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A Morphophonological Description of Kalasha As An Indo Aryan Language With Greek Roots PDF
A Morphophonological Description of Kalasha As An Indo Aryan Language With Greek Roots PDF
Elizabeth Mela-Athanasopoulou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
The research aims at giving a detailed description of the linguistic typology of Kalasha, an endangered language,
spoken by about 3,000 Kalasha (The most recent demographic research documented 3,254 Kalasha speakers
(Mela-Athanasopoulou & Taleem Khan, 2011)) in the valleys of Chitral, northwest of Pakistan. The papers aim is
to show that this marginally studied language is Indo-Aryan, as it has Sanskrit and Ancient Greek influences on it
(Masica, 1991; Trail, 1996). Particular attention will be given to the Inflectional Morphology of the language, e.g.,
case and number morphemes (Trail, 1996), as well as verbal inflections and their argument, participle and
grammaticalization phenomena, etc., in order to show how much of classical Greek is still in use in Kalasha. It will
be shown, for example, that Kalasha has the remnants of a full synthetic case-marking system of ancient Greek.
Furthermore, the lexical morphology of the language will be briefly exhibited. The scope of this part of the study
will show that despite the various influences on the language (e.g., Persian and Urdu), Kalasha seems to have
sustained time and has retained Greek lexical items intact, e.g., Kalasha (K.) Oxus < Greek (Gr.) Axios: K. Birir <
Gr. Veroia; K. Ayan < Gr. Aegae: K. Hadda < Sk. Hella < Gr. Hellas: K. Rtoa < Gr. Neos young, etc..
Introduction
Kalasha is classified as an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic Chitral group, together with such Dardic
groups as Pashai, Pech, Kohistani, Shina and Kashmiri. Morgenstierne (1932) also classified Kalasha as an
Indo-Aryan1 language, closely related to Khowar: Probably the two languages belong to the first wave of
Indo-Aryan immigrants from the south (p. 51).
The authors position is that, historical, anthropological and linguistic records (as we shall see in this study)
manifest a significant presence of Greeks in the North-West area of Pakistan and Afghanistan in Hellenistic
times (G. H. Trail, 1996). On the other hand, the author would not exclude the Indo-Aryan origin documented
by the Sanskrit etymology of certain words in Kalasha.
In this study, the author will present linguistic evidence of the Greek influence on the morphophonology
Elizabeth Mela-Athanasopoulou, assistant professor of Department of Theoretical and Linguistics, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki.
1
According to Masica (1991, pp. 51-54) Indo-Aryan is divided linguistically into three stages: Old Indo-Aryan (1500-600 B.C.)
including Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit, Middle Indo-Aryan (600 B.C.-1000 A.D.) including Prakrit and Pali, and New
Indo-Aryan (1000 A.D.-present) to which Kalasha belongs.
406 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
and the lexicon of the language, entirely based on primary data recordings2 of spontaneous dialogues, in the
sense of Himmelmann (2006), or pre-planned semantically and grammatically oriented speech performed by
native speaker families.
2
In order to collect data, the author went to the valleys where the Kalasha people live, and lived with them for about three
months. She was very lucky to have as her main language consultant Mr. Taleem Khan, who took her to the most remote villages
of all the three valleys, Rumbur, Bumburet and Birir, to collect as much linguistic material as possible. The author also attempted
a perilous trip to Urtsun and recorded the few Kalasha speakers only to find out that the language of the younger population was
hardly comprehensible to the authors Kalasha language consultants. Only one video of a very old man documented the language
but still with serious losses. To Taleem Khan and his group the author is deeply indebted.
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 407
consonants in final position become voiceless, e.g., b p, etc. and word-final voiceless consonants may turn
into voiced if a vowel is added, e.g., uk ug; uk water ug-ay in the water.
