N9X
X][X@%
@%9
(P
?N9='
N
N!99_





 ghl - 2
tuyhWF Kija fhy tuyhWF Kgl
fhy ah
ah Augh gghL

fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhtJ. %gh
J fhgf
1. tuyhWF Kija fhy
bkhfnrhjhnuh
2. Augh ehff njhwK ts.
3. Augh kf r_f bghUshjhu iyikf.
4. Augh kf gghL thif.
nyhj
5. Augh ehff m.

Rghfh
ah kj Fy tuyhW, tuyhW fhyF
KUnj bjhlFwJ. tuyhWF Kija fhyij g mu fl
kh tfhs Flh
mJbfhtjF vGJ toyhd rhWf ilgiy.
UD, ah gntW gFfUJ ilJs uk md
Vuhskhd bjhbghU rhWf mogil fhy
gyhtu
tuyhiw gilf KowJ. ffUf, kghl XLf,
fiybghUf, cnyhf fUf nghw bghUf t
mlF. fhy kf thifia mJ bfhtjF
bjha ts bgJ gagLwJ.
Mr e
ahit bghWjtiu, tuyhWF Kija fhyij,
giHa ffhy, il ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy vd
tifgLjyh. UD, a Jizfl KGtjF a bgUfl
j fhytiu xnu khahf bghUJtiy. tuyhWF
Kija fhy ma JizbfhL eF tiuaWf
gLwJ. bghJthf nuonah fhg Kiwna jF ga
gLjgLwJ. xU Fl fhyF crh

12 13
bghUf vj msF fa FiwJsJ vgij yFfis ntilahLtjF bga fnfhlfis tf
mogilahf bfhL fhyij fzL Kiwna nuonah gagLUfntL. nkY, FGfshf xizJ bga
fhg KiwahF. kbwhU Kiw blnuh fhy f yFfis tf UfntL. giHa ffhy kf
vdgLwJ. ku cbtL njhw fhzgL bkh kW jft gkhwKiw FJ vJ bjaiy.
tisaf vifia bfhL fhyij fzLtnj fhyngh tfsJ thif Kiw khwf Vgl
KiwahF. bjhld. yFfis tsf, fuLKulhf kghlfis
giHa ffhy cUthf xUy jhtufis tsf tf Kafis
nkbfhld. fh nghw xUy giHa ffhy lf
a Jiz fl gntW gFf giHa tfsJ XafS fhzgLwd. giHa ffhy vgJ
ffhy kjf thj lf flagLsd. lf .K. 10,000 MLF KgljhF.
bgUghY iyfSF mUfhiknyna csd. giHa ffhy ilffhy
kf tj ghiw LFfS, FiffS Jiz fl
KGtJ gu lwd. y lf mtf iyfsh kjFy thif mLj flij il ffhy vW
ntagl FoirfY thjd. ah fhzgL giHa miHnwhk. J Rkh .K.10000 Kj .K. 6000 MLfSF
ffhy kf thj lf tUkhW : ilgl fhykhF. giHa ffhyF a ffhyF
m. tlnkF ah nrh ilna Vgl khwfis fhy tuyhW vLJiuwJ.
gsjhF kW bghth ilffhy df, F#uh yhf, ka unjr
l Mjfh, uh#jh, cu unjr, fh nghw khyf
y gFf Ma lf fblLfgLsd. ghiw
M. tlah th FWf Fiff fhzgL XafUJ ilffhy kf
. ka unjr ngfh. r_f thif kW bghUshjhu eltoiff g Xus f
KowJ. il ffhy ntWtifyhd ffUf
<. ekij gsjh Mjfh fblLfgLsd. f a ffshyhd it bgUghY
FW giHa ffhy fUf
mfgr IJ brol msitilajhF. vdnt, tiw
c. Mu unjr f EffU myJ iknuh vW miHnwh.
C. brid fUYs mughf ntilahLj, cz nrfj Mad fhyY
bjhljd. bga yFfSFg a yFfis
giHa ffhy yFfis ntilaho, cz ntilahLtY, ogY fhy kf mf ftd
Toa jhtuf kW HFfis nrfJ kf jfsJ brYd. mig ntilF gagLd. nkY, xnu
czit njo bfhld. vdnt, tfis, czit l l fhy j thG nghF tsu bjhlaJ.
nrfngh vW miHwd. yFfis ntilahLtjF Mifah, uhfis tsj, njhl gLj, bjhlffhy
ffUfisna j kf gagLd. ifas ffU kW ntshik nghw eltoiff fhy bjhld. eh,
cilj THhffns tfsJ MjfshF. ffUf, kh, g, nfh nghw yFf vYf ilJsik
bfoahd Fthir vdgL ghiwffshyhdit. MW jF rhwhF.
gLiff bga THhff iljd. cUt bga
14 15
 xU y lf EffUf kW nknyhLfSl brtjF bga kghl jhf gagLjgld. rhFgo
nrJ rt mlf bragljfhd rhWfS ilJsd. KiwfY Kndw fhglJ. gntW fhyflf,
a ffhy gntW lf, nfhJik, gh, be, id nghwit
glgld. Hah be mf glglJ.
kj ehff Fljf Kndwij a brkahLf, MLf, khLf ts gutyhf fhzglJ.
ffhyjh fhzKowJ. a ffhy Rkh .K. 6000 Kj gLtjF nghFtuJF fheilf gagld. gU
.K. 4000 MLfSF ilgljhF. ah gy kW fg Milfis a ffhy kf mjd.
gFf a ffhy cnyhf fhy
bghUf ilJsd.
fhZ gsjhF, fh a ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy br ffhy
uh, cu unjr vdglJ. fhy br kW btfy Ma cnyhff
yh rkbt, jfhz gy gagLjgld. kj Fy tuyh, cnyhfij
lf Mad ylF. cUthF bjhEgij fLojJ cnyhfyhd
bjah gy a ffhy bghUfis cUth gagLaJ Ka ffshF.
a ffhy fUf
tlf mf th Mdh, ffUfS bjhlJ gagho UJ tjd.
nkbfhsgLsd. xU y EffUf KaJt bgW sd. fhy
fehlf kh, uk, A, nfhnlf, jeho cnyhf jhJfis njo kf beLu gaz bra
igag Muunjr c} Ma lf mt bjhld. jdh, br - ffhy gghLfSilna
Fljfit. bjhlf Vgld. ah gntW gFfY br
ntshik, yFfis tsj, ffUfis ffhy gghLf fhzgLwd.
gsgsghFj, kghl brj nghwit a ffhy bghJthf, Mwfiufnyna br - ffhy gghLf
ggho w TWfshF. jhtufis gl tsailjd. Fghf, Ahgh gghL br - ffhy
bjhlajhY, uhfis tsjikahY, Xl jthH ggho xU gFnaahF. bjah nfhjht,
Kgl a ffhy kf, uhk rKjhaf cUthf t UZzh, Jfguh, bgzhW, fh Ma ef
tFjd. fUfis cUthFtY, kjDF njitahd gsjhFf fhy Foahdt rKjhaf njh
rhjdfis gilgY bjhEg Vgl khWjfis tsjd. cnyhf fhy bjhlf tf cnyhfij
fhy bjthf fhzKowJ. ffUf eF gagLjiy vwhY, Rkh .K. 2000 MLth br
gsgsghf lgld. ntilahLtjF, kufis btfyK gF gagLjgljfhd rhWf csd.
btLtjF gsgsghd Ta fnfhlf bgJ gaDilajhf jehoYs igag btfy kW br
Ujd. yh Md FoirfSFgyhf, fk ffshyhd Matwhyhd bghUf, RLk cUtf, kghlf
Foirf mikfgld. kghlf brtjF rfu nghwit fblLfgLsd.
gagLjglJ. rikgjF, cz jhafis nrJ
itf kghlf gagld. wnjhiu mlf br - ffhyij bjhlJ tj fhy U fhykhF.
ntj yaf U g mofo FfgLwJ.

16 17
 bjah, U fhyK bgUf fhyK (bkfh)
rkfhy vd fUjgLwJ. bkfh vwh bga f vW
Augh gghL bghU. fyiwnk R mLfgl ffis J FwJ.
mjifa fyiwf bjah Vuhskhf ilJsd.
fehlfYs A, kh, Mu unjrYs
ehfhd bfhlh, jeho Mr e Ma lf
mt Fljfit. fyiw Ff fU - f
tzjhyhd ghidnahLf, Ughyhd kbto kW

y
mth, W Mjf nghwit fhzgLwd.
uh
Augh ehff
%gh
Augh
J gsjh nkF grhYs Augh J
J

fhgf khfhzYs bkhfrhjhnuh Ma U lfYjh

KjKj mfthf nkbfhsgld. uL

bkhfnrhjhnuh lfS jnghJ ghjh csd. j mfthf
rhFjhnuh gadhf xU wj ehff J bt UjJ flaglJ.
bjhlf j ehff Jbt ehff vd tHfglJ.
JbtF mghY j ehff jlf guU
jikah d J J ehff vW miHfglJ. Kj
mfth nkbfhsgl lij idTW tif Augh
nyhj ehff vW J tHfgLwJ.
mu fl Ka lf

gntW lf mfthf nkbfhsglnghY,

mt Fljfit tUkhW : JYs nfh o,
uh#jhYs fhgf, grh %gh, Aahdh
dth, F#uhYs nyhj, Rnfhlhlh, kW njhyuh.
bga efuf bgUghY W bAnl gugsit
bfhlitahF. Jbt efufnyna f bgaJ
bkhfrhjhnuh. J Rkh UW bAnl guig bfhlJ
vd klgLwJ.

18 19
njhwK ts
flj vgJ MLfshf nkbfhsgL tU
mfthf gadhf Vuhskhd bjhbghUf
fblLfgLsd. it Augh ggho tsia
mJbfhs gagLwd. jid ehF Ka iyfshf
gFJ mayh.
1. AughF Kija iy (Pre-Harappan)
2. Augh ggho bjhlf iy (Early Harappan)
3. Augh ggho Kj iy (Mature-Harappan)
4. Augh ggho W iy (Late-Harappan)
Augh gghoF Kija iyia HF
gYjhd fhzyh. bkhfrhjhnuhF tlnk 150
ik uYs bkffh vw l Augh gghoF
Kija fhy kf thjikfhd RtLf fhzgLwd.
fhy, kf jfsJ ehnlho thifia ifL
iyahd ntsh thit bjhld.
Augh ggho bjhlf iy kf rkbtf
bgU uhkfis cUth mF thjd. fhyjh
J rkbt efuf njh tsu bjhld. uhkw
thifUJ kf efuthifia nkbfhs
Mujd. M, nfh o Ma lfis j iyF
vLJfhlhf Twyh. Augh ggho crfl bga
efuf vGbgwd. fhgf mfthf mUj efu
mikfis, efw TWfis eF btgLJwd.
Augh ggho Wiy, mj ij bjhlaJ.
nyhj mfthf j iyF jf vLJfhlhf
fwd. nyhj efuK mj JiwKfK f
fhyjh Wtgld. btsbgUUJ ghJfhF
tif fbga jLRtiu ef fhzKowJ.
bkrgnlhah, ah wgFf MatWilyhd
fbga thg ikakhf nyhj fjJ.
20
Augh ggho fhy
1931 M Ml r#h kh bkhfrhjhnuh
fhyij .K.3250 - .K.2750 vd klh. d, gntW
a lf mfthf nkbfhsgld. vdnt, a
jftf mogil Augh ggho fhyK mtnghJ
mPfsh ajhf klglJ. nuonah fhg Kiw
fhyij fzbfLF Kiw mKfgLjglJ. jdh
XusF Jakhd fhyf braglJ. 1956 M ML
~ngr vgt Augh ggho fhyij .K.2000 -
.K.1500 vW klh. 1964 M ML o.. mfth j
ggho fhyij .K.2300 .K. 1750 vd Ko brjh.
UD, tUfhy j fhytiuaiu khWtjF
thL.
Augh ggho w TWf
efu mik
Augh gghL mj jw thj efu mikF
bga bgwjhF. bjUf xbthW FWF beLfhf
nenfhoY mikUjd. Augh, bkhfrhjhnuh, fhgf
nghw bga efuf nklhd gFf nfhilf
flgoUjd. nfhilf xbthW fkffshyhd
nkLfJ mikfgoUjd. nfhil gFUj
efu brffshyhd Lf Ujd. t
rhjhuzkf FoUjd. bgUghyhd folf midJ
brffshyhdit. fghiwfshyhd folf fhzgliy
vgJ FljfJ. fo mikfgoUj f
FHhf Augh ggho kbwhU w TwhF.
LfUJ bttU f FHhf midJ
bjUf fghijl izfgoUjd.
FHhf bgUghiw ffshnyh myJ brffshnyh
_lgoUjd.
21
 bkhfrhjhnuh wFa bghJ l bgU Fa gntW ifbjhf njbgw ifidPf
FskhF. J 39 mo sK, 23 mo mfyK 8 mo MHK fhy thjd. bghbfhyf, brf brnth, f
b f h l j h F . mWngh, ber bjhyhs, glF fLnth, RLk fiyP
jiuUJ FsF nghnwh Fljftf. btfy kW brghyhd
wf midJ gfY ghuf Augh gghL cnyhf bjhYF wj
gof mikfgLsd. vLJfhLfshF. jf kW btahyhd Mguzf
cilf khWtjF gntW lf fblLfgLsd. kghlf
VJthf Fs Xuf bgUghY rhjhuzkhf Ujd. xUy lf f kW
j miwf fhz fU tza kghlfS ilJsd. ma tif
gLwd. Fa Fs ffshyhd kfS cg bragld.
jiugF brf bkhfrhjhnuh - bgUFa Fs ah wgFfnshL gutyhd tjf
fshyhdJ. mUUj nkbfhsglJ. bkrgnlhah, Mfhjh, <uh nghw
bga zUJ FsF j bfhLtuglJ. gFfnshL maehL tjfK eilbgwJ. jf, br, <a
Fs xU _iy jiu btnaW FHh kW ma tif ff wFk bragld. nfhJik, gh,
mikfgLsJ. Fs rlFfnghJ FgjF gWtiff, vbz Jf nghw ntsh bghUf
trahf mikf goUj ntL. bkhfrhjhnuh VWk bragld. gUahilf, kghlf, kf,
fbga fol mj jha fsakhF. J 150 mo sK RLk fiybghUf, jj ntiyghLf nghwit
50 mo mfyK bfhlJ. Augh ef nfhil MW jha VWkf mlF. JgFF RnkahF ilna
fsafis fhzKowJ. thfbjhl yajF ngha rhWf ilJsd.
bghUshjhu thif bkrgnlhah Jbtia rhj gy Kiuf
fblLfgLsd. glkhW thfnk gutyhf eilbgwJ.
ntshik, bjh, ifbjh, thf vd nghFtuJF fhis kW vUJ oa tof
midJtif bghUshjhu eltoiffis Augh ggho gagLjgld vgij Jbt ilJs KiufS
fhzKowJ. nfhJik gh Ka RLk bghikfS cWgLJwd. MWf kW fl
isbghUfshF. v, fLF, gU nghFtuJF glFfS fgfS cjd.
nghwit glgld. ifahd
jhaf fsaf nrJ r_f thif
itfgld. btshLf, brkahLf, Augh kf r_f
vUJf nghwit Ka ts thifia mJ bfhs ngha
yFfshF. Fiu gaghL g rhWf ilJsd. M,
D bjthf tiuaWfgliy. bg UghyU Hhil, nkyhil
Augh Kiu kh cl gntW yFf vw uLj Milfis
czfhf ntilahlgld. mjd.UghyU kfshyhd Augh kf gagLa
Mguzfis mJbfhld. Mguzf

