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The T-s diagram is shown on the right. Some of the features are: T
3
o state 1 is saturated liquid
o state 4 is saturated mixture 2
o state 3 is superheated
o 12 and 34 are isentropic
1 4
o P2 = P3; P1 = P4.
s
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 2 of 9
h2s = h1 v1(P1 P2) = 191.83 0.001010(10 10,000) = 201.92 kJ/kg. pump condenser
State 2a is found from the isentropic efficiency of the compressor:
c = (h2s h1)/(h2a h1)
h2a = (h2s h1)/c + h1 = (201.92 191.83)/0.95 + 191.83 = 202.45 kJ/kg.
State 3 is at 10 MPa and 500 C: h3 = 3373.7 kJ/kg, s3 = 6.5966 kJ/kgK.
State 4s is at 1 MPa and s4 = s3: interpolate between T sat and 200 C to get h4s = 2782.78 kJ/kg.
State 4a is found from the isentropic efficiency of turbine:
t = (h4a h3)/(h4s h3)
h4a = t(h4s h3) + h3 = 0.8(2782.78 3373.7) + 3373.7 = 2900.96 kJ/kg.
State 5 is at 1 MPa and 500 C: h5 = 3478.5 kJ/kg, s5 = 7.7622 kJ/kgK.
State 6s is at 10 kPa and s6 = s5: This is saturated mixture. sf = 0.6493 kJ/kgK, sfg = 7.5009 kJ/kgK.
x6s = (s6 sf)/sfg = (7.7622 0.6493)/7.5009 = 0.9483.
hf = 191.83 kJ/kg, hfg = 2392.8 kJ/kg h6s = 2460.86 kJ/kg.
State 6a is found from the isentropic efficiency of turbine:
h6a = t(h6s h5) + h5 = 0.8(2460.86 3478.5) + 3478.5 = 2664.38 kJ/kg.
a) This is greater than hg, so we have a superheated vapor.
Interpolate between 50 C and 100 C to find T 6 = 87.82 C.
b) The thermal efficiency of the reheat cycle is given by:
w net h1 h2 + h 3 h 4 + h5 h 6 191 .83 202 .45 + 3373 .7 2900 .96 + 3478 .5 2664 .38
th = = =
q in h3 h 2 + h5 h 4 3373 .7 201 .92 + 3478 .5 2900 .96
1276 .24
= = 0.3404, or 34.04 percent.
3749 .32
T
3 5
c) The mass flow rate is given by:
80 MW/wnet = 80,000 /1276.24 = 62.68 kg/s.
2a
The important features of the T-s diagram are: 2s
4s 4a
o state 1 is saturated liquid
o state 6s is saturated mixture 6a
1 6s
o states 3, 4s, 4a, 5, 6a are superheated
s
o T 3 = T 5; P2 = P3; P4 = P5; P1 = P6.
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 3 of 9
The air cycle is an ideal Brayton cycle. Using variable specific heats: chamber
P 1
State 2: Pr 2 = P r 1 2 = 1.386014 = 19.404
P1 1* heat 4
8 exchanger
Interpolate between 620 K and 630 K h2 = 635.52 kJ/kg. 9
The steam cycle is a regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heater.
State 5 is a saturated liquid at 20 kPa:
h5 = 251.40 kJ/kg, v5 = 0.001017 m3/kg.
State 6 is at the feedwater pressure of 0.6 MPa.
wpump,1 = v5(P5 P6) = 0.001017(20 600) = -0.5899 kJ/kg.
h6 = h5 wpump,1 = 251.40 (-0.5899) = 251.99 kJ/kg.
State 7 is saturated liquid at 0.6 MPa:
h7 = 670.56 kJ/kg, v7 = 0.001101 m3/kg.
State 8 is at 8 MPa.
wpump,2 = v7(P7 P8) = 0.001101(600 8000) = -8.1474 kJ/kg.
h8 = h7 wpump,2 = 670.56 (-8.1474) = 678.71 kJ/kg.
State 9 is at 8 MPa and 400 C: h9 = 3138.3 kJ/kg, s9 = 6.3634 kJ/kgK.