Table 1
The Kalasha Alphabet
Letter Name of letter Example Gloss
1 Aa a au bread; food
2 Bb ba baya brother
3 Cc tsa cawmos winter festival
4 Dd da dur house
5 Ee e ek one
6 Gg ga gak cow
7 Hh ha homa our
8 Ii i im I come
9 Jj dza ju yoke
10 Kk ka karim I do
11 Ll la l salt
12 Mm ma mo dont
13 Nn na ne no!
14 Oo o ondrak egg
15 Pp pa parim I go
16 Rr ra re path in the snow
17 Ss sa sat seven
18 Tt ta tron loom for weaving
19 Uu u uk water
20 Ww wa wawa grandfather
21 Yy ya yuru vein; artery
22 Zz za za vegetables
Table 2
The Kalasha Vowel Phonemes (Letters: i, e, a, o, u).
Letter: Oral IPA Example Gloss
i /i/ its bear
e /e/ ec eye
a /a/ awa grandmother
o /o/ onza fry pan
u /u/ uhuk owl
Table 3
Retroflex3 Marked With an Inverted Comma Next to It
Letter IPA Example Gloss
i /ir / hia heart
e /er / amea sheep
a /ar / ai duck
o /or / onga cuff of shalwar
u /ur / ughuik to repair a millstone
3
See also Heegrd & Mrch (2004).
408 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Table 4
Nasalized
Letter IPA Example Gloss
// pachak bird
// kh how?
// hsh horse
// sskik to sweep
// gzi dented
Table 5
Both Retroflex and Nasalized
Letter IPA Example Gloss
/r/ gawaak rabbit
/r/ h Ayon
/r/ mik necklace
/r/ sha dog
/r/ p the grape harvest
Table 6
The Kalasha Consonant Phonemes
Letter Phonemes IPA Example Gloss
Bb b /b/ baba sister
Cc c /c/ cay tea
Dd d /d/ dada father
Gg g /g/ gak cow
Hh h /h/ hsh horse
Jj j /j/ ja wife
Kk k /k/ kuc stomach
Ll l /l/ lahas sick
Mm m /m/ mos meat
Nn n /n/ nas nose
Pp p /p/ pay goat
Rr r /r/ rat night
Ss s /s/ suri sun
Tt t /t/ tari star
Ww w /w/ warash bird
Yy y /j/ yuru vein
Zz z /z/ za vegetable
Table 7
Retroflex
Letter IPA Example Gloss
c /cr/ casa cheese
d /dr/ da wine
j /jr/ janjer chain
l /lr/ lawak fox
s /sr/ susutr female head cover
t /tr/ tong pear
z /zr/ zar quickly
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 409
Table 8
Aspirated: All Consonants Can Be Aspirated Except From w and y
Letter IPA Example Gloss
bh /bh/ bhut shalwar, trousers
ch /ch/ chu daughter
dh /dh/ dhan roasted corn
gh /gh/ ghona big
jh /jh/ jhaw fence made of branches
kh /kh/ khawa conical basket
lh /lh/ lhoyak flat and smooth
mh /mh/ mhal curse
nh /nh/ nhast nose
ph /ph/ phaw earth
rh /rh/ rhadidish pine-cone
sh /sh/ shara mountain goat
th /th/ thara above, on
zh /zh/ zho Barley
Table 9
Both Retroflex and Aspirated (Only Three: ch, dh and lh)
Letter IPA Example Gloss
ch /chr/ chir milk
dh /dhr/ dhok high forests (marginally manifested)
lh /lhr/ lhos charcoal (only one item found)
4
Adjectives, also, have no gender distinction, e.g., ghona big; tall is identical in both ghona moc a big man and ghona
istriza a big woman.
410 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Table 10
Case-Suffixation of Common Nouns in Kalasha
Animate Inanimate
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative , -an, -n
Genitive/Oblique -as, -a -an, -nan, -n -as -an
Dative -as -an -as -an,
Accusative
Instrumental -an
Locative -a, -una, -ai
Ablative -ey, -en, -ani, -aw
Temporal -ano, -asa
Vocative -ow, , -an?