22 23
tisaf, fhf, xoahz, y, fhj, nkhu nfhztoyhd nfhLf, tlf, iyf, brof, kuf
nghwit bgfSfhd Mguzf. it, jf, bt, nghw Xaf kghlfJ tiuagLsd. y
br, btfy nghw cnyhf fshdit. matif kghlf kW k cUtfS fhzgLwd.
ffshyhd MguzfS Ujd. k ghlf, ff, XLf, vGJ
jj kW cnyhffshyhd gntW tifyhd LFj
ghuf bkhfrhnjhuh fblLfgLsd. F Augh vGJ tot D KGikahf flagl
jf, Cf, f, oKf, ff nghwit iy. 400 Kj 600 tiuyhd totf UD, mt
brghydit. fkzhyhd tof Wtf isahL 40 myJ 60 kLnk mogilahf
bghUf mlF. nfhf, gJf, jha nghwit sFwd. vait mt
isahLF gagld. oj vgJ Kiwahd bjh. khWtotfns. Augh vGJf
ntilahLjY, vUJ ril bghGJnghFfshF. gntW bghJthf tyUJ lkhfnt vGj
nghfUfS fblLfgLsd. br kW gLsd. xUy Kiuf Kjt
btfyyhd nfhlf, <of, FWthf, mf tyUJ lkhf, mLjt
nghwit ylF. lUJ tykhf khkh vGj
fiyf gLsd. fhoneahit nrj
ghnghyh kW mtuJ clgahW Augh vGJ tot
Augh gf fwj ntiyghLfis mPfS Augh kf bkh
bfhljhF. RLkzhyhd M, bg cUtf, yFf, uhlbkhna vW Ko brJsd. nrha mP yU
gwitf kW Kiuf tiuagLs brJnfhaf fUij Vwd. ntWy mPf Augh vGJfis
wikF rhW gwd. bkhfrhjhnuh uh vGJtifl bjhlgLJwd. Augh vGJ
fblLfgLs ehoa kif vw ga D mfgliy.
btfy cUt bghik wghd Augh vGJ KGtJ gojagLnghJ mggho
fiyeaF vLJ fhlhF. mj wf KGikahf bttU vg Iaiy.
tyJ if LJ, tisaf mj
lJ if bjhflgl iyY rka
mikf gLsJ. Augh uL
Kiuf, RLk cUtf kW briyf nghw
fgf fblLfgLsd. xW
rhWfUJ Augh kf rka thif FJ
kj gf thoY, kwJ ehoa
maKowJ. mtfsJ Ka M fl gRg (Kfhya
toY mikJsd. Augh efu
t). ahdto mkUF mtUF _W KffS
kghlf wj fiyeafitahF.
uL bfhfS fhzgLwd. ehF yFf (ahid,
kghlfS, FtisfS gntW
, ahid, vUJ) btntW irfisghj tz mtiu
totfY, tzfY cUthf
NJsd. mtuJ ghj uL khf csd. j cUt
gLsd. tz RlToa
RLk cUt Kiuf fhzgLwJ. mtfsJ Ka bg fl jh
bghik
kghlf jufitahF.
flshF. j RLk totf ilwd. fhy
24 25
f tghL fhzglJ. Augh kf kufis fw milf
yFfis Tl tgld. ngf, bfl Mf
nghwtJ eif bfhoUj mtf, jfis j ghlUJ khzt mJ bfhlJ
ghJfhJ bfhs jhaJfis mjd. 1. giHa ffhy, a ffhy, cnyhf fhy
wnjhiu ijj mfhy bjhbghUf - mfhy kf r_f
bghUshjhu thif.
bkhfrhjhnuh, Augh, fhgf, nyhj, %gh nghw 2. Augh ggho njhwK ts mfth
efufis R fblLfgLs fyiwf Augh kf nkbfhsgl Ka lf.
wnjhiu ijF tHf FJ ma cjwd.
bkhfrhjhnuh, wnjhiu ijF tHfK, vjd 3. Augh ehff wTWf - efu mik, r_f
vYfis ijF tHfK tHUjd. nyhj ef thif, bghUshjhu iyik.
ijFia R brff mLfgLsd. Augh ef 4. Augh ggho fhy, rka eiff kW
kujhyhd rtbgo fblLfgLsd. n#hoahf fiyf.
kghlF itJ wnjhiu ijjjfhd rhWfS
nyhj ilJsd. r vw clfilnaW tHf 5. Augh ehff m Fj ntWgl fUJf.
yajfhd bjthd rhWf iy.
Augh ggho m

Augh ggho m FJ mjfhd rhWf

FJ mPfSilna xUj fUJ iy. bghJthf
gntW fUJf KitfgLwd. bts bgUF, ef
twLnghLj, isy jdJ tsij Hj, mtnghJ
VgL yeLf nghw aif nglf Augh efuf
mF fhuzfshf UUfTL. Maf
gilbaL Augh ehffF fil kia xjJ vgJ
xU y mPf fUjhF. nfhilf gy mfglJ
FJ ntj FLwJ. nkY, bkhfrhnjhuh
fblLf gLs kj vYFa mefu mayt
gilbaLF Mshdij btgLJtjhf csJ. Mafl
tikf MjfS, ntfkhf bryToa FiufS
UjJ FljfJ. jdh, mtf J btgF
jfsJ Mfij vjhf VgLUf TL.