State 10 is at 0.6 MPa and s10 = s9: sf = 1.9312 kJ/kgK and sfg = 4.8288 kJ/kgK x10 = 0.9179.
hf = 670.56 kJ/kg, hfg = 2086.3 kJ/kg h10 = 2585.5 kJ/kg
State 11 is at 20 kPa and s11 = s9: sf = 0.8320 kJ/kgK and sfg = 7.0766 kJ/kgK x11 = 0.7816.
hf = 251.40 kJ/kg, hfg = 2358.3 kJ/kg h11 = 2094.76 kJ/kg
Heat balance around the open FWH to find y: yh10 + (1 y)h6 = h7
h7 h6 670 .56 251 .99
y = = = 0.179.
h10 h 6 2585 .5 251 .99
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 4 of 9
9-67 (continued)
a) The air-to-steam ratio is found from heat balance around the heat exchanger:
m& air h h9 678 .71 3138 .3
m& air (h 1* h 4 ) = m& steam (h 8 h 9 ) = 8 = = 8.98.
m& steam h 1* h 4 462 .02 735.83
W& net = m& air w net ,B + m& steam w net ,R = 8.98m& steamw net ,B + m& steamw net ,R
c) The thermal efficiency is: th = W&net Q&in = 450 720.3 = 0.6247, or 62.5 percent.
9-84 (continued)
State 5 is at 10 MPa and 500 C: h5 = 3373.7 kJ/kg, s5 = 6.5966 kJ/kgK.
State 6 is at the reheater pressure of 1 MPa and s6 = s5:
Interpolate between sat. temperature and 200 C h6 = 2782.78 kJ/kg.
State 7 is at 1 MPa and 500 C: h7 = 3478.5 kJ/kg, s7 = 7.7622 kJ/kgK.
State 8 is at 0.6 MPa and s8 = s7: interpolate between 400 C and 500 C h8 = 3309.52 kJ/kg.
State 9 is at 15 kPa and s9 = s7: x9 = 0.966, h9 = 2518.46 kJ/kg.
a) The fraction of steam extracted for regeneration is found from a heat balance around the open
feedwater heater:
h3 h 2 670 .56 226 .53
yh8 + (1 y)h2 = h3 y = = = 0.144.
h8 h2 3309 .52 226 .53
s
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 6 of 9
W&in = m& (h1 h 2 ) = 0.05(233.86 270.22) = -1.818 kW, or 1.818 kW of power input.
b) Heat is rejected between states 2 and 3:
Q&out = m& (h3 h 2 ) = 0.05(86.8 270.22) = -9.171 kW, or 9.171 kW of heat rejected.
T
The T-s diagram is characterized by: 2
o state 1 is saturated vapor
3
o state 2 is superheated vapor
o state 3 is saturated liquid
o state 4 is saturated mixture 4 1
o P2 = P3; P4 = P1.
o 12 is isentropic s
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 7 of 9
W&in = m& (h1 h 2a ) = 0.03437(243.40 298.07) = -1.879 kW, or 1.879 kW of power input.
b) The heat removal from refrigerated space is between states 4 and 1*:
Q&in = m& (h1* h 4 ) = 0.03437(236.23 91.49) = 4.975 kW.
c) The pressure drop between states 1* and 1 is: 141.87 140 = 1.87 kPa.
& (h1 h1* ) = 0.03437(243.40 236.23) = 0.246 kW
The rate of heat gained is: Q& = m
T 2s 2a
The T-s diagram is characterized by:
o state 1* is saturated vapor 3
o states 1, 2s, and 2a are superheated vapor
o state 3 is compressed liquid 1
o state 4 is saturated mixture 4 1*
o P2 = P3; P4 = P1*
s
o 12s is isentropic
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 8 of 9
Upper Cycle:
State 5 is a saturated vapor at 0.4 MPa h5 = 252.32 kJ/kg, s5 = 0.9145 kJ/kgK.
State 6 is at 0.8 MPa and s6 = s5. Interpolate between T sat and 40 C to get h6 = 266.59 kJ/kg.
State 7 is a saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa h3 = 93.42 kJ/kg.
State 8 is a saturated mixture at 0.4 MPa, and h4 = h3.
a) The mass flow rate of the lower cycle is found from a heat balance around the heat exchanger:
m& U (h 5 h 8 ) = m& L (h 2 h 3 )
c) The coefficient of performance is: COP = Q&in W&in = 33.97 7.588 = 4.477.
ES-7A Thermodynamics HW 8: 9-22, 29, 67, 84; 10-11, 19, 38, 86
Spring 2003 Page 9 of 9
a) The heat supplied to the house comes from the condenser, 23:
Q&out = m& (h3 h 2 ) = 0.24(99.56 271.41) = -41.243 kW, or 41.24 kW supplied to the house.
b) The volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet (state 1) is:
V& = m& v 1 = 0.24(0.0834) = 0.020 m3 /s.
c) The coefficient of performance is:
Q& out
COP =
W& in
W&in = m& (h1 h 2 ) = 0.24(244.09 271.41) = -6.557 kW, or 6.557 kW power input.
COP = 41.24/6.557 = 6.290.