The Kalasha language makes a distinction between animate and inanimate nouns, which affect both their
number and case, exhibiting distinct inflectional case and number morphemes. The plurality morphemes are
always marked in the Genitive/Oblique and Dative case which are identical and they are {-an} and {-anan},
with both animate and inanimate common nouns. However, those animate nouns ending with {-a} in the
Nominative Singular, take {-on} in the Genitive plural, instead of {-an} and {-anan}, for example, am-a
sheep, am-n, batya kid goat, baty-n, suda child, sud-n, sha dog, sh-n. Ishtrizha wooman,
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 411
ishtrizh-n, etc., but, moc man, Gen.Pl. (Genitive Plural) moc-an, pay goat, Gen.Pl. pay-an, push flower,
Gen.Pl. push-an, wazir minister, Gen.Pl. waziran, etc.. The Genitive plural {-n} is definitely the Greek plural
suffix -on/-n. It is amazing that Morgenstierne did not give any etymological explanation of -on, while he
suggested the Old Indo-Aryan -asya as the origin for the Genitive Singular -as (Morgenstierne, 1973, p. 207).
Moreover, Heegrd Petersen gave no etymological information of {-on}, This I am unable to explain
otherwise than referring to analogy: {-n} > {-n} (Heegrd Petersen, 2007, p. 61).
Now consider the Gen.Pl. -n < Gr. -n functioning as the nominal complement in post position phrases:
am-on hatya < Gr. - /amn-on eneken/ of the sheep for, for the sake of the sheep (Tzartzanos,
2006a/1960a, p. 150) (see Table 11).
Table 11
The Genitive Plural With Post-Positions in Kalasha and Greek
Kalasha Greek
nast-n hatya , heneken
1
dead-Gen.Pl. for Benef. nekr-n for Benef.
for (the sake of) the dead for (the sake of) the dead
Ka. tasi hatya au kar-in
PN 3rd Gen.Pl.
for (the sake of) Benef. food make-3rd Pl.Pr.
Dat.Pl.
2 Gr.
Tout-on heneken trofi pratoun
them for (the sake of) food make
They make food for them.
Let us go back to case-marking of common nouns. The Nominative case is zero marked for the Singular
(see Table 10) for both animate and inanimate nouns. Only few animate nouns show either unmarked or marked
Nominative for the Plural, i.e., {-an}, {-n} or zero, e.g., ek moc iu day one man is coming; bo moc/mocan in
day many people are coming.
Interestingly, Morgenstierne, in the texts he recorded, cited one more nominative plural morpheme {-ai} or
{-ei}, which the author documented in her recordings: may putrai zhe chulai aya ita aan My sons and
daughters here they have come.
So, apart from the Nominative, Genitive-Oblique Dative and Vocative, no other case is marked for the
animate nouns, whereas, with the inanimate nouns all cases are marked, except for the nominative and vocative
in Table 10.
The dative case in Kalasha with ditransitive verbs. The Dative case is identical, in form with the
Genitive case in both Singular and Plural in Table 10 (see Table 12).
The dative case with post-/pre-position in Kalasha and Greek. The Dative case with post-/pre-position
in Kalasha and Greek can be explained as follows (see Table 13).
Current linguistic literature (Bashir, 1988; Trail, 1996; Heegrd Petersen, 2007) do not give any
suggestions with regard to the origin of these case endings. For example, Morgenstierne said, I am unable
to suggest any explanation of the Obl. Plural forms in -ana, -anu and -ani (Morgenstierne, 1973, p. 209).
Here Morgenstierne talks of only one morpheme of the Ablative case. He does not mention -ey or -aw.
Heegrd Petersen (2007) discussed quite extensively on the distributional and semantic parameters of
412 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Locative and Ablative case endings, but nothing on their origin. What follows is an attempt to relate the
Locative, Ablative, as well as the Instrumental and Temporal case endings with Greek correspondent
morphemes.
Case marking of inanimate nouns indicating location5, origin and instrument. This is documented in
Table 14.
Table 14 is exemplified in Table 15.
Now consider some data from the authors recordings indicating the Locative case endings in Kalasha (see
Table 16).
Kalasha has also retained case marking in personal pronouns.
Table 12
The Dative Case in Kalasha With Ditransitive Verbs
Se batyak-as au del.