26 27
 -1-
ne;jpa tuyhW Mhpah;fs;
gz;ila ne;jpahtpy; }d;W ehfhPfA;fs; Mh;of; ndj;ijr; Brh;e;jth;fs;.
nUe;jd. mit Mrpah ikdh;, Nuhd;, Mg;fhdp^;jhdk;
1. rpe;J rkbtsp (m) #uhg;gh ehfhPfk;. Kjypa ehLfisf; fle;J ne;jpah te;jdh;.
2. fA;ifr; rkbtsp ehfhPfk; jpuhtplh;fis vspjhf btd;wdh;.
3. rA;ffhy ehfhPfk;. kA;Bfhypah;fs;
rpe;J fA;ifr; rkbtspapd; ePsk; Rkhh; ne;jpahtpw;F te;j filrp Kf;fpa
3200 fp.kP. ndj;jth;.
fA;if, rpe;J, gpuk;kg[j;uh ejpfs; gha[k; nth;fsJ tUifahy; ne;jpahtpw;F ve;j
gFjpBa ne;Bjh-fA;ifr; rkbtsp Kf;fpa tpist[k; Vw;gltpy;iy.
vdg;gLk;. ne;jpahtpw;F vd kA;Bfhypah; vija[k;
ne;jpa ndA;fs; tHA;ftpy;iy.
ePf;hpBlhf;fs; tuyhw;Wf;F Ke;ija fhyk;
ne;jpahtpd; gHA;fhy kf;fshth;. ne;jpa tuyhw;wpy; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk; rhpahf
Mg;gphpf;fh, muhgpah, gYrp^;jhd; fp.K. 3k; E]w;whz;oy; JtA;FfpwJ.
ehLfspypUe;J nth;fs; te;jpUf;fyhk; nf;fhyj;ij }d;W tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ne;jpag; 1. fw;fhyk; 2. brk;g[f; fhyk; (m)
gz;ghl;ow;bfd nth;fs; vija[k; btz;fyf; fhyk;. 3. nUk;g[f; fhyk;.
mspf;ftpy;iy. ne;jpahtpy; kdpjd; thH;e;jjw;fhd Kjy;
M^;l;uyha;Lfs; rhd;W rpthypf; kiyaothuj;jpYk;,
Bkw;fpypUe;J ne;jpahtpw;F te;jdh;. tlBkw;F gq;rhg;gpd; Bkw;F rkbtspapYk;
tsh;r;rpaile;j ehfhPfj;jpidg; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
bgw;wpUe;jdh;. ne;jpahtpy; giHa fw;fhyk; (BgypBahypj;jpf; fhyk;)
kz;ghz;lA;fs; bra;tija[k;, kdpjd; czitj; Bjo ehBlhoahf
Btshz;ikiaa[k; mwpKfk; bra;jdh;. miye;jhd;.
jpuhtplh;fs; kpUfA;fis Btl;ilahodhd;.
Mhpah;fs; tUiff;F Kd; ne;jpahtpy; cByhfA;fisg; gw;wp bjhpahJ.
Mjpf;fk; brYj;jpdh;. giHa fw;fhyk; vd;gJ vd;gJ fp.K 10,000
jpuhtplh; vDk; brhy; bkhHpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;ljhFk;.
M^;l;uyha;Lfis jpuhtplh;fs; btd;W giHa fw;fhyk; Rkhh; 3,00,000 Mz;Lfs;
mlf;fpdh;. ePoj;jJ.
kz;ghz;lA;fs;, Btshz;ik, E]y; vYk;g[, kuk; Mfpatw;wpy; fUtpfs;
E]w;wy;, rhakply; Mfpatw;iw jpuhtplh;fs; bra;ag;gl;ld.
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. 1863y; brd;idf;F mUfpy; gy;yhtuj;jpy;
fg;gy; fl;Lk; bjhHpypy; uhgh;l; g[\^; g{l; vd;gth; iff;Bfhlhp
Bjh;r;rpaile;jpUe;jdh;. xd;iwf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
Mhpah;fs; rKjha mikg;gpy; bkJthf giHa fw;fhy; kdpjd;
r{j;jpuh;fs; vd;w bgahpy; jpuhtplh;fs; Btl;ilf;fhudhft[k;, czitr;
nize;jdh;. Brkpg;gtdhft[k; nUe;jhd;.
tl ne;jpahtpy; fh&;kPh;, gq;rhg; Kjypa
nlA;fspy; giHa fw;fhy fUtpfs;
fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
 -2-
kj;jpag; gpuBjrk;, xhp^;^h, tA;fhsk;, gPfhh; g[jpa fw;fhy kdpjh;fspd; kpf Kf;fpaf;
Mfpa nlA;fspYk; giHa fw;fhy fUtpfs; fz;Lgpog;g[ rf;fuk;. (TNPSC)
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. tPLfl;l fspkz;iza[k;, Brw;iwa[k;
bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; bgy;fhk;, gP$g;g{h;, jhh;thh; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
Mfpa nlA;fspy; giHa fw;fhy fUtpfs; nwe;jth;fis jhHpapy; itj;Jg;
vq;rpa jlaA;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sd. g[ijj;jdh;.
brd;idf;F mUfpy; brA;Fd;wk;, Fifr; Rthpy; mHfpa XtpaA;fs;
mj;jphpg;ghf;fk; Kjypad giHa fw;fhy jPl;lg;gl;ld.
ehfhPf ikaA;fshFk;. fw;fUtpfs; ed;F gsgsg;ghf jPl;lg;gl;lJ.
XtpaA;fis gr;ir-fUq;rptg;g[ g[y;yhy; Md Foirf;F gjpy; fspkz;
tz;zA;fspy; jPl;odh;. (TNPSC) fw;fyhy; Md Foirfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
fw;fUtpfs; bfl;oahd Fthh;l;irl; nwe;Bjhiu mlf;fk; bra;a kz;ghz;l
vdg;gLk; ghiwf; fw;fshyhdit. jhHpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
njdhy; giHa fw;fhy kdpjh;fs; BfhJik, bey;, ghh;yp, jpiz Bghd;wit
Fthh;l;irl; kdpjh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;. gaphplg;gl;ld.
giHa fw;fhy kdpjh;fspd; kpf Kf;fpa gUj;jp, fk;gsp Milfis g[jpa fw;fhy
fz;Lgpog;g[ beUg;g[ MFk;. (TNPSC) kf;fs; mzpe;jdh;.
nilf;fhyk;
fp.K 10,000 Kjy; fp.K 6,000 giHa / g[jpa fw;fhy kdpjh;fs; xg;gPL.
Mz;LfSf;F nilg;gl;l fhyk;. giHa fw;fhyk; g[jpa fw;fhyk;
nf;fhy fUtpfs; mjpfgl;rk; 5 br.kP fuLKulhd xGA;fw;w fw;fs; -
mst[ilait. vdBt Ez;fw;fUtp (m) gsgsg;ghd Th;ikahdJ
ikf;Buhypj;jpf; fhyk; vd ehBlho thH;f;if - epiyahd
miHf;fg;gLfpwJ. thH;f;if
tpy; mk;ig Btl;ilf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. Btshz;ik bjhpahJ. - Btshz;ik
Fthh;l; irl; fw;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf goff; bjhpa[k;.
fw;fSk;, gGg;g[f; fw;fSk; Btl;ilf;Fg; tpyA;Ffs; tsh;f;f bjhpahJ -
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tsh;f;fj; bjhpa[k;.
kug;gl;il, tpyA;Ffspd; - bea;ag;gl;l
g[jpa fw;fhyk; (epBahypj;jpf; fhyk;) Milfs;
g[jpa fw;fhy fhyk; fp.K 10,000 Kjy; fp.K
5000 tiuahFk;. Bjhyhyhd Mil
czt[ Brkpf;Fk; epiyapypUe;J cw;gj;jp kz;ghz;lA;fs; bra;aj; -
epiyf;F khwpdhd;. kz;ghz;lA;fs; bra;aj;
bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; ehfhh;$~d bfhz;lh, bjhpahJ. bjhpa[k;.
kh^;fp, gpuk;kfphp Mfpa nlA;fs; g[jpa Fifr; Rth;fspy; tpyA;Ffs; -
fw;fhy nlA;fshFk;. Fifr; Rth;fspy; Xtpak;
fw;fisf; bfhz;l Bfhlhp, fj;jp, Rj;jp, cUtA;fs; tiue;jdh;. tiue;jdh;.
csp Kjypa fUtpfis cUthf;fpdh;. nwe;jth;fisg; g[ijj;jdh;. -gpzA;fisg;
bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; g[jpa fw;fhy cHth;fs; g[ijf;f jhHpfisg;
BfH;tuF, BfhJik, bfhs;S, gaW Kjypa gad;gLj;jpdh;.
jhdpaA;fisg; gaphpl;ldh;.
 -3-
cByhff; fhyk; 1922 y; rh;.$hd; khh;ry;
g[jpa fw;fhyj;ijr; bjhlh;e;J te;j fhyk; bkhfq;rjhBuhtpy; mfH;thuha;r;rp
brk;g[ fw;fhyk; vdg;gl;lJ. nra;jhh;. mjd; gpd;dh; N[.vr;.Nkf;Nf>
brk;g[, btz;fyk; Mfpa cByhfA;fs; [p.vg;.Nly;];> vk;.v];.thl;]; MfpNahh;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;jdh;.
#uhg;gh ehfhPfk; rw;Bwwf; Fiwa 5000
bghJthf Mw;wA;fiuapByBa brk;g[-
Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;lJ. ([hd; khh;ry;)
fw;fhyk; gz;ghLfs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd.
jkpH;ehl;oYs;s igak;gs;spapy; btz;fyk;, (TNPSC Gr-I/09)
kw;Wk; brk;g[ Mfpatw;whyhd bghUl;fs;, `uhg;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; fhyk;
RLkz; cUtA;fs;, kz;ghz;lA;fs; rpe;J rkntsp jioj;Njhq;fpa fhyk;
Mfpait fz;Lgpof;fg; gl;Ls;sd. fp.K.2500 - 1750
brk;g[ fhyj;ijj; bjhlh;e;J te;j fhyk; #uhg;gh ehfhPfk; brk;g[fhy ehfhPfk;.
nUk;g[f; fhyk;. `uhg;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; njhl;byhf tpsq;Fk;
ejp rpe;J
,f;fhyk; fw;fhyj;jpypUe;J cNyhff;
rpe;J rkbtsp ehfhPfk; (`uhg;gh ehfhPfk;) fhyj;jpw;F khwpa fhykhFk;.
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhPfNk ,e;jpa rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fs; mwpahj tpyA;F
ehfhpfj;jpd; njhlf;fkhFk;. Fjpiu.
1921- 22 k; Mz;Lfspy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fs; mwpahj cByhfk;
(TNPSC Gr-I/09)
nUk;g[.
rpe;J ejpf;fiuapy; #uhg;gh ehfhPfk;
rpe;J rkntspapy; fpilj;j gy nghUl;fs;
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. vdBt ne;ehfhPfk;
RNkhpah> nkrgNlhkpahtpy; fpilj;j
rpe;J rkbtsp ehfhPfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. nghUl;fisg; Nghd;W cs;sd.
gHA;fhy ehfhPfA;fs; midj;Jk; Bjhd;wpa fp.K 3250 - fp.K 2750 - rh;.$hd; khh;ry;
nlk; ejpf;fiu. fp.K 2000 - fp.K 1500 - khh;okh; tPyh;
1. goq;fhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; (1945 y; mfH;thuha;r;rp)
Ntshz;ik
fp.K 2000 - fp.K 1500 ( @Bgh;rh;t;^;,
2. gHA;fhy kf;fs; naw;if tpUk;gpfs;.
1956)
`uhg;gh ehfhPfj;jpd; fz;Lgpbg;G
rpe;J ehfhpfj;ij mwpa Kf;fpf; fhuzk; fp.K 2300 - fp.K 1750 (o.gp.mfh;thy;,
mfH;thuha;r;rp 1964)
Mq;fpNyah; 1856y; gQ;rhg; khepyj;jpy; #uhg;gh ehfhPfj;jpd; vy;iy tlf;fpypUe;J
rpe;J ejpapd; fpisejpahd uhtp bjw;fhf 1100 fp.kP.
ejpf;fiuapy; ,Ug;Gg;ghij mikj;jdh;. Bkw;fpypUe;J fpHf;fhf 1600 fp.kP.
1826 y; #uhg;ght[f;F brd;w rhh;y^; ehfhPfj;jpd; gug;gst[ Rkhh; 17,60,000
Bkrd; giHa FoapUg;g[fspd; r.fp.kP.
rpijt[fisf; fz;lwpe;jhh;.
#uhg;gh ehfhPfk; rpe;J, gq;rhg;, fA;ifr;
1872 y; mbyf;^hz;lh; fd;dp#hk; rkbtsp, fj;jpathh;, eh;kijg; gs;sj;jhf;F
#uhg;gh brd;W rpy bghUl;fisr; Mfpa gFjpfspy; gutpapUe;jJ.
Brfhpj;jhh;. ,Jtiu 1000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l `uhg;gh
Kjy; mfH;thuha;r;rpapd; naf;Fdh; FbapUg;Gfs; Njhz;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbyf;^hz;lh; fd;dp#hk;. (TNPSC Gr-
I/07)
1921 y; #uhg;ghtpy; mfH;thuha;r;rp
 -4-
Kf;fpa ikaq;fs; rhd;FjhBuh 1931 ehh;kd; rpe;J
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; rpe;J> gQ;rhg;> gpbusd; ejpf;fiu
[k;K-fh\;kph;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; >
uh[];jhd;> F[uhj; gFjpfspy; bjhytPuh 1990 v^;.Mh;.gp^;j; F$uhj;
gutpapUe;jJ.
`uhg;gh Nkw;F gQ;rhgpy; uhtp ejpf;fiuapy;
cs;sJ rpe;J gFjpapy; rpe;J Kf;fpaf; Fwpg;Gfs;
ejpf;fiuapy; yh;f;fhdh khtl;lj;jpy; FbapUg;Gfs; thpirahf fhzg;gl;ld.
bkhfq;rjhBuh cs;sJ. fly; tzpfk; %yk; cNyhfq;fs;>
tpiyAah;e;j fw;fs;> mzpfyd;fs; kw;Wk;
#uhg;ght[k;, bkhfq;rjhBuht[k; jw;Bghija
gy;NtW gad;ghl;L nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp>
ghf;fp^;jhdpy; cs;sd. ,wf;Fkjp nra;jdh;.
`uhg;gh vd;w rpe;jp nkhopr; nrhy;Yf;F rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; nkrgNlhkpaUld;
GijAz;l efuk; vdg; nghUs;. thzpg cwT itj;jpUe;jdh;
njhd;ik ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; efuk; - rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwg;gk;rk; efu
`uhg;gh jpl;lkply;
Kf;fpa efuq;fs; nkhfQ;rjhNuh> #uhg;gh gz;ghL jdpr;rpwg;g[ tha;e;j efu
rhd;FjhNuh> fypgq;fd;> Nyhj;jy; mikg;g[f;F bgah; bgw;wjhFk;.
bkhfq;rjhBuh vd;w brhy;Yf;F rpe;jp
rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fs; nwf;Fkjp bra;j
bkhHpr; brhy;Yf;F nLfhl;L BkL vdg;
bghUs; bts;sp. (TNPSC Gr-I/07)
bghUs;. (TNPSC)
fl;olA;fs; midj;Jk; brA;fw;fshy;
rpe;J rkbtsp ehfhPfj;jpd; nul;il
fl;lg;gl;ld.
efuA;fs; #uhg;ght[k;, bkhfq;rjhBuht[k;
fw;ghiwf; fl;olA;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
MFk;. (TNPSC)
Vh;fyg;ig fypgq;fdpy;
#uhg;gh, bkhfq;rjhBuh nilBa cs;s fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
nilbtsp Rkhh; 600 fp.kP (9th Text Book) `uhg;gh kf;fs; kWgpwtpapy; ek;gpf;if
(m) 550 fp.kP (11th Text Book). nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
rpe;J kf;fs; gaphpl;lit NfhJik>
#uhg;gh ehfhPfj;jpy; JiwKfk;
ghh;yp> gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;lhzp
fhzg;gl;l nlk; Byhj;jhy; (F$uhj;). nJ g{kpf;foapy; mikf;fg;gl;oUe;j fHpt[ ePh;
v^;.Mh;.uht; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. FHha;fs; gz;ghl;od; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
bkhfq;rjhBuhtpy; fhzg;gl;l bghpa Fsk;
Kf;fpa #uhg;gh ehfhPf nlA;fs; 39 mo ePsk;, 22 mo mfyk;, 8 mo MHk;
cilaJ.
nlk; Mz; mfH;thuha;r; jw;BghJ
BfhJik, ghh;yp Kf;fpa tpis bghUl;fs;
L rp bra;jth; cs;s nlk;
kw;Wk; czt[g; bghUl;fshFk;.
#uhg;gh 1921 jahuhk; uhtp rpe;J rkbtsp ehfhPfA;fspy; kpfg;bghpaJ
rfhdp ejpf;fiu bkhfq;rjhBuh. gug;gst[ Rkhh; 200
(ghfp^;jhd; b#f;Blh;.
)
#uhg;ghtpw;F Ke;ija epiy fpHf;F
bkhfq;rjhBu 1922 Mh;.o.ghdh;$p rpe;J
h (ghfp^;jhd; gYrp^;jhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
) rpfg;g[ kw;Wk; fUg;g[ tz;zk; g{rpa
Byhjhy; 1954 v^;.Mh;.uht; F$uhj; kz;ghz;lA;fs; fpilj;Js;sJ.
