ADVANCE D HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER 422
(ChE422)

DRYING I

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 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
understand the drying principles and method
Physical mechanism of Drying
describe the type of dryers
understand the equilibrium moisture content principle
discuss and analyse rate of drying
constant-rate period
falling-rate period

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 OBJECTIVES

In this lesson, students should be able to:

understand the drying principles and
method
describe the type of dryers

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 DEFINITION

Removal small amount of water/other liquid

from solid material

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 DRYING METHOD

HOW CAN WATER/OTHERS LIQUIDS

BE REMOVED FROM SOLIDS?

thermal
capital cost
mechanical operating cost
operation

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 DRIED SUBSTANCE

BONE-DRY : product contain no liquid

DRIED TABLE SALT 0.5% H2O

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 DRIED SUBSTANCE

drying as a preservation technique

(biological materials, esp. food)
at < 10 % wt water content
microorganisms are not active
enzymes do not cause chemical change
usually < 5% wt water content to preserve
flavor and nutrition

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 SOLID PARTICLES TO BE DRIED
many different forms:
solid

flakes
granules
crystals
powders
slabs
continuous sheets
liquid with suspended solid
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 APPLICATION

Drying of polymers:
1. Wet powders, where the particles
have been formed: PVC, ABS, HDPE,
PP, PAN
2. Emulsions and solutions, where the
particles are formed during the
drying process: EVA, PMMA, PVA,
Acrylic Resins, Paraformaldehyde.

Ref :
http://www.niro.dk/ndk_website/NIRO/cmsdoc.nsf/
WebDoc/ndkk5hvjg9PolymerDrying 9
 DRYING METHOD
BATCH OR CONTINUOUS

Physical condition used to add heat & remove

water vapor :

1. Air drying: direct contact with heated air at

atmospheric pressure
2. Vacuum drying (low pressure) & heat flow
indirectly (in contact with metal wall or
radiation)
3. Freeze drying: water is sublimed from frozen
material
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 CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS

CONTINUOUS OR BATCH
AGITATION/UNAGITATION

SOLID IS EXPOSED TO :

DIRECT CONTACT WITH HOT GAS

EXTERNAL MEDIUM (CONDENSING STEAM)

HEATED BY DIELECTRIC/RADIANT/MICROWAVE

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 CLASSIFICATION OF DRYERS

ADIABATIC OR DIRECT DRYERS

SOLIDS ARE EXPOSED TO HOT GAS

NONADIABATIC OR INDIRECT DRYERS

HEAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM EXTERNAL MEDIUM

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 SOLID HANDLING IN DRYER

granular rotary
radiation/conduction conduction and/or radiation
permeable
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 SOLID HANDLING IN DRYER

Fluidized bed
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DRYING EQUIPMENT

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DRYING EQUIPMENT

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 TRAY DRYER
solid material (food) is spread out, generally quite
thinly, on trays
heating
air current sweeping across the trays
conduction from heated trays
conduction from heated shelves on which the trays lie
radiation from heated surfaces
most tray dryers are heated by air, which also
removes the moist vapours

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 TUNNEL DRYER

developments of the tray dryer

trays on trolleys move through a tunnel
heat is applied and vapours removed
in most cases, air is used
material move through dryer
parallel
counter current to air flow
combination
sometimes dryers are compartmented
cross-flow

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 ROLLER/DRUM DRYER
solid material (food) is spread over surface of a
heated drum
drum rotates
food being applied to drum at one part of cycle
food remains on drum surface for greater part
of rotation
during which drying takes place
is then scraped off
may be regarded as conduction drying

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 SPRAY DRYER
Liquid/fine solid material in a slurry
is sprayed as fine droplet dispersion
into a current of heated air
air and solids move
parallel
counterflow
drying occurs very rapidly
materials damaged by exposure to
heat for prolonged time
large
particles settle & dry without
touching walls - stick
commercial dryers
10 m diameter
20 m high

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 ASSIGNMENT

Analyse the advantages and

disadvantages of the following type
of dryers :
1. Tray Dryer
2. Rotary Dryer
3. Spray Dryer
4. Freeze Dryer

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 REFERENCES

Books :
1. Geankoplis C. J., Transport Processes and
Separation Process Principles, 4th Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. McCabe W. M., Smith J. C. and Harriott P., Unit
Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2005.

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THANK YOU

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