1 He/she baby goat-Dat food give-3rd sg
He/she gives food to the baby goat
will give
Gr. -- t t
i-o-mi tini ti
2 give-1st sg PN-Dat PN-Acc
I give to somebody something
Bo baya-si zhe bo baba-si ek gak asau
Many brother-Dat. Benef. and many
one cow is
sister-Dat. Benef.
3 For many brothers and sisters there is one cow.
Dat. Benef. Dat. Benef.
Polis aalfis ke aelfes mia aelas esti
may tre chul-ai asinyi.
me-Dat.sg.Benef. three daughter-pl were-3rd pl
(for) me three daughters were
4 I had three daughters
Greek: - a
emi tris iater-es isan
dat.sg.Ben three daughter-Pl.Nom. were-3rd pl.
I had three daughters
Gr. Dat.Pl. - Dat.Pl.
pari shhon hatya au hari
tis kisi
go-Imp dog-Dat pl for food take-Imp the Dat pl. dog-Dat pl.
5
the dogs for
Go and take food for the dogs
for the dogs
Fragulis, 2004, p. 451
Tasi bachohon ne aliphik abaw
To them-Dat. Pl. cow-Dat. Pl. not follow could
6 He could not follow (and catch) the cows.
Gr. Dat.Sg. I follow sb
epome tini
5
For a more detailed description of local case marking, see Heegrd Petersen (2007).
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 413
Table 13
The Dative Case With Post-/Pre-position in Kalasha and Greek
Zam, dura ita, cai pi jaas som
Zam home-to having come, tea having drunk wife-Dat with
1 Having come home and drunk tea, Zam with his wife
Greek:
ineki sin sin ineki
with (his) wife
Toa se bo kahari la, tasi som hiu day
Then he/she very angry, them-Dat.Pl. become Pr.Cont.
2 Then he will be very angry with them
Greek: tisi sin tasi som
them-Dat.Pl with with them
pay-an som wal pariman ais
goat-Dat sg with watching go-Past Cont.
3 Greek: with the goat
ei sin
goat-Dat with
Aya homa som zht shiau.
Here usDat.Pl. with water mill is
There is a watermill here with us
4 Here we have a watermill.
(Greek)
hemin synsyn hemin
Table 14
Case Marking Morphemes of Location, Origin and Instrument
Kalasha Ancient Greek
Locative: -a, -ai (-ay), -una Locative: -a, -(as)i, -(is)i -i
meaning: at, in, on meaning: at, in, on
Ablative: -en, -ani, -aw, -ey Origin: -en
meaning: from meaning: from
Instrumental (Dative case of inanimate
Instrumental: -an
nouns Sing/Pl.
meaning: by means of
meaning: by means of
Table 15
Locative, Ablative and Instrumental Case Morphemes in Kalasha and Greek
Kalasha cases Ancient Greek cases
Locative Dative case
Locative
Locative particles (stative)
ek awat-a at one place o- en ikia at home
-a -a
dur-a at the window; at home - en yr-a at the window
tasa dur-ay te moc prust en Plate-asi
his house in they people good -asi At Plateae
-ay In his house the people are good -isi en in-isi
-y, i a and-ay caker aris -i in Athens
I here walk did -i _o iki at home
Here I had a walk aftoi here
ta tropaia ta te
Bra sukul-una
Marathoni the trophies those Marathon at the
-una Brun school at -oni
trophies at Marathon (Tzartzanos, 2006/1960, p.
At Brun school
70)
(to be continued)
414 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Table 16
The Locative Case Endings in Kalasha
A dur-a walim day
1 I at the house I am waiting
I am waiting at home
Al-ay son-ay paam
2 There to the high pasture to go 1st Sg. Pr./Fut.
There to the high pastures I go/I will go.
Kaw-ey Bra
3 A Where from B Brun from
Where are you from? I am from Brun
Kaw-a maas day? Bra sukul-una
4 A Where at are you learning? B Brun at school at
Where are you learning? At Brun school.
Pronominal case marking in Kalasha and Ancient Greek. Pronominal case marking in Kalasha and
Ancient Greek is shown in Table 17.