`uhg;gh ehfhpfj;jpy; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
fypgA;fd; 1960 yhy; & jhgh; uh$^;jhd; MAjq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jhkpuk;> Jj;jehfk;>
ntz;fyj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
 -5-
nkhfQ;rjhNuhtpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l Kf;fpa bgz; flt[s; jha; flt[shFk;.
Kj;jpiufs; RNkhpahTld; xj;Js;sd. (TNPSC Gr-IV.06)
fhis Kj;jpiu fz;lwpag;gl;l ,lk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ypA;f tHpghLk; fhzg;gl;lJ
nkhfQ;rjhNuh - kuq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk;
bkhfq;rjhBuhtpy; fz;blLf;fg;gl;l
topgl;ldh; - Nga;fs;> nfl;l Mtpaf; kPJ
ehl;oa kA;if rpiy fiyeaj;jpw;F ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ - ghJfhf;f
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. (TNPSC) jhaj;Jf;fis mzpe;jdh;.
ghurPf Kj;jpiufs; - fypgq;fd; #uhg;gh efhpy; kuj;jhyhd kug;bgl;ofs;
Fjpiuapd; gbkk; - Rh;Nfhl;lh fz;blLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kz;ghz;lA;fspy; kPd; kw;Wk; kapy; rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; gHf;fk;
cUtA;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. nUe;jjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; ny;iy.
rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fspd; kl;fyA;fs; rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fspd; g[dpj kuk; mur
fUg;g[-rpfg;g[ epw tz;zA;fs; kuk;. (TNPSC)
g{rg;gl;oUe;jd. (TNPSC Gr-I/07) bkhfq;rjhBuh efuk; 1922y;
#uhg;gh vGj;Jf;fs; bghJthf tykpUe;J mfH;thuha;r;rpapy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.
nlkhf vGjg;gl;ld. (TNPSC)
#uhg;gh kf;fspd; bkhHp jpuhtpl bkhHp rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; bjhHpy;
vd ^;fhz;oBetpahitr; Brh;e;j bluBfhl;lh vdg;gLk; RL
ghh;BghByh kw;Wk; mtUld; gzpahw;Wk; kz;ghz;lj;bjhHpy; kw;Wk; Btshz;ik.
mwpqh;fs; Kot[ bra;Js;sdh;. brA;fy; cw;gj;jpa[k; kw;bwhU Kf;fpaj;
bkhfq;rjhBuhtpy; cs;s Fsk; bjhHpy;.
brA;fw;fSk;, Rz;zhk;g[ kzYk; fye;j efu eph;thfk; thpia jhdpakhf
fyitiaf; bfhz;L fl;lg;gl;lJ. tr{ypj;jJ.
#uhg;ghtpy; kpfg;bghpa jhdpaf; fsq;rpak; #uhg;gh ika murpd; jiyikaplkhft[k;,
fhzg;gl;lJ. bkhfq;rjhBuh khepy murpd;
#uhg;gh gz;ghl;oy; tPLfs; Rl;l jiyikaplkhft[k; tpsA;fpaJ. (TNPSC)
brA;fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;ld. ghjhs #uhg;gh gz;ghl;od; kpfr; rpwe;j
rhf;filj; jpl;lk; rpwg;g[ tha;e;jJ. fz;Lgpog;g[ Kj;jpiufs; MFk;.
rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fs; nwe;jth;fisg; fpilf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fspd;gb rpe;J
g[ijf;Fk; gHf;fk; cs;sth;fs;. rkntsp ehfhpfk; kdpj Fyj;jpw;F
gUj;jpia Kjypy; cyfpw;F mwpKfk; gq;fspj;j ,uz;L Kf;fpa tpraq;fs;
bra;jth;fs; rpe;J rkbtsp kf;fs;. NfhJik kw;Wk; gUj;jp.
JzpfSf;F rhakpLk; Kiwia
(TNPSC)
mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; fUk;G mzpe;jpUe;jdh;.
gaphplg;gl;ljw;fhd Mjhuk; #uhg;gh ehfhPfj;jpd; mHpt[f;F fhuzk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy. bkhfq;rjhBuhtpypUe;J 50 fp.kP
rkak; bjhiytpy; rpe;J ejp jd; Bghf;if
Kf;fpa Mz; flt[s; gRgjp (Ke;ija khw;wpf; bfhz;lJ.
rptd;) jpahd totpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; rpe;J kf;fs; jha;tHp kuig gpd;gw;wpdh;.
mtUf;F %d;W Kfq;fSk; ,uz;L (TNPSC)
nfhk;GfSk; fhzg;gl;ld ehd;F #uhg;gh efuj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jth; jahuhk;
tpyq;Ffs; ( ahid> Gyp> ePh;ahid> vUJ) rfhdp. (TNPSC)
#o;e;jpUe;jd ghjj;jpy; ,uz;L
khd;fs; ,Ue;jd -
 -6-
bkhfq;rjhBuh fz;lwpe;jth; Btjfhy kf;fspd; g[dpj kuk;
Mh;.o.ghdh;$p. (TNPSC) Btg;gkuk;.
JiwKfk; fhzg;gl;l efuk; Byhj;jhy; Ntjfhyj;jpy; epythp 6y; 1 gq;F
(F$uhj;). (TNPSC)
myA;fhu fw;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l efuk; hpf;Btjk;
fypgA;fd;. ehd;F BtjA;fspy; kpfg; gHikahdJ hpf;
nwe;jth;fisg; g[ijf;Fk; nLfhL Btjk;. (TNPSC)
fhzg;gl;l efuk; #uhg;gh. hpf; Btjk; 1028 ghly;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
Vh;fyg;ig fhzg;gl;l efuk; fypgA;fd;. (TNPSC Gr-IV/05)
#uhg;gh ehfhPfj;jpy; ghurPf Kj;jpiufs; hpf; Btjk; 10 ghfA;fisf; bfhz;lJ.
fpilj;Js;s nlk; fypgA;fd;. fhaj;jphp ke;jpuk; hpf; Btjj;jpy; cs;sJ.
jP tsh;f;Fk; ahf Fz;lk; fpilj;Js;s (TNPSC)
nlk; fypgA;fd;. hpf; Btjj;jpy; g[U&r{f;jk; vd;w ghly; rhjp
rpe;J rkbtsp ehfhPfg; guty; Kf;Bfhz Kiwfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (TNPSC)
totpy; mike;Js;sJ. BtjA;fisj; jtpu gpuhkzA;fs; kw;Wk;
#uhg;gh uhtp ejpf;fiuapy; khz;l; kfhghujk;, nuhkhazk; Bghd;w nyf;fpar;
Bfhkhhp khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. rhd;WfSk; Btjfhyj;ij mwpa
Byhj;jhy; kdpjuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Kjy; cjt[fpd;wd.
braw;ifj; JiwKfk;. cgBtjA;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;
Btjfhyk; Ma[h; Btjk; - kUj;Jtk; gw;wpaJ.
Mhpah;fs; kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J (TNPSC)
te;jth;fs; vd tuyhw;W mwpqh;fs; jDh; Btjk; - rz;ilg; gapw;rp gw;wpaJ.
fUJfpd;wdh;. (TNPSC)
Mhpah;fs; fp.K 2000f;Fk; fp.K 1500f;Fk; rpy; g Btjk; - fl;llf;fiy
nilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ifgh; fztha; gw;wpaJ. (TNPSC)
tHpBa ne;jpah te;jth;fs;. fhe;jh;t Btjk; - ghly; fiy gw;wpaJ.
Mhpa ehfhPfk; Btjfhy ehfhPfk; (TNPSC)
rhkBtjk;
vdg;gLfpwJ.
rhk Btjk; 1103 ghly;fs; cilaJ.
Mhpa ehfhPfk; fpuhk ehfhPfk; MFk;.
rhk Btjk; vd;gJ ndpikahd
(TNPSC)
Mhpah;fs; Kjypy; gq;rhg; gFjpapy; rg;j ghly;fspd; bjhFg;ghFk;.
rpe;J vdg;gl;l VG nlA;fspy; FoBawpdh;. ar{h; Btjk;
ehsiltpy; fA;ifr; rkbtspia Behf;fp ar{h; Btjk; ahfA;fs; bra;a[k; Kiw,
Fobgah;e;j gFjp Mhpa th;j;jk; ahfA;fspd; BghJ ghlg;gl Btz;oa
vdg;gl;lJ. ghly;fs; gw;wpaJ.
Mhp vd;w thh;j;ijf;F md;dpah; mjh;tzBtjk;
my;yJ btspehl;lth; vdg; bghUs;. mjh;tzBtjk; ae;jpu je;jpuA;fs; gw;wpaJ.
Btjfhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjt[k; Mtpfisa[k;, g{kpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
rhd;Wfs; hpf;,ar{h;,rhk, mjh;tz BtjA;fs; ghly;fs; gw;wpaJ.
MFk;. mjh;tz Btjj;jpd; cUJ bkhHp bgah;g;g[
Btjk; vd;w brhy;Yf;F mwpt[ vd;W rph;#pe;j;.
bghUs;. gpuhkzA;fs;
 -7-
ciueil totpy; cs;sit. kfsph; mjpf tpLjiy bgw;wpUe;jdh;.
ahfA;fs; bra;a[k; FUf;fSf;F ByhgKj;jpuh, Bfh&h, mgyh, rpfhjh,
tHpfhl;oahf cs;sit. epththhp, tp^;tthuh Kjypa bgz;fs;
Muz;aA;fs; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsA;fpdh;.
fhl;oy; vGjg;gl;l nyf;fpaA;fs; tpjitfs; kWkzk; bra;J bfhs;s
ahfj;jpd; rpwg;ig tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
cgepljA;fs; ghy;, ghy; bghUl;fis tpUk;gp cz;ldh;.
cgepljA;fspd; vz;zpf;if 18 MFk;. BfhJik,ghh;yp, fdpfs;, fha;fs; Kf;fpa
cg.ep.&j; vDk; brhy;Yf;F fPBH mkh;e;J czt[.
fw;wy; vd;W bghUs;. Brhk ghdk;, Ruh ghdk; tpUk;gp cz;ldh;.
Btjhe;jA;fs; Brhk ghdk; xU broapd; rhuhFk;.
Btjhe;jA;fs; MW tifg;gLk;. Ruh ghdk; Bghij jUk; ghdkhFk;.
nit BtjA;fisf; fw;gjw;F chpa Jiz Bjh; ge;ijak;, eldk;, nir,
E]y;fshFk;. rJuA;fk;Btl;ilahLjy; Mfpait hpf;
jh;rzA;fs; Btjfhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa bghGJ
jh;rzA;fspd; vz;zpf;if MW. Bghf;fhFk;.
nit MW ne;jpaj; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kd; Btjfhyj;jpy; vGJk; Kiw
mog;gilahf cs;sd. tsh;r;rpailatpy;iy.
nit Btjfhyj;jpy; naw;wg;gl;lit. ML, khLfis Bka;g;gJ hpf; Btj fhy
ntw;wpd; fhyk; rw;Bwwf;Fiwa fp.K 1000 kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; bjhHpyhFk;.
Kj;y; fp.K 600 tiuahFk;. mjpfkhd gRf;fspd; chpikahsh; Bfhkj;
Mhpah;fspd; g{h;tPfk; gw;wp mwpqh;fspd; vdg;gl;ldh;.
fUj;Jf;fs; Btshz;ik, jr;R Btiy, bert[,
kj;jpa MrpahtpypUe;J te;jth;fs;- Bkf;^; kz;ghz;lk; bra;jy;, Btl;ilahLjy;
Ky;yh;. Kf;fpaj; bjhHpyhFk;.
IBuhg;ghtpypUe;J te;jth;fs; - cGjy;, tpijj;jy;, cukpLjy; Kiwia
rh;.tpy;ypak; B$hd;^;. mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
tl Kidahd Mh;of; gFjpBa ep&;fh vdg;gLk; jA;f ehzak;
Mhpah;fspd; g{h;tPfk;- ghyfA;fhju jpyfh;. eilKiwapypUe;jJ.
jpbgj;jpypUe;j te;jth;fs;- Rthkp kf;fs; tPiz thrpf;ff; fw;wpUe;jdh;.
jahde;j ru^;tjp. r{hpad;, re;jpud;, ePh;, fhw;W, beUg;g[, no,
Kd; Btjfhyk; (m) hpf; Btjfhyk; kuk;, thdk; Kjypa naw;if rf;jpfis
Kd; Btjfhy kf;fspd; thH;f;if Kiwia tzA;fpdh;.
mwpa cjt[tJ hpf; Btjk;. ne;jpud;, Uj;jpud;, tUzd; MfpBahiua[k;
kf;fs; fpuhkA;;fspy; trpj;jdh;. tzA;fpdh;.
ML, khLfBs kf;fspd; Kf;fpar; bry;tk;. FLk;gj;jpd; jiytBu rka FUthf
FLk;gBk rKjhaj;jpd; mog;gilahFk;. fUjg;gl;ldh;.
(TNPSC) myA;fhug; bghUl;fs;, re;jdk;, kw;Wk;
Mhpa r}fk; FLk;gj; jiytUf;F je;jA;fs; Vw;Wkjpahapd.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; bfhLj;jJ. (TNPSC) FjpiufSk;, BghPr;rk;gHKk;
FHe;ij kzk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. nwf;Fkjpahapd. (TNPSC)
 -8-
gUj;jp, fk;gspahy; Md Milfs; gpd; Btj fhyj;jpy; Bjhd;wpa g[jpa
bea;ag;gl;ld. flt[s;- Uj;ud;.
mf;dpa[k;, tUzDk; kf;fspd; kpf fyg;g[ kzA;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
Kf;fpakhd tpUg;g bja;tA;fs;. vz;tif jpUkzk; gw;wp ^;Ukpjp
FLk;gj;jpd; jiyth; fpu#gjp nyf;fpaA;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. (TNPSC)
vdg;gl;lhh;. FHe;ij kzk; eilbgw;wJ.
fpuhkj;jpd; jiyth; fpuhkzp vdg;gl;lhh;. bgz;fSf;F brhj;Jhpik fpilahJ.
je;ij tHp kuig mog;gilahff; tpjitfs; kWkzk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
bfhz;lBj hpf; Btj fhy r}fj;jpd; nuh$^;jhdpYs;s Bfj;hp vd;w
mog;gilahFk;. nlj;jpypUe;J brk;g[ vLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Btjfhyj;jpy; gR g[dpj tpyA;fhff; (TNPSC)
fUjg;gl;lJ. gpd; Btj fhy kf;fs; rhk;gy; tz;zk;
nUk;gpd; gaid ed;F czh;e;jpUe;jdh;. jPl;lg;gl;l kz;ghz;lA;fis
g[fH;bgw;w flt[s; ne;jpud;. cgBahfg;gLj;jpdh;. (TNPSC) .
gpd; Btjfhyk; fhtpaf; fhyk;
nf; fhyj;jpy; nuhkhazKk;, kfhghujKk; ne;jpahtpd; nUbgUk; fhtpaA;fs;
naw;wg;gl;ljhy; nJ njpfhrf; fhyk; nuhkhazk;, kfhghujk; gpd; Btj
vdg;gLfpwJ. fhyj;jpy; gpwe;jd.
rhk,ar{h;,mjh;tz BtjA;fs; gpuhkzA;fs;, nuhkhazk;
cgepljA;fs;, Muz;aA;fs; jtpu tlbkhHpapy; vGjpath; thy;kPfp
nuhkhazk;, kfhghujk; Mfpait mwpa ne;jpapy; vGjpath; Jsrpjhrh;.
cjt[k; rhd;Wfs; MFk;. jkpHpy; vGjpath; fk;gh;.
nUk;gpd; cgBahfk; mjpfkpUe;jJ. 7 gFjpfs;, 24,000 bra;a[s;fs; cilaJ.
hpf; Btj fhyj;jpypUe;j ep&;fk; ehzak; nuhkh; jd; kidtp rPij, jk;gp
jtpu rjkhdk;, fpU&;zyk;, vd;w jA;f, nyl;RkzDld; brd;w nlk; jhz;lfh
bts;sp ehzaA;fs; eilKiwapypUe;jd. tdk;.
ma;j;Bua gpuhkzk; vd;w E]y; bgz; nuhkhazj;jpd; cUJ bkhHp bgah;g;g[
FHe;ij FLk;gj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l Brhfk; gjhdp. (TNPSC)
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. kfhghujk;
Ke;ija Btjfhy flt[shd mf;dp, cyfpd; khbgUk; bra;a[s; eilapy;
ne;jpud; gpe;ija Btj fhyj;jpy; mike;j E]y;.
bry;thf;fpHe;jdh;. xU yl;rk; bra;a[s;fs; cs;sd.
gpu$hgjp - gilf;Fk; flt[s;. tpahr Kdpth; naw;wpdhh;. (TNPSC)
tp&;Z - fhf;Fk; flt[s;. ghujg; Bghhpd; Kotpy; bfsuth;fs;
Uj;ud; - mHpf;Fk; flt[s;. Bjhw;fof;fg;gl;L mhpaiz Vwpa nlk;
ne;J jj;Jtj;jpd; rhukhf tpsA;Fk; m^;jpdhg[uk;.
cgepljA;fs; gadpy;yhj Bts;tpfis cyfpd; kpfg;bghpa jj;JtE]y; gftj; fPij.
Mjhpf;ftpy;iy. (TNPSC)
Mhpah;fs; tzA;fpa tdBjtij- gftj;fPijapy; cs;s mjpfhuA;fs; 18.
Muz;ahzp. (TNPSC Gr-II/07)
-9-
 AS & I

