in
BS 8110 (see figure 1).
Eurocode 2 gives recommendations for the design of concrete up to grade C90/105, however, the factor, ,
modifies the strength capacity for concretes above grade C50/60. It is important to note that concrete strength is
based on the cylinder strength and not the cube strength (eg for grade C28/35 the cylinder strength is 28 MPa,
whereas the cube strength is 35 MPa).
As with BS 8110, K can be determined from the design ultimate moment, concrete strength and the width and
depth of the section. K is similarly dependant of the amount of redistribution carried out. Knowing K and K, the
lever arm, z, the area of reinforcement can be determined using formulae derived from the stress block (see Figure
2). Finally, checks can be carried out to ensure that the area of reinforcement is within the maximum and minimum
areas permitted by the code. Note that minimum area of reinforcement is greater than under BS 8110 where the
cylinder strength is over 25 MPa.
Revision 1/OB 23 February 2005
No
Concrete grade
C50/60? Outside scope of this guide
Yes
No Compression reinforcement
required Not recommend
Is K K ? for typical slabs
Deflection
In principle the assessment of deflection is similar in both Eurocode 2 and BS 8110. Eurocode 2 gives two
methods for determining whether deflection is acceptable, either by limiting the span to depth ratio or by calculation
of actual deflection. The span to depth ratios should ensure that deflection is limited to span over 250 and this is
the method presented in this guide. The deflection by calculation method is described in How to use Eurocode 2:
Deflection4.
Table 7.4N from the code presents some basic span to depth ratios and introduces a factor, K, which takes
account of the different structural systems and is reproduced here for convenience.[RW: Can table 7.4N be
Revision 1/OB 23 February 2005
interpolated?] A more accurate method is to use the formulae on which Table 7.4N is based and these are given in
Figure 3 which presents a flow chart for checking the deflection of beam elements.
Note 4: Values are obtained using expressions (7.16) for grade C30/37 concrete and s = 310 MPa
No
Is 0
l/d = K[11+1.5 fck 0/( - ) + fck{/0}/12]
Yes
3/2
l/d = K[11+1.5 fck 0/ + 3.2fck{0/-1} ]
Yes
m1 = 8.5/leff
Is actual l/d < (l/d).m1?
No
The standard factors for edge and corner columns () which allow for moment transfer are greater in
Eurocode 2. However, can be calculated directly to give more efficient designs.
The maximum value of shear at the column face is not limited to 5 MPa.
Eurocode 2 does not limit the provision of shear links to less than twice the concrete shear stress; although
such designs may not be economic or desirable.
The perimeters for rectangular columns in Eurocode 2 have rounded corners.
Where shear reinforcement is required the procedure in Eurocode 2 is simpler, the point at which no shear
reinforcement is required can be calculated directly and then used to determine the extent of the area over
which shear reinforcement is required.
It is assumed that the reinforcement will be in a radial arrangement.
The procedure for determining the punching shear requirements are shown in Figure 5 together with a
commentary.
- corner column
START Commentary
No
Is vEd,max < vRD,max? Redesign slab
VEd may be reduced by the load within the area
Yes of the column.
u1 can be assessed from Figure 6.13 in code, or
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from: from the following:
vEd = .VEd/(u1.deff) u1,sq = 2(cx + cy) + 4d for rectangular column
where u1 is length of control perimeter. where cx & cy are column dimensions
u1,cir = ( + 4d)
where is column diameter.
Determine concrete punching shear capacity
(without shear reinforcement) from:
vRD , c = 0.12k (100 l f ck )
1 3
3 0.035k 2
f ck
Expression 6.47 from code. See table x
Where k = 1 + (200/deff) 2 & l = (ly.lz) 0.02 ly.lz are the reinforcement ratios in two orthogonal
directions for fully bonded tension steel, taken over
a width equal to column width plus 3d each side.
No
No punching shear
Is vEd > vRD,c?
reinforcement required
Yes
Determine area of punching shear reinforcement from: The strength of the shear reinforcement is limited
Asw = (vEd 0.75vRd,c)sr.u1/(1.5 fywd,ef) because a full bond cannot be developed at the
Where sr is the radial spacing of shear reinforcement ends of the shear links. Where bent-up bars are
proposed refer to the code. Note it is assumed
fywd,ef = 250 + 0.25 deff fywd (See Table x)
that the reinforcement will be laid-out radially.
Determine radius of outer perimeter where shear The extent of the area requiring punching shear
reinforcement not required from: reinforcement can be determined by finding the
Uout,ef = .VEd/(vRd,c.d), and position of the outer perimeter where shear
r,sq = [Uout,ef 2(cx + cy)]/2 for rectangular column reinforcement is no longer required.
For slabs 200mm thick or greater reference should be made to section 7.3.3 of the code or the How to use
Eurocode 2: Getting Started5 guide
It should be provided between the face of the column and kd inside the outer perimeter, where no shear
reinforcement is no longer required. k is 1.5, unless the perimeter at which reinforcement is no longer
required is less than 3d from the face of the column. In this case the reinforcement should be placed in the
zone 0.3d and 1.5d from the face of the column.
The radial spacing of the links should not exceed 0.75d (see figure X).
The tangential spacing of the links should not exceed 1.5d within the 2d of the column face.
The tangential spacing of the links should not exceed 2d for any other perimeter.
The distance between the face of the column and the nearest shear reinforcement should be less than
0.5d.
Perimeter of outermost
shear links
Further Guidance
TBC
Revision 1/OB 23 February 2005
References
1
BRITSH STANDARDS INSTITUTION Eurocode 2: design of concrete structures Part 1-1 General rules and
rules for building, BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004.
2
BRITSH STANDARDS INSTITUTION The structural use of concrete Part 1 Code of practice for design and
construction, BS 8110-1: 1997
3
THE CONCRETE CENTRE How to use Eurocode 2: Introduction, 2005.
4
THE CONCRETE CENTRE How to use Eurocode 2: Deflections, 2005
5
THE CONCRETE CENTRE How to use Eurocode 2: Getting Started, 2005