Verbs
Finite verb forms in Kalasha can be described as having Tense, Aspect and Modal affixes. The verb agrees
with the subject in person and number and by the use of auxiliaries (to include aspect), in animacy. The verb
asik to be (see Table 18) is essential for the formation of perfect/non-perfect forms. The Ancient Greek
counterpart is juxtaposed.
There are as many as eight conjugation classes in Kalasha (Bashir, 1988, p. 26). What is striking is that in
all classes the inflectional suffixes indicating person have their roots in Greek. For example, the 2nd singular
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 415
and the 3rd plural are identical. Also, the past tense with certain verbs is formed by a circumfix, as in Greek
(see Table 19).
Table 17
Pronominal Case Marking in Kalasha and Ancient Greek
Personal oronouns
1st person Singular 1st person plural
Kalasha Greek Kalasha Greek
a abi
Nominative eo hemis 6
I we
may homa
Genitive/Oblique emu , hemon
of me/me of us/our
may homa
Dative emi , hemin
to me to us
may homa
Accusative eme , hemas
me us
Table 18
Asik to be (Animate); Shiik be (Inanimate)
Present
Kalasha Greek Sanskrit
- < -
as-am asmi
imi < esmi
as-as ei asi
as-au - esti asti
shi-au (inanimate) - -
as-ik - esmen smas
as-a - este stha
as-an -() isi(n) santi
shi-an (inanimate) - -
Table 19
Verbal Inflectional Affixes in Kalasha (1st Singular, Present/Past)
matr-am a-matr-is pash-im a-pash-is
speak 1st sg Pres Past-speak-Past 1st sg see 1st sg Pres Past-see-Past 1st sg
I speak I spoke I see I saw
Due to the lack of space, the author shall not go into details as to tense formation. Tables 20-23 provide
indicative examples of the verbs ik to come, parik7 to go, and hik to become.
The verb ik = to come
Greek root i- > ei I come ( Latin eo I come; iter itinerary)
The verb h-ik = to become
Gr. -- < Root -, -, -,
i-n-ome < en-, on-, n- to become; also to happen (Georgopapadakos, 1964, p. 49).
(L. gig-no Gr. root n- reduplicated i-n- ) (Georgopapadakos, 1964, p. 49).
6
The sign on top of stands for /h/ of hemis.(cf. Kalasha homa). It is called rough breathing and initially it was
the letter h which, if word initially, turned into the sign. (Tzartzanos, 2006/1960, p. 13)
7
The infinitival suffix for all verbs is {-ik}/{-ek}.
416 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Table 20
Present/Future of the Verb ik to Come
Present indicative Present imperative
Kalasha Greek Gloss Kalasha Greek
im imi I come Sing. i - ithi
is i you come Pl.eo - ite
iu isi he comes Present/Past Participle
ik imen we come Kalasha Greek Greek derivatives
eo ite you come - - i-on - i-tis brave
- i-teon
in iasi they come
must come'
Table 21
Present Simple/Future of the Verb Parik = to go
Kalasha Greek
A par-im < - par-imi
Tu par-is - par-is
Se par-iu - par-isi
Abi par-ik - par-imen
Abi par-eo/par-a - par-ite
Te par-in - par-iasi
Table 22
The Imperative and the Participle in Kalasha and Greek
Present imperative Present/Past participle
Kalasha Greek Kalasha Greek
ing.par-i - parithi pa-i - pari-on
Pl.par-a - parite
Table 23
Present/Future of the Verb h-ik to Become
Present simple/future Simple past
Kalasha Greek Kalasha Greek
-/ eaos/eos
A h-im - in-ome h-awis
having become
Tu h-is - in-i
Se h-iu - in-ete
-
Abi h-ik
in-omea
Abi h-ali - in-ese
Te h-in - in-onte
Consider now some verb roots observed in the data below (see Table 24).
The Kalasha Participle
Past participles in Kalasha can function freely as adjuncts in the sense that subject control is done by the
matrix sentence. They may also occur as subject controlled absolute constructions (Ancient Greek absolute
genitives). Consider the data in Table 25.