h 1
sk

P {UP[P
1. n , Pg\u C {P[P ]x
{PP Ax {PP Gk J
{PPzva \u Gu xPu.
2. n, {PP B SvP PnP
Auu Ax Pu.
3. n smi u
Pzu A .
4. n sk u Ch[P
x Pu.
5. n EQ Eu {PP[Ph
sk Psiu uhz ux Pu.
6. n sk J {P sk
Gu x Pu.

Cv A : Cv
Au K A C x P
Cx. J {mi sk A {mi CP
Aa \u ES. Cv B]U Pshzv
UQSv Ax Ex. Cv J wP
i Ex. Au uQ Cv [Ph,
QUQ [P Sh, Q AUPh G
1
 SvP Cv Ph `mkx.
C Au hUQx. C{k AS
PshuS. C{mh {S CP PP
UP. A C, ]x&P[Pa \,
uUPn h, PhP Jmi zuhP
GS.
Cv P UQ A\
C BS. u {vP C
u UQ. Cz uhP P,
G C PnP ]x Ch Hkzx
Q. A hkS CUPnP HxP
Au. sh Cv {PP[P
u. A ]x \ Ax {PP,
P[Pa \ {PP \[PP {PP BS.
US v P : u S a]
B |P [P Sk P
US v P GkQx. CUP
Bn[P Gx {USU QhUP. CP
Ax g] ] uh[P, EQ [P
uP EQzu Bu[P, PP BQP
AihPU Psk PP, EP P G
US v Pzu PkzxQ. u
PP Bu[P PP EQzu
Pzu PP G AUQ. PPzu
PP Ax vU P (Palaeolithic Age)
G v PP Ax |vU P (Neolithic Age)
|vU
G CPPP UP.

PP PP
2
 PP UP : PPzv u

Enz ui {hiP Au. [P, PP,
Q[SP PmhP \Pzx Esh.
P[P mhi. ]UQ UQU PP E]
{U Psk izu. CP, mh
P, P[P u u Eh
xPzxU Psh.
v PP UP : v PPzv u
s Dkh Bzu. P a]US
\ \Pz uukzx {PP
UPUS Szu. P[P UPU PU
Psh. Cu PPmhzv \UP Psk iUP
mhx. CUPski u UP J v
P Aux. \UP[P Eu siP
\x g _P Ch[PUS Psk
\ u PU Psh. Cu A
a] ui G T. Pa] { Pmi
(PiP) u sh BP
\UP AihP Ex. \UPzv Eu
PP u msh[P EUP PU
Psh. CiP v PP u {PP
a]US AiP.
EP P UP : EP[P Psk i
u P \uS. Bu[P \uS
EP[P kzumh. CUP Pmhzv UP
B kPP AQ ]zu.
G B[PP {PP ux. EP Pzu
\UP, sPU P CU P
G PPP UP. CU Pzv
PP, PzvP C \ mh. G
PP u Szv Hh CUP
P \ux.
sk
\P : Pg\u G
h[P {h APa] P
3
sk {US u xx. \ u
Sh Pg\u Ch[P Ba]
\u. Cu APa] J.M. UP, G.F. h
M.S. m BQ uhmhx. Cu P
P {PP Cv B PUS
Cux G {USz uQx. \
S PskiP sk
Aiha \PPz vPQ.
Q..1921& Ghzv {hu AP
a]x Cu \P Qhzuu Cu
{PP G AUQ. ]x {v
E{v (Ravi) {vUP Au Ch .
UQu S g\ |zv Kk {v
. {PP Psk iUPmh BsiS Akzu
Bsk, Q..1922& ]x Pnzv E (ux
UQua \ux) P mhzv E
Pg\u G {P usi GkUPmhx.
Q.. 1922 {PP Gx
GUS ux Gu { iQu?
uu UQu Ex.
sk ]x {vUP \z
u[Qx. {PP[P H B[P
u GuS Pn[P Esk. AP J
] :
1. SiPUSz u usp
BPx uPU Qhzux.
2. BPa \x |SvP \
u. G umh P
GuP \ iux.
3. \P Cu PPmhzv BP P
, Gu USzvSa \uP
Au.
4
 _a ` : ]x, u\[P Du
| |[PU PshuPU Pnmh. G
, PshP[P ]zu Ahu
PkP A[S Cu. {P[PUSz u
\[PP uUS \[P `PUS si
[P AUPkPx Qhzu.
P : C{PP \PzvU P (Chalcolithic
Ax \ PP G AUPmh v
Period)
EP Pzua \ux. CUPzv uPzu,
uzu \zx sP G v EP
uUPmhx. Cu sP EvP, UP
uUS H Cux. uzv mh PP
\ a]US Eu. ]x \ UPUS
C ux. \
Pzxi ]x \ {PP P Q.. 3250 u
Q.. 2750 CUP G PukQx.
: sk ]x, Sz,
EhUQ UPhu g\, , Ezv
u\zv S Sv, zuzv hSv
(P[P) BQ Ch[P ux. CSvP
Pnmh uh[P , Pg\u SvP
Pnmh \P Jzvu.
{PP[Ph uh : ]x \ UP
_, , GQx {kPh Ph
Phx o \u. S {kP _,
AUPm, , GQx, A] BQ {kPUSa
\P ]x \ UP vPu.
]x\ {PPzv P, , EP
oP E B]h Pzx \P.
vmhmh {P[P : Pg\u,
vmhmkU Pmhmh {P[P. P Cu C
{P[PUS Ch 600 Q.. Ch Cu
u~m Pmhh A J vP
5
Cu. AP A{PP Cmhz u{P[PP
(Twin Capitals) CvUPU Tk. Pg\u G
""CuP {P'' Gx . Pg\u {P
A P P UP. A {P
E Sv Pmh Ax ]mhh (Citadal),
\ uu Sv Au {P (Lower Town), FUS
Au ] Si\P BQ BS.

]ush Pg\u {P

PmhSv Ax ]mhh : Cu Ch {P
E Sv Pnmhx. Ax \unP Pmh
Ax |P \ SvP AUPmhx. A[S
UP vUPUTk. AP Bm] P,
\zuP, \uP Ah[S. ]x
{v UQx {PU PUP sh
_P Pmha _U Pmhmh. AUPmh
P uU Pg], UP Tk {P
(Town Hall), S (Great Bath) BQ
Avu.
[S : Pmh Pnk Cu
S 11.88 mh } 7.01 mh AP 2.43
mh B EhuPU Pnmhx. CUP[
P iUPmkP Au AUS \[PP,
_sn n Pu PU Psk
Pmhmiux. AUSzv Sv _zu

6
usp E , RSv EQzu }
\ PP \miu. Au Szx
} Gx _zuP UPmk Cux. Szv
AQ Pnk ] AP Eh
APP CvUPUTk. Au AP J
Qn J Avux.

[S
uU Pg] : Pg\u Pnk
P Pmhh A uU Pg] BS. Ax
45.71 mh }, 15.23 mh AP Pshx.
6 uU Pg][P Cu. uU
Pg][P uSv mh i Au
\[PP hP Pnmh. A
u[P zukUS ChPU PukQ.
{P : {P Ax xUTh 61 mh
} 23.4 mh AP Psh P sh
AU Pshx. {P Pmhha _ Ahzv 1.2
mhx 1.5 mh Avux. Ax |Pa
\u PmhhP, UP Tk ChP,
zu ThP, P |Pa]P {h
A[PP CvUPUTk.
uu Sv Au {P : Ax Pmh
Sv Jmi u Sv {PSvS. A[S
7
] P, PU PbP ]zu.
Au {P \P i AUPmk AP \
PU PshuPU Pnmhx. \P QUS
PP, hUS uPP AUPmk Cu.
Au \P J \[Pn |P
mk P Avu. Gu Gg]
\[PP \ A[S { Pn iQx. A[S
\mh P} P vmh miSx. u
USPUP \vP Cu.
kP : kP K iP PshuP Cu.
G kP J v _mh \[P PP
Pmhmiu. J k Csk Ax AuS
mh AP, J S, J \
mkh \u , h BQ PshuP
Cu. kP PuP, ] P Pn
mh. \ AUS S AQ u[P
AUS PP AU PP (Grinding stones)
Pnmh.
P} P vmh : \x
S Ax P}
\ \miux. uUP K[P
P} PP \[PP Pmhmiu. A
hmiu. P} Kmh \
A uP AUPmiu. AuP
AiUPi _zu \mh.
UP u : ]x \ UP \P,
{\P, sP \, EP
Dkmh, P \, {PP \P,
oP G umh UP Pnmh. \
UP UQz u BS. |[P
\P C \ \u. {
uu zuP ]x \ UP.
}\ PP APUSz
uvu. AP P, A
8
EQzu. m \u uPz
vPux. SP \ \UPzu EQ
v Pzv PP Cu.
P{h : ]x\ UP P, Gx,
k, \k, , Pu, JmhP BQ
UQ zvu.
{\z u : ]x \ UP
v BhP {v v u.
k \kP Ezvx
P BhPz u \u.
\u ] : h Pmh
Gk _k mshz u UP UQz
uPz vPux. P, P[P ]
Ea ]P uUPmh. A GxP
CUPk Kmkh Ti si
ShzuUPx. UP n[Q vP,
P E zu ] ][P
Pshmk. s PhP E[P \
{UQS kzumhuPz uQx.
][P : C[S 2000US mh ][P
Pshmk. CP P[P

][P
9
E[P ]zv GzxUP UPmk E.
_ks _u PUPmh Cua ][P
zv kzumiUPU Tk.
]x\ UP UP , \, u,
UPUP o [P A
C EuQ.
Pmhhz u : H UP Pmhhz
u Dkmiu. \[PP Ezv
UQu uP Cux. \[PP Azx
HUS J A Cu.
o : ]x \ UP E{mk,
{mk oP[P Dkmiu. \mh
][P ]x \ {P[P, ]x
\a ][P \mh Sv
PshkUP mk. Szv E zu G
Chzv xP J CuuP Ah[P
PnkQ. Cu Hv, CUSv
{hvUPUTk. P \a \ U
P {hzv. mP AUP AP
kzv. GhU PP, AP
EPzv Cu.
A] A : \h oPP, \z
uP {P |Pzu Psh. A[S
Em] A Pnmhx. A {Pzv _Pu
\vP P \zv. A oPzv
J[Skzv. {P |P uP `zux.
{Pm] {P \mh, J[Q zux.
\P UP
\P UP : \u u \P SUPU
Psiux. u S Ax B S Sa
\uP Pmh Sv ]zu. \ UP
oPP \z uP AU S Ch
. Cshx ] P,
10
PbP, PzuP Cu. x
Pa \u uP ] Si\P ]zu.
xPU T \P Ax UPmh
PmkUPh Pnmhx.
UP UP : ]x \ UP
UP u. K{ APUS |U
Qhzux. UP En, UPUP[P, Eh,
x US BQ zu
Pnmhx.
En : Px, UQ EnPU
Pumh. Auz u , \, , [P,
a\ BQ AP EQzu.
BhP {PP : Cka _ Jmin
(AUPa\) Ah Ti Smh
hP sP, uUPhu, }sh,
ua] BhP BsP Aou. sP
Pzx B, , PhP Gk PUP (brace-
lets), Puo, CkU Pa\ Aox
Psh. CP u[P, , G, PP,
Qg\P uuzv \miu.

Bn[P
Bn[P Aou {h s

11
BsP Pa _ Ao P [P (Arm-
lets) Aou. \uP u[P, , uu Bn[
P H | CuP Qg\, u,
BQ \u Bn[P E
Qzu. sP ^ u[P Tu ^
UP Cux.
]x Gzx : C[S Qhzx ][P
x GzxUP UPmk. A J ]
zuP. h[PU Psh Gzx a]
ux. zu _ 250 u 400 CzuP h
GzxUP Psh ][P Psk iUPmk.
B Au GzxUP C Ah
Gx US uS.
\ UP : APx
\ mi ]P
A\ [Qx. AUP
_v G ] s
Ph n[Q. s
Ph Emhzu v
zux. A[S Pnk
u mP P
A Psh
Pmhh Gx {USU
QhUP. ]x \
_v ] UP {UPU
Psiu Gx u
Qx. H AP CuP uzu x
Aa\h[Ph En, AoPP \zx
uzu. AP Ah UP
kzv mP P uPmk
uzu.
{PPzv a] : {PP
HUS 500 BskP ]ux. Au Pzv
12
UP J u kP ]zu. En
AP EQzu PP Hx C.
Pg\u {P AUSQ sk
sk Pmhmhx. Au ASa \ Pn[P
C {USU QhUP. CPa ^[P
P, Ax ]x{v
v\ zu Au AP HmiUP.
A{P[P B hk Au.
PkP AUPmhx Au {PP a]
Pn G.

P AhP :
1. n sk | SvP,
uzvU Sh i.
2. n { Au Au
u Hmh [P UP
i.
3. n \UP Pshu P, \UPzv P
P C |T i.

4. n {PP Pzv {P[P, {P[

P G vmhmk AUPmiu
Gu UP i.
5. n uhh Ch[PUSa \
zu zxU P.
6. n smi UQ A\[P
.
7. n ]x \ UP \ US.

13
 3. k NUY SLLm
1922 Bm Bip . R.D. T]o AYoLs SPjV
ALrYWnfp kl Tp XodL] UYhPjp
AUks[ UagNRW GuPjm; R.B. RVWm
Na GuTYo SPjV RpTs ALrYWnfp
TgNl Tp UihLU UYhPjp aWlT Gum
CPjm Lf \kR SLLm Y[okkR G] Gjd
]o. 1924p Rp Ts BWnfj \u
BQVWL CkR No _u UoNp GuTYo RU uu
CkR BWnf]f Nn AR] EXLjtj RVl
Tj]o. CkR SLLm Lm UuU EPVm
BVoLs YLd kRVm Bm GuTR AYW
LjRm. C RW kTvRu Tp NuPW
(Chanhudaro), dLo (Jhukar) Sp (Nal) Utm LXh (Kelat)
BV CPeLp SPjV ALrYWnfu Xm CjRLV
SLLm Y[okkR GuT T]m Bt. CkR
SLLm Uo .. 3250k .. 2750 YWX]
LXLhPjp CkRRLj R\.
3. 1. UdLs
CYoLs GkR C]jRf NokRYoLs GuTp NjW
BVoLPV TX LjLs Xu\]. CYoLs
BVoLs Gu J NWo YR UoNp (Sir John Marshall)
tm Uj CYoLs BVoLs ApX GuTR TX
BRWeLPu Gjd \o. LoPu pP (Gordon
Childe) GuTYo, CYoLs UVoLs Gu \o. B]p
ARtL] BRWjR Gjd\ CVXpX. WP
C]jRf NokRYoLs Gu WLXRv T]o (Rakhal Das
Banerjee) \o. ALrYWnfp PjR NuL[d
Li PdPo L (Dr. Guha) Tu\o CYoLs TX
C]jRf NokRYoLs Gu \oLs. TmTX]
27
AOoLs k NUY SLLm WP UdLu LP
G] Jjd Lis[]o. G]Y Ce YrkRYoLs WP
C] UdLs GuT RY\. CmUdLs GkR C]jRf
NokRYoLs GuTRj RYLd \ CVXhPm,
SLLjp Eu]R XV APkkRoLs GuT
Uhm RY] EiU G] Y X YWXt BVoLs
u\]o.
3. 2. SLW @Ul ( Town Planning )
UagNRW Utm aWlT Tu\ SLWeLs
SdLWp AUVl TtkR]. k Sk 3
Up RXp UagNRWm W Sk 6 lhP YWV\LdhThP LhPlThkR].
Up RXp aWlT AUks[]. CqY
SLd ALUp AUkRRp Bt Ys[jp
CkSLWeLs TX RPY Ajf NpXlThP].
JqY\ AkR Tm im im CkSLWeLs
oUdLlThP] GuTR BWnfLs du\].
NXLu AUlTl Todm T SLW AUl
Eu]R XV Gh CkR GuTR EQWXm.
dVU] NXLs 33 A ALXm LiPYL[L
CkR]. Ut\ NXLs 9 Ak 12 A YW
ALXPVYL[Lm CkR]. RYWeLp
R[dLs AUdLlThkR]. Lod LpYnLm
\lTL AUdLlThkR].
hPPlThP TX RdLs UTm L WLtm
LpYnLs \lT AYt\f jRlTjRp
Tu\Yt\ TodmT \lTV] SLW oYLm
Ju CkdL Yim; AkR oYLm Lm
TXs[RL CkdL Yim; AR]p Ru
\LuT Lm RdLm AUkkR]
G] LoPu pP (Gordon Childe) \o.
28
Lo LpYnLs TV NeLtL[m Utm
LtL[m PlThkR]. LpYnLs R
YWeLp TV LpYPu CQdLlThkR]. CY
NeLtL[p LhPlThkR]. Lp Nm lTL[d
LhP Ru CTdLeLm lTj RhLs
AUdLlThkR]. UtVYt\d LY]jp Li
TojRp SLWm jRULm nUVLm CdL kR
AdL\ Gjd LiP]o GuT RYm.
3. 3. LhPPdLX ( Architecture )
SLWjp AUdLlThP A]jd LhPPeLm, X
LhPPeLs 30 A [m 26 A ALXm LikR].
AYtp Su ApX Ik A\Ls AUdLlThkR].
TV LhPPeLs, V LhPPjRl Tu CWi Te
[, ALXeL[d LikR. ALThNm 30 A\Ls
LiPRL CkR]. TX \ ALs HtThPm
AYt\ u L[Ld Ls[Xm. RXY
TZeLXm, CWiPY UjV LXm Utm u\Y
tLXUm. Ys[jRp AkRm im JW WL
hPhPlT Rp CWi LXjm LhPlThkR].
B]p tLXjp LhPlThP LhPPeLs NVLj
hPPlTPUp RWjp RrkRYL[L CkR]. C
tLXjp LhPPdLXu AYV d\ GuTo.
PdPo ^pLo (Dr. Pusalkar). RiVdLlThP L[
u YLL[Ll du\o.
1. dm Ls
2. TV LhPPeLs
3. Td VX\Ls.
Rp CWi YLdLhPeL[l Tt UX TojRm.
u\Y YLV] LhPPeL[ C TolTm.
29
 UagNRW u LlTV LhPPm. fNp[m 3. 4. NRV X
8 A BZm LiPRLm CkR. ARf t
Tj\Lm Vp A\Lm AUdLlThkR]. 3. 4. 1. EQ
ARd LhYRt hP NeLtLs TVuTjRlThkR].
fNp [jp Wf NjRm Ad W YVt\m NY Utm ANY EQ YLL[ UdLs EiP]o.
RjRV HtTLs NnVlThkR]. QLk dVUL LU, To, A, Tp, u, LPp BU
o fNp [jtd Li NpXlThP. QLs hP Utm Bh\f BV] EQl TsL[L CkR].
NeLtL]p LhPlThkR]. AR Tu aWlT C RWm TfNmTZm AYoL[ lTU] EQYL
m fNp [m AUdLlThkR. ARPV A[ CkR.
[m 39 AVLm ALXm 13 AVLm BZm 8 3. 4. 2. EP
AVLm CkR. Zd LXeLm, NUVf NPeLs
Nnm Tm UdLs fNp [jp W]o. NUVj Tj Utm LmT BPL[ AkR]o.
ZdLXeLp WYR RULd L ARt tTPLs UagNRW SLu dV YLUL
dVjYm AjR]o. CkR. GUV] BPL[ Ej]o. BiLs UX
i Tu\ BPm Z Yh Tu\ BPVm
AWNeLm ApX Td LhPPeLm Ri
AkR]o. TiLs RXUp Tu\ AUl
GdLlThP]. AYLs 460 A [m 280 A ALXm
LiP BPL[ AkR]o.
LiP]Ym. C RW aWlT p RVd PeLm
LQlThP]. 50 A [m 20 A ALXm LikR]. 3. 4. 3. SLLm
ARu ZYpLs SV Sd AUklTRp o
YVl TdYWjt UdLs TVuTj L\oLs CmUdLs Lm SLLjp ShPm LiPYo
GuT RYm. CR RVdPeLs AWNeLju L[kR]o. Xo Rm Nm YjkR]o. RkRjp
Nld L[gVUL LrkdL Yim. C RW 150 B] lm, YiLXjRp B] LiQm, ETVLl
A [m 75 ALXm LiP LhPPm Jum 280 A Tj]o. TiLm SLLjp ShPm LikR]o.
[m 78 A ALXm LiP Ut\uUL CWi
LhPPeLs Ri GdLlThs[]. 3. 4. 4. ALXuLs

CYW k NUY LXjV UdLs LhPPdLXd
dVjYm LjR UhpXUp Lj nUV]
YrdLV UtLid\oLs GuTRd LiPm.
ReLm, Ys, jR[ Tu\ EXLeL]p
NnVlThP ALXuL[ AYp AdLXjp
TiLm kR BoYmLikR]o GuTRm
BWnfLs XlTju\]. RkRj]p B] ALXu
Lm m AVlThP]. LjR, Y[Vp, UWm
Utm LRLs BVY dV ALXuL[m.