The exact equivalent subject controlled as well as absolute past participle genitives are found in Ancient
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 417
Table 24
Some Identical Verb Roots in Kalasha and Greek
Zam ustiu; usti baza maza ningiu
Zam get up-3rd sg get up-pp hand wash-3rd sg
1
Zam gets up/will get up; having got up, he washes/will wash his hands
ningiu < ningik to wash
Greek Root -, -, ni-, nip- to wash
Zam-a ja-as au kai, dur mur soskiu
Zam-gen wife-gen food having made the house (she) sweep-3rd sg
2
Having made food, Zams wife sweeps/will sweep the house.
soskiu < soskik to sweep
Greek Root - sar- to sweep
Phato Zam dura iu
Then Zam house-to come-3rd sg
Then Zam comes/will come to his house.
Dura ita, au zui cai mai pi
house-to home-pp food eat-pp tea drink-pp
Having come to his house, having eaten food and having drunk tea
3
jaas som bo koshan thi, ..
wife-his with very happy become-pp
Having become very happy with his wife.
iu < eo, ita < eo to come
Greek Root -, to come > - i-men we come, - i-tis, - i-tamos
pi-PP < piik drink (Georgopapadakos, 2010/1964, p. 68)
Greek Root -, -, pi-, po-, to drink (Tzartzanos, 2006a/1960a, p. 181)
Table 25
Kalasha Past Participles as Absolute Constructions
1 Son-ay pa-i, casa on-im.
High pasture to having gone, cheese I will bring.
Having gone to the high pasture, I will bring cheese.
2 Cuti th-i-o, tu kia kar-is day?
Holiday having passed, you what are doing?
After the holiday has passed, what are you doing?
3 Zama jaas shula udriman Ata-i, angar kariu
ZamGen wifeGen wood inside atek-pp fire make-3rd sg
having makes/will
Zams wife wood inside fire
brought make
Having brought wood inside, Zams wife makes/will make fire.
4 Angar Ka-i, cai thal. Cai Tha-i, au kariu.
fire make-pp tea thek-3rd sg tea thek-pp food Make-3rd sg
Having made fire, (she) will pour tea; having poured tea, (she) will make food.
418 KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS
Table 26
Greek Past Participles as Absolute Constructions
anir kakopramon sinorisamenos lavon strouion
man ill-doer having bet-PP having taken-PP sparrow
One vicious man having made a bet, (and) having taken-PP a sparrow.
1
kai touto skepasas iken is to ieron
and this having covered arrived at the holy place
and then having covered it, he arrived at the holy place
Aesops Tales, Kefalidis-Moumtzakis, 1994, p. 307.
A
Arastou-Gen.Sg. kai ke itienton-
epi ivas Stratefsanton-Gen.Pl.Absolute
Polinikous-Gen.Sg Gen.Pl.Absolute
2 and having been
Arastoss and Polinikess against Thebes having attacked-PP
defeated-PP
and Polinikis having attacked Thebae and (having) been beaten
Lysias 7-9, Epitafios, Kefalidis-Moumtzakis, 1994, p. 307.
Conclusions
The main scope of this research was to present an empirical morphophonological description of Kalasha
with regard to its roots in the Greek of the 3rd cy BC.
After exposing briefly the phonology and morphology of Kalasha, the author discussed thoroughly the
inflectional system with regard to number and case, especially the oblique cases, juxtaposing the authors data
with Greek. Then the author gave a sketchy view of the personal pronouns emphasizing those with the Greek
8
See Kortmann & Konig, 1992; Mela-Athanasopoulou, 2003.
9
Morgenstierne callsi absolutive suffix (Morgenstierne, G. 1973, p. 236).
KALASHA AS AN INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE WITH GREEK ROOTS 419
Table 27
Deverbal Postpositions in Kalasha
Sil-una dai, mo par-i
bridge-loc. give-pp dont go-imper.
the bridge next to, by dont go
Dont go by the bridge.
cay zhe au ek kai hari
tea and food one make-pp take Imp.
tea and food together take!
Take both tea and food!
ek ka-i, dudai
one make-pp put to sleep-Imp
Put them to sleep together.
A zhe tu ek thi, parik
I and you one become-pp go-1st pl
You and I will go together.
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