30 31
3. 4. 5. T Td
TLPdLnLs J YLV] NWeLm BVY
TY] TTdLL CkR. RhPm Lm BV SLWeLp YrkR UdLu T[RW YrdL
lTm Es[RL CkR. CRt TX TLPdLnLs
ETVdLlThP]. YhPVYm kR BoYm
LikR]o. ZkRLs LUiQp TmULs Nn
[V]o. T\YLs Y[olTm BoYm Lhd
u\]o. J Y[ T\YL[f NiPP h
ARlToj Urf APkdLd m.
3. 4. 6. TiLu X
TiLu YrdL Tm UuU APkkR.
BiLd LWL NU EUL[l TiLm NRVjp
TtkR]o. RnjRnY YTh\ CkR Gu
A\m. CY TiLs Lm Tt\lThPoLs
GuTRtf Nu\m.
3. 4. 7. TdYWjj RPo
Uh YiV dVU] TdYWjf NR]Un
TVuTjRlThP.
3. 4. 8. C\kR EPpL[ APdLm NnRp
C\kR EPX APdLm NnYp u YLV]
YL[l uTt]o. RXYRL C\kR EPXl
RjR]o. CWiPYRL GjR EPu GgV TLeL[l
RjR]o. u\YRL C\kR EPpL[ Lh Xe
LPjp h RXL CkR. No _uUo^p
(Sir. John Marshall) tlT CWiPY Y\L[
Tm TZdLjp CkR.
3. 4. 9. UjYm
GkR YLV] UjY\Vl TVuTj]oLs
GuT RYL AV VpX. Clm
YlXu dVjYjR AkkR]o.
32
3. 5. T[RW YrdL \
L Y[of APkR UagNRW Utm aWlT
\L[ ARtf Nu\m. AYt\d rdLiP Rp
Utm YLm BVYtu XUL AYm.
3. 5. 1. YNVm
YNVm AYoL[ RuUV]j RXL
AUkkR. LU, To, A, Tj Utm
LnLLs BVYt\l To NnR]o. LXlT u
ETVLjR AkkR]o.
3. 5. 2. hXeLs
dVUL T, G, GU, NmU B, Ys[
Utm JhPLm BVYt\ Y[oj YkR]o GuTR
BWnfp Ri GjR jWLs XULd LQXm.
CYoLs WL[l Tt AkdLpX.
3. 5. 3. YhPVRp
TTd Uhu YrdLj RY]l
TYRtLLm YhPVRX UtLiP]o.
LeLu Rp, Utm Gm BVYt\ YLm
NnR]o. u jRm Lm TVo TtkR.
3. 5. 4. t\m SnRm
t\m, SnRm UdLPV TZdLjp CkR]
GuTR ALrYWnfu NuLs Gjd Lhu\].
Tjm, XeLu RpLm BP SnYRtl
TVuTjRlThP].
3. 5. 5. UhTiPeLs
k NUY UdLs UhTiPeLs RVlTp Lm
Rof TtkRoLs. AY NdLWj]p NnVlThP].
33
Rio P YlTRtL] TjWm, TsL[
NlTRtL] TjWm Tu\] NnVlThP]. CjPu
Nm, Ys, jR[ Utm eLu BV EXLeL[d
Li YXlT AUkR TjWeL[f NnR]o.
3. 5. 6. EXLeLm Rl TsLm
ReLm, Ys, jR[ Tu\ EXLeL[l
TVuTj]o. ALrYWnfp LijRYLp
TmTX]Y Nm Utm YiLXjRp
NnVlThPYLs Bm. CYoLs JY[ Cmu
ETVLjR AVUp CkdLd m.
3. 5. 7. YLm
TZeLX SLLm, AiP SLPu LikR
YojRLjR GjWd\. dVUL Ls YojRLjp
TVuTjRlThP]. UVp X lhP TsLs
LidLlThP]. AY k NUY UdLPVRl
Tu\ CkR. C Cq SLPV YojRLm
SPTt\ GuTR E Nn\. UtLV
SLPm YojRLm SPTts[. TmTm o
YL[ YojRLjt TVuTjRlThP].
3. 5. 8. A[Ls
YLjt RWLs GPdLtLs BVYt\l
TVuTj]o. X TdLtLs AL GP LiPY.
AYt\ TV Lt\d LhV dL m. V
GPdLtL] SL VTLs ETVLlTj]o. CjPu
[jR A[lTRt A \Ls TVuTjRlThP].
CYWp k NUY UdLs Lm BdLoYU]
T[RW SPYdLL[ UtLi Yrp Tm Ls[ VR]; u\YRL EiUV] XeLu
UmT APkkR]o GuTRd LiPm.
34
3. 6. NUVm
ALrYWnfp PjR TpY YLV]
XLm jWLm kNUY UdLs NUVlTt
ALm LiPYoLs GuTR T\Ntu\]. ALl
TV] XLm, LUiQp B] TmULm (Terro-
Cotta) CYoLs EYYThp ALm SmdL
LiPYoL[ GuTR SUd EQoju\].
3. 6. 1. Rn YT
Rn YT CmUdLu NUVYrp Tm Te
YjR. aWlTp PjR L iP jWu Xm
Rnj RnYju EYjR Sm AVXm.
3. 6. 2. Y YT
CmUdLs Y] YTRX ReLds TZdLULd
LidLXm. aWlTp LiPjR jW Jup
Yu Tu\ EYm TdLlThs[R A\m.
A u LeL[d LiP LPs VL Xp
AUoklT TXm AR]f t V], Utm
GU Tu\ Xe]eLs rklT TXm
AUks[. C YdV L, TT Utm
ULV Gum AmNeL[ EQoju\].
3. 6. 3. Xe YT
jWLs Xm SUd RY k NUY
UdLPV Xe YT CkR RV Y\.
CqYThP u YLVLl dLXm RXYRL
T URu EYd LiP]. CWiPYRL, Ak
EYeL[d LiPRLm AUks[].
35
3. 6. 4. oYT
BWmT LX RtLiP SLs RU]YVLY
LRlThP]. UagNRW p LidLlThP TV
WRp Gu\ YZdLm UdLu NUVYrp o Lf \kR
dVjYm YnkRRLd LRlThP. NUVf NPeL[
BWmlTRt u Ru]f jRlTjd LsYRtLL
WRp YZdLjp Ck Yks[.
3. 6. 5. UWYT
LidLlThP jW Jup LPs JYo
UWeLd SY ClT Tp jdLlThs[.
Um Ym Tu\ UWeLs RU]YVL
LRlThP].
3. 6. 6. Vu Utm Sl YT
TX jWLp NdLWm, Yvd (Wheel and
Swastika) ClTRd Li V LP[ UdLs
YThPRLj R\. CR Tu SldV LP[
YTRXm AVXm.
3. 6. 7. SmdLLs
UdLs TX SmdLL[d LikRoLs GuTRt
L] BRWeLm ALrYWnfp Pjs[].
CYW Sm TjR TX NnL[] UWm, o, Vu
Sl Ut\m XeLs BVYt\ YTRp Gum
CVtL YT CkR.
3. 7. LX
jWLu YXL Sm CYoL[ LX
dLeL[ LQ CVm. Bi RnYm, Ti RnYm,
TpY YLV] XeLs BVYtu EYeLs
TdLlThs[]. UiTiPeLp P LeLu
36
EYeLs TdLlThPs[]. jWLs, RkRj]m,
LtL]m Utm LUiQm TdLlThs[].
X UdLVR LtLs SLLp TdLlThP]. Um
CYoLs CN Utm SP]jp AL ShPmLikR]o.
YiLXj]X] SP]Uu X CYoLu
Eu]RU]l TPlTt\Xd Lh\.
3. 8. FjLs
BWnfp LidLlThP GjL[ jW
Gj Gu\ ApX LiQj YL Gu\
lPXm. CRPV YYm Gu]Yu LQ
CVXpX. GjLs CPk YXU] J Ym,
YXk CPULm GRlThs[]. CY UV, Gl
BV GjLd RPoPV] TX LQlTu\].
DWl TVo k NUY GjLm, Um RZ
Gu s[o. CYoLu Gj\ jW
Gj\ Bm. (Pictography)
3. 9. kY SLLju @
CkV SLLjp Lf \k [eV kY
SLLm AkRRtL] LWQeLs TX Es[].
1. k Btp HtThP Ys[jRp CkSLWm rdLd
m.
2. ALrYWnfNu T PjR UR Gmd
L[ BWnkR AOoLs AYLu Up
LQlTm RLs Tod LXeLs G]
Nnu\]o. AkVo TPVl SPTtdL
Yim.
T[RW rf]p UdLs CPm TVok ShP
hf NudLXm. BVoLs YLVp TX Ut\eLs
HtThP]. AYtu [Yp SLW SLLm AkdLXm.
37
 CVL kNUY SLLjtm YRLX
SLLjtm Es[ YtUL[ . _uUoNp
(Sir. John Marshall) GuTYo rLiPY \o.
1. k NUY SLLm AlTPp SLW SLLm
Bm. B]p YRLX SLLU AlTPp WU
SLLUm. k NUY UdLs YNVjRm,
YLjR RuUV] RXLd LikR]o.
YRLX UdL[ SPL[L CkR]o.
2. k NUY UdLs EY YThp SmdL
LiPYoLs. Rn YT Y YT UW YT
Utm Xe YT BV YTL[f
NnRYoLs. B]p YRLX UdL[ EY
YThP Tt\pX. CYoLs CVtLV
YThP]o. o, Sl, BLVm, Vu BVYt\
YThP]o. AYoLs Slt dVjYm
LjR]o. B]p k NUY]p AqY
NnVpX.
3. kNUY]o tUL Cmu ETVLjR
AkdLpX. B]p YRLXj]o BWmTjp
ReLm, RWm BVYt\ ETVLlTj]o.
S[Pp Ys, Cm Utm YiLXm
BVYt\ ETVLlTj]o.
4. WLu dVjYm Utm ARu TVuT
BVYt\ k NUY]o EQokdLpX.
B]p YRLXj]W, W Utm T
BVYLd dVjYm LjR]o.
5. k NUY]o GRm, Gj \m
LtkR]o. AR]p LX Utm LXNWjp UXe
CkR]o.
38
3. 10. BkVl TiTht kY SLLju
LP
TZUm TUm YnkR kY SLLm
CkVl TiTht uYm AV LPL[
YZes[.
1. kY UdLu SLLm J \kR SLW SLLm
Bm.
2. k Y SLL LXjp RuV SLWeLu
YYUl Cu\V SLWeLu AUlTd Lhm
UmThPRL CkR.
3. SLWm U APYR RodL iQm L[YnLs,
SLu Jdl \jp AUdLlThPRL A\m.
L SUd TL GuTR EQokkR]o GuTR
CfNVp SUd EQoj\.
4. k Y UdLs Rt \kR LpX GuTR
EXLVf Nnm Th RnYTh]
UtLiP]o.
5. AV Xe]U] Jt\d Lm G Tt
CYoLd RkkR. LUiQp B] Jt\d
Lm Gu TmULs Pjs[]. Um
AYoLs CkR Jt\d Lm G] RnYUL
Tt YQe]o.
6. CYoLu LXj\] YiLXjX] SP]Uu
X EXLVf Nn\.
39
 h 2
uP
P {UP[P
1. n BP {PP Szx A
.
2. n uPzu A Eu \P
Au.
3. n uP uP UP UP
Pnmh kP x
Pu.
4. n , uP UP A], \P,
u \UP Ax
Pu.

]x \, BQ {P[P Au
B P v sk J
Bzux. BP zv B]x uP
G AbP PxQ. Q..2000 u
Q..1500&US Chmh Pzv P Pn
P BP ~u. AP u g\
Sv \u ]x G AUPmh H Ch[P
Si. {h AP P[Pa \
{UQ {Pu. ASv B zu Gmhx.
Bh {PP Q {PPS.
B G zuUS A Ax
{mh G .
\P : U, , \, Aun u[P
{S uPzu A Eu UQ \
17
PPz vPQ. u G \US A G
. {S u[P U u P x.
10 P[PU Psh U u 1028 hP
Ehx. u[Pz u n[P, E|hu[P,
Bs[P, n[P Pu, Cn
CUQa \P CUPzua \u.
C u Eu[P u. A Bu
(zx) u u (\sh ]), Pu u
(h P), ]u (PmhhU P)
PS. Cu CUQ[Px { uP UP
A], \P, u, \ smk
UP z ux P iQx.

uP : uPzu CPPP UP.

A Q..2000 u Q.. 1000 u
P. Q.. 1000 u Q..600 uP
BS. Cu C P[P u UP UP
] kP { PniQx.

uP Ax U uP
A] UP : uP [P
{US U uzv u Q. CUPzv
Hmh A_ Tmhzv Psh AP Cux.
J Tmhzv uzu A\ Azu.
Au A] A Aih S G AUP
mh SkS. Sk[P Cnx Q[P
E. Au u Qo B. Q[P
J\x (Vis) GUPmh Sx
(Clan), SUP Cnx (Jana) G A_
ux. AP u C\ uP
A\ G AUPmh. A ux UP
GvPhx P. C\ A]S
|Pzv Eu \ Qu G AUPmh
18
S, \ G AUPmh hz
u, \, \v AP Cu.
\P UP : \P UP Aih
Sk BS. B \Pzv uu
mhx. G Skzv uP uu Pu
mh. A QPv G Azu. u[P
vn, Sk UP uzxzv
zv.
sP | : uP \uzv
sP vUPzuUP | u. AP
u[P Pnz uukUS _uv u.
Skzv uPU Pumh. sP
x |Pa]P [P. zv,
, P, ]Pu, | A
P ]u soP AUPzv Cu.
AP BsPUS \P {hzumh. B
uPzv AP | x.
u UP : mhku UQz
uP Cux. UP BkkP, SvP,
k, \kP, {P C z
u. UP Khzv | UP z
uh[Q s UQz uPU
Psh. {\z u, u uk u,
P, EP P Psh.
mP U Pu Ax sh
oP ux. AUP UP S
B], GQx {kPh A oPz uh
U Psiu. |P G AUPmh
{n[P oPzv kzumh. A[P
mP, \u uu[P Hv \
mh. SvP, a\ CUSv.
En xUS : UP En
, , {, [P, PPP, \
19
Ch u. \ G \ix GkUP
mh umk \, x uU
Pmh _ G PhUS hUPmk
UP Aumh. u Czu, mh ku,
Sv u, \x[P, Bh h
UP x USPP Cu. zu
APUSz uvux. n ]UP UP
Pu.
Eh AoPP : BsP mi
BhP, \ hP Ekz
v. uP BsP UPx.
BsP ui zu. sP \ Gk
EhP, | Gk Ck Ao
Bh, Av\ Gk h
Aou. zv P BhP {
mh. BsP sP u Bn[P
Aox Psh. Puo, Pzuo, , u
Pmk mh P EPkzumh.
u \mh PoP EQzu.
\ : uPzv B CPz
uP mh. {, `, P,
[P BQ n[Q. AU, ,
` BQ PhPUS kP {h.
AU, n UP P u[P
. P[P ua\h[SP {h.
PhUS G Smh i Cuu ]P,
PP Pnh.

uP (Q..1000 & Q..600)

Q..1000 u Q..600 P xP
uP G AUPkQx. CUPzv
Cn, Pu Cmhu Cx CvP\
P AUPkQx. CUPzv BP
P[Pa \SvP Si.
20
 \P : \, , Aun u[P
n[P, E|hu[P, BsP[P u
Cn, Pu CvP\[P
uPzu A {US EuQ.
Pu u \ Cn
Q Gumh.
A] UP : Bzu G AUP
mh P[Pa \ A] {hiUPP P
x. P\, uP, S, Pu, P], Av,
g\ A_P CSv Gu. A\
h | ShzuUP A Eux. \
\v A\US Gu uzv uhP CUP
. A\ u ux. ux {mh
GvPhx Pzx, \mh J[P x
A\ PhPU Pumhx. A\P u[P
{mh kzv _P EUQ. G
A\Ph AiUPi Hmhx. `, A_
u, P[P \a \h[SP
{h.
` & A\PUS Eu | Azux.
A_uP & A\ uh A_ (Sv)
Gv \ {kPz u Pmkmi
Sx G E mi.
& uu & Cv A\h uu
Gx .
A\P HUm, \m, \ G mh
P `miU Psh. Q |Pzv Q
[P PzxU Psh. , _U, P
P UPhx `UPmh. A UP
{UPPa \hmh.
21
 \PUP : Sk \P UP
AihP Cux. Skz u uu.
\unP TmkU Sk |x. n
G AUPmh \v A uPzv u
ux. uhUPzv nP, \zvP,
]P, `zvP G {S P \uzv
u. nP S SUPP B]P
P [Q. \zvP Bm]PP,
P Cu. ]P oPPP,
PbPP \PP Cu.
a \uPh ou i A
UP `zv G AUPmh.
\ P Pzxi J u u
UP B] Gmh {S |P
UPmhx. A a\ Ax n
, QPu Ax mkz u, Pn G
|, u Ax Pmi ]US x|,
\\ Gk xu | GS.
sP | : uPzv sP
v, | Sz uh[Q. BsPUS
Akzu | sP UPmh. R
ix {hzu {UPPU Pu
mhx. sP x |Pa]P [SP A
vUPh. sPUS \zx Qh
x. Suz vn[P ukUPh. uP
n \xP Av UPmhx.
JUS Jzv G Ju n Cu
u n {h Cux. sP |
uPzvx \z uh[Qx.
P: \Pzv | u UP
mk P iux. nP u[P
B]Ph u[Q SSzv ]zu. sP
SS \ P Av UPmhx.
22
G PQ, z sP P P
soPPz vPu. nP uzx, uUP
\zv, \, CUPn, , zx,
JUP Pou h[P
. A\ SPUS uu Gk
UP PUPmhx. nP Pk
JUP ]h, uh B]Ph
Rix {hx Psh.
PQ G Pu so P P
PUPmh. Au z
G P ]u soUS Ah
Pn U UQUS Ch {hu ]
UP EhP E|hzv PnkQ.
u UP : \ UQz u
PU Pumhx. AUPzv C AvP A
EPmhx. UPPUS v C
\mh PP kzumh. AU
Pzv \zv Hmh P
PUS EkuU T. Au P
a\ Qx. , Px, {
PP UPmh. P{h uh
mhx. UPh Cu _UP GsoUP
zx APh \ | vhmhx.
|P, _n, \u u[P {n[P
UPzv Cu. P Gk \
\P UPP, Bn[P
Ezv \u. AP Czuzv Pzv
G Chzvx \ . C
\ AP, DmiP Ezv \u.
AP \U PP uzu. {\
P, u uP, ua\P, u \,
{P \ Q[P ]zu. uP
UP \ sn wmhmh msh[P
23
EQzu. CzuP \ sn msh[P
hCv SvP Cx PshkUP
mk. Cu Ch[P APa]P
\ sn msh SvP (Painted Grayware Sites)
G AUQ.

\ sn msh[P

CUPzv E{mk oP {mk

oP ]ux. Pa \iP, xP,
xoPP, umP BQ
{kPUS Hv \mh.
En xUS : A], Px,
, mP, PP, [P
P EnPU Psh. En
EmPsh. \ Bk, Bk BQP
Ca] En Ch . \, _ [P
Av. mkP (indoor games) vu
mkP (Outdoor games) CUPzv
hmh. `umh, \x[P, uu,
Svu ] mkPS.
UP Bh hP Su B Pmi.
Eh, AoPP : UP zv, P
{u BhP kzv. u[P,
24
 AoPP Aomh. uP UP
C, \, uP EP[P
EQzu.
\ : \ mk [P
Hmh. uP Ph UQzx
Sux. uPzv v, _v, q,
Qn BQ PhP n[P Bzu.
k, Eku Ph n[S
mk UQzx . kx
P[P Pmh. \ ]UP P
x. P PP AuU PP HU
Pmh. Ph J G A
BUP mk \ Azu u uP
UP {. UP m\U Pzv {UPU
Psh.
P AhP
1. n BP G[Qx u GuU
Sh i.

2. n uP \P UP i.

3. n U uP UP UP
uP UP UPh Jh i.

4. n uPzv uPzv
Pnmh sP | UP
i.

5. n , uP[P | UP
A], \P, u \ UP
UP i.

25

ghl - 3
ntj fhy gghL
fw nehff
j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhtJ
1. Maf f
2. ntj yafS mt w
3. ntj fhyK gghL
4. ija ntjfhyK gghL
Augh ggho efuf .K. 1500 M MLth
mjd. mtfsJ bghUshjhu, Maik KiwfS bks
ma bjhld. fhyjh njh-Ma bkhahd
tlbkh ngRgtf njh-<uha gFUJ tlnkF
ahF EiHjd. bjhlf tlnkF kiyfUj
fzthf tahf Fiwj vifyhd kfns
tUfTL. tlnkF rkbtfY, grh rkbtfY
mtf jf Mugfhy FoUfis mikJ bfhld.
d, mtf njh-fif rkbtF l bgajd.
fheilfis tsF Tljtfshf mtf Ujikah
gRikahd btfis mtf njo brw tz Ujd.
.K. Mwh whLth mtf tl ah KGtij
MuJ bfhld. vdnt, tlah Matj vd
miHfglJ. ntjfhyij ntj fhy myJ Kija
ntjfhy (.K.1500 - .K.1000) vW ija ntjfhy
(.K.1000 - .K.600) vW uL fshf fyh.
30
Maf f
Maf f vgJ thjJFa bghUshF.
Jg gntW fUJf ywd. gntW mPf
btntW gFfis Maf fkhf FLwd.
Mo gF, b#k, ka Mah, bjF uZah nghw gFf
mtfsJ fkhf fUjgLwd. ghyffhjhu yf
thda fzFfis Mjhukhf bfhL Maf Mo
gFUJ tjtf vd thLwh. UD, bjF
uagFna Maf Ul vw fUnj Vfjfjhf
csJ. tuyhwhaf bgUghY fUij Mjwd.
mUJ Maf Mah, Inuhgh Ma gntW gFfSF
l bgaUfTL. .K.1500 M MLth mtf
ahF EiHjd. njh-Maf vd mtfis
miHnwh. njh-Ma bkhahd tlbkhia mtf
ngtjd.
ntj yaf
vw nt brhUJ ntj vw brh wjJ.
mjF mj vW bghU. ntj vwh cathd m
vW bghU Twyh. ntjf ehF - , a#&, rhk, mjt.
j ehY ntj gHikahdJ. m 1028 ghlf csd.
gntW flis fJ j ghlf idagoU
wd. rlFfnghJ gwgLtjfhf gntW tuf
a#& ntj TwgLsJ. rlnghJ irgjfhfnt
awglJ rhk ntj. Unj a ir njhajhf
fUjgLwJ. gntW rlFfg mjt ntj FLwJ.
ehF ntjf ju, uhkzf, cgljf,
Muaff, kW fhrfshd uhkhaz, kfhghuj
nghw rka yafS csd. tghL kW ntf
Fj sff uhkzf TwgLsd. Mkh, uk,
cy njhw, aif ahj f nghw jJt
sffis TWtJ cgljf. fhL ya vd
TwgL Muaff ku, nt, gLj nghwtiw
31
TWwJ. uhkhazij th kfhghujij ntj ahrU
ad.
ntj fhy (myJ) Kija ntjfhy (.K. 1500
.K.1000)
ntj fhy, Maf bgUghY J gFnyna
thjd. ntj rj J myJ VG efgh gF
vw F tUwJ. grh gh y, dh, uh, ah, ry{
vW IJ efnshL J kW rut Ma VG efisna
J FwJ. ntj ghlfUJ ntjfhy kf
mua, r_f gghL thif Kiwfis mJ bfhsyh.
ntj fhy mua
Fy myJ FLg vgnj ntjfhy muaYF
mogilahf UjJ. gy FLgf izJ uhk
cUthW. uhk jiyt uhk vdglh. gy uhkf
izJ R vw mik njhaJ. j jiyt ag.
fbga mua xUiz #d vdglJ. ntj
fhy gujf, kaf, aJf, Uf nghw gntW mur
Fyf Ujd. mu jiyt uh#. ntj fhy
bgUghY Koah Kiwna tHUjJ. gugiu thR
Kiwna gwglJ. thf murDF cjahf
nuhjU, nrdh vw giljsg Ujd. rgh, r
vw uL fthj mitfS Ujd. rgh vgJ
Cbgnah mla mitahf, r vgJ bghJ kf
ufis bfhl mitahf sd.
r_f thif
jij tia mogilahf bfhlnj ntj fhy r_f.
r_f mogilahf saJ uA myJ FLg.
FLg jiyt uAg. bghJthf xUjhu kz
tHUjJ. mur kW ca Fodilna gyjhu kzK
eilKiw UjJ. y bghWfis ftJ tj kid
Ka rlFfY gbfLJ bfhtJ tHf. MfSF
32
izahf bgfSF Mf kW mthw ts
rk thf tHfgld. mgyh, tthuh, nfhrh, nyhgKuh
nghw bg fPfS ntj fhy thjd. bghJ
mitfY bgf gbfLJ bfhld. wh kznkh
clfilnaW r tHfnkh ntj fhy iy vgJ
FljfJ.
gU kW fgahyhd Milfis M bg UghyU
mjd. UghyU gntW tifyhd Mguzfis
mjd. nfhJik, gh, gh, j, be, fhff, ff
nghwit Ka cz bghUfshF. gR j yfhf
fUjgljh gR iw cgjF jilUjJ. njnuhl
ngho, Fiunahl, rJuf, ir, eld nghwit
mtfsJ a bghGJnghFf. a ntj fhy
Ujijnghy ntjfhy r_f f f
fLikahdjhf Ufiy.
bghUshjhu iyik
nkr y kfshf sa ntj fhykf Ka
bjh fheil tsghF. fheilfis mogilahf
bfhnl mtfsJ brt klglJ. tlah
mtf iyahf j thH bjhla d ntsh
bjhiy nkbfhld. U gaid eFzUj
mtfsh btF vjhf fhLfis U gutyhd is
yfis cUthf KojJ. kbwhU Ka bjh jRntiy.
fhLfis mFnghJ ilj Vuhskhd kufsh bjh
bgJ gabgwJ. njf, fyigf nghwtiw jrf
cg brjd. cnyhf fiyPf br, btfy kW
Ughyhd gntW bghUfis cg brjd. w
kbwhU Ka bjhyhF. gU kW fg Milf cg
bragld. bghbfhyf Mguzfis, Fatf L
cgnahffhd kghlfis cg brjd.
tf fKa bghUshjhu eltoifahF. ef
nghFtuJF bgJ cjd. glkhW Kiwnyna tf
33
eilbgwJ. fhyngh Zf vw jf ehzaf bgU FfgLsd. Matj (tl ah), kanjr (ka
tjff bryhtahf gagLjgld. ah), jzghj (bjah).
rka mua iy

y, beU, fhW, kiH, o d nghw aif ija ntj fhy bga muRf njhaij Vfdnt
rfis ntj fhy kf tgld. tiw flsuhf Fnlh. fhy gy Fyf myJ #df
cUtfgL tgld. U (), m ( beU), th xizJ #dgjf cUthd. mu gugs bgUajh
(fhW), tUz (kiH), u (od) Ma flsf mur mfhuK mfjJ. jdJ tikia bgUF
ntj fhy f bgUjd. Kija ntj fhy nehfJl mur gntW rlFfis, ntfis
u f fbgW sdh. uDF mLj brjh. uh#Na ( KoRL Hh), mtnkj (Fiu nt)
iy Uj m flsUF kjUF ilna kW th#nga (nj ngho) Mad tW mlF. uh#
cwghykhf Ujh. aif rkiyia ghJfhF flshf t#d, my tdg, Vfuj, rhuh nghw glfis
tUz sdh. M, c nghw bg flsU mur No bfhlh.
fhy tglgld. Myafnsh, iy tghnlh Kija nuhj, nrdh, uhk ju, ija ntj fhy
ntjfhy iy. egafis vghJ flsUF nkY gy a mfhf M Jiw gF tjd. fUy
tghLf bragld. be, gh, jha nghwit mfh, tjLnth, mur j MnahU ylF. uhk
gilfgld. tghonghJ gntW rlFf gwgld. rigf csh mikf mf tjd. ija ntj
ija ntjfhy (.K.1000 - .K. 600) fhy rgh, r vw mitf brthHjd.
bghUshjhu iy
ija ntjfhy Maf nkY HF neh l
bgajd. fif rkbt Maf jfsJ Ulij fhy U cgnahf mfkhf fhzglJ.
gLa tufis rjgj uhkz FLwJ. ija jdh, kf nkY gy tdfis mJ isyfis
ntj yaf gntW Ma Fyf kW muRf g bgUd. ntshik Ka bjhyhf saJ. a tif
Ff fhzgLwd. guj muRf vG bgwJ fUf ntshikF gagLjgld. gh ju, be kW
fhya w TwhF. bjhlf FU kW ghrhy nfhJik glgld. yJF cuLj xU Ka
Ma muRf fbgW sd. FU mu ff murfshf KndwkhF. gntW bjhfS tsailjd. cnyhf
gB, #dnk#a Mnah M jd. ghrhyf wj ntiyghLf, njhbghUf, jRbjh, kghlf
mur uthAd b#t vgtuhth. ytfis t nghdh. nghwit bgU tsailjd. cehL thgnjhL
FU, ghrhy muRf F wF, nfhry, fh, njf maehL thgK bgUd. fl thg ija
nghw muRf KaJt bgwd. m#hjrU fh ff ntjfhy tHUjJ. ghnyhah nghw ehLfSl
mur. iy efiu jiyefuhf bfhl njf eho mur tjf nkbfhsglJ. tha vw r_f mik
#df. aPtha vw yt tuJ mitia myfjh. fhy njhaJ. itaU thf <Lgld.
HF nfho kfj, mf, tf nghw muRf Ujd. fzf vdgl thf FGfis mtf mikJ
ija ntj yaf ah _W bgUfshf

34 35
bfhld. ntj fhyUj Zf vw ehza ju, njhd. jifa ntfSF vuhf njhanj j, rkz
rjkhd, UZzy vwiHfgl jf, bt ehzafS rkafshF. J jJt rhukhf sF cgljf
bryhtahf HfUjd. gayhj jifa ntfis Mjfiy. Phd vw
r_f thif cikahd mit bgWtj _ynk nkhrij milaKo
vd mit tWd.
ija ntj fhy r_f ehF Ka fshd
uhkzf, af, itaf, Nuf Mad eF
nt%aJ. itaUF NuUF kWfgl gntW fw milf
rYiffis uhkzfS afS mDgJ tjd. j ghlUJ khzt mJbfhlJ.
aiul uhkznu caj iy UjnghY, y
1. ehF ntjf kW ija ntj yaf.
ntisf af uhkzfisl jhf cajtf
vW Tbfhld. jhf nkbfhl bjh 2. ntj fhy mua, r_f, bghUshjhu.
mogil gntW is #hfS fhy njhd. 3. fntj fhy kf rka.
FLgij bghWjtiu, ija ntjfhy jhial
jfg brthF cau bjhlaJ. kf iy vj 4. muaY, r_fY ija ntj fhy Vgl
KndwK fhzgliy. MfSF gojtfshfnt khwf.
bgf fUjgld. mitf gbfLJ bfhSj nghw 5. ija ntj fhy mfj rlFfS
mua cikfisTl bgf Hjd. wh kz gutyhf ntfS.
tHfUjJ. mnua uhkz vw , bg FHij
FLgF Vgl nrhf vW FLwJ. mur FLg
kL bgf xUy rYiffis bgW thjd.
rka

Kija ntjfhy flsuhd uD, m ija

ntj fhy brthHjd. ija ntjfhy u#hg
(gil fl), ZQ (fhF fl), Uu (mF fl)
Ma fls KaJt bgwd. ntf nkY ukhf
gwglnjhL, gntW rlFfS mKfgLjgld.
tgho KaJt FiwJ ntfSF mf
KaJt tHfglJ. rh bjh eF
KiwgLjglnjhL gugiu bjhyhf khaJ.
ntfSfhd xGFKiwf mtfsh VgLjgld.
vdnt, ija ntj fhy W gF rhf
MfJF, ntf, kW rlFfSF gyj vf

36 37