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    4 Bacteria PDF

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    of 6
    CURRENTS IN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 48 Bacteria in the Oil a Petroleum engineers are nothing if not eclectic. in their quest for hydrocarbons, they exploit esoteric disciplines ranging fom nuclear physics to satelite-asisted ‘communications, from factor analysis to information theory. An area as far from home as any of these, but as pertinent, i microbiology. Interactions of bacteria—both good and bbad—with oilfield equipment and earth formations have been known for decades. ‘As eatly as 1923, von Wolzogen Kahr dis- cussed electrobiological corrosion down- hole, and 11 years later he coauthored an electrochemical theory of bacterial coro sion. In 1946 Claude Zobel of the Amer- can Petroleum institute patented the frst, method for injecting bacteria into the for mation to increase oil mobility.” Today, entre disciplines are devoted to discourag- ig bacterial-related problems and to encouraging bacterial-elated enhanced oi recovery {EOR). To understand how bac- teria help and hare ol wells, first consider ‘what bacteria are and how they work Bacteria belong toa group of organisms called procaryotes, whose cells have n0, ‘compartmentalized nucleus (above righ. all forms of fe, bacteria use enersy to ‘ary on vital functions and to build new 4H,0 + H,S + Energy. Although the details of anaerobic bacter al metabolism are still debated, specialists agree on its three main products (right) hhydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the Eucaryo yale Mushre niy Pino ar | CAI fv things eas Procary- ‘tes, comprising the group that contains bactoria, are one ofthe oldest lors of Ife. Tei els are not divided ino compartment, but have mem ‘branes that separate various cellular functions. They have bah forms of _genetc material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Viruses ae selceplicating units that eit a parasites in er cells and are also though ob quite primitive. They contain either DNA or RNA, but ot both, uses do not fit ensily into conventional biological clessicaions and there some question whether they qually as living things. Eucaryotc ‘ells have both DNA and RNA and have various compartments and sac tions devoted to specialized physiologic function, [DPreposed main reactions of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in anaerobic conrosion. (Aer Cord-Ruwisch, reference 8) oxidation of hydrogen even in anaerobic environments, converting iron from the metallic state to ionic state; acetic acid [C,H,O,], which forms pockets of corro- sion, called concentration cells at inter- faces between iron sulfide [FeS,] and The Technical Review Bad News, Good News metallic iron; and hydrogen sulfide [HSI which converts metallic iron to iron sulfide flocs (befow right and righ0. Most bacterial cconrosion detected by the Casing Eval {(CET*) tool is caused by anaerobes. ‘Aerobic bacteria are also present, but in smaller numbers and with fess significant effects. Meny aerobic bacteria oxidize iron from the ferrous [Fe*?] to the ferric state [Fe], with the precipitation of rust iron hydroxide, $Fe(OH)y: 4FeCO,+0;46H,0> Fe(OH, +4CO, Cortosion is also hastened by oxygen con- =100 milidarcis since bacteria measure »1 micron), depth (10,000 feet [3,000 meters), and residval «il saturationt=25 to 30 percent.» The goal must be clear: waterloeding or permeability modification. Using core analysis or logs (euch as the Geochemical (GLT* log or the Ltho-Density* log), as much information as possible should be collected on rock matrix ‘mineralogy, clay mineralogy and distibu- tion, and, from produced water samples, the nature of indigenous microorganisms. ‘Temperature and salinity can adversely affect te project by increasing retention of the injected microbes through attachment or filtration, and clays may aso adsorb surfac- tants and solvents produced by fer- mentation. Indigenous microbes may ether holpo- hinder. "Aer injection, itis Important to monitor produced fluids. The presence of nutrients, for example, suggests bacteria arent grow- ing well or that excess nutrient is being injected. Black water can indicate ion sul- fide production by indigenous SRB. Micro- bial activity can also be assessed by exam ining samples of backflsh water for foam or high turbidity, by smell (with certain microorganisms) or, more reliably, by ab culture and microscopic examination A field-wide test of MEOR was done in the Mink Uni of the Delaware-Childers field in northeast Oklahoma to determine whether MEOR could increase production in a mature waterflood.? Four of 21 in- jection wes were each teated with 10 ga {ons (38 liters] of molasses before and after injection of 26 gallons (99 lites] of micro bial formulation. Afer the wells were shut in for two weeks, backtlush samples were dawn. The samples showed foam, indicat ing surfactant production and microbial viability. Thisty weeks later viability was {urthercontiemed by the appearance of in- jected microorganisms in production wells about 1,000 feet (300 meters) from the injection sites. Ths is believed to be the firs observed transport of microorganisms between injection and production wells ‘Ourut from the fel’ 15 producing wells iereased 13 percent inthe year after bac- terial injection. Presumably, production might have been higher ifall 21 injectors had received the same treatment. n add- tion, water/oll ratios at producing wells dropped nearly 35 percent. Reducing Fluid Mobility/Permeability ‘Microorganisms can also be used to reduce fluid mobility. Biologically produced poty- ‘mers such as polysaccharide xanthan gum, 2 food additive, have been used for some time in EOR to thicken injection water and thereby increase sweep efficiency. Xanthan ‘gum is especially attractive because of its The Technical Review shear resistance, tolerance of temperature and salinity, and the convenience of manu- facture within the formation, using a mix {re of bacteria and nutrients. ‘A similar approach has been suggested {or selectively plugging high permeability cchannels and thief zones.'6 Although this has worked in the laboratory, it has yet to be tested inthe field. Plugging the borehole could be avoided, f necessary, by separate- sage injection of bacteria and nutrient; then a small amount of bactericide could stop ‘growth at the face of the formation. Suc- ‘cessul plugging would depend on choosing a microbial formulation that fosters creation of aglycocalyx. LW. Costerion of the University of Cal- gary recently proposed an approach to plugging with a different application in rmind.2° Costerton observes that certain starved bacteria shrink drastically then swell 500-fold after nutrients bacome available, He suggests that these bacteria be used to prevent coning. The cells would be injected into the formation at the level of the oil- water interface, where, because of their small ize, they Could penetrate as much as 15 feet [5 meters} radially. Then, after being fed an inexpensive diet of pulp and paper waste products, they would swell and clump, forming 2 plug that should prevent _water from coning into the producing zone, ‘This general method has been tied before, by injecting cement and polyacrylic, but these materials do not penetrate far enough into the formation and are mare expensive than bacteria and nutrients, No field trials have be made, but laboratory simulations ‘support Costerton’s hypothesis. From the variety of field conditions stud fed and the observations of different invest gators, itis clear that much remains to be learned of what could be called geomi- crobiology and its engineering applications 16 Fock, ecorey 7a bir a ape 17, sae IR: The Suphate Reducing Baie, 2, Combe: Contre Univenty Fes, 1904 18. Bijan RS "Posen User Moca Poeun Recovery Teco. Poe ‘Oda Academy of Sloe? (267997 108, Biya and Doula “vahton ef Micah ‘Spt n Braue Mia fr Epc i Recor purer Pt 16264, rveta atthe SP hers tina Symposia on Onbeld Chem, San Ar. Fo Teas Febuary 41987 19. yan 8S arch Te, Demis OM and Heznan Dor ncbialErhance Watrfoodng: Make Une Project paper SPUDOE 1734 pressed at ‘ke STUOOE Land OF Rete Syesum, ‘ole A 17-20, 1988 2. rnserch ol vig lp” The Econom, aye, 987131 Volume 37 Number 1 Letters Tothe editor: enjoyed your October 1988 article "Archie I Electrical Conduction in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rocks for very practical reasons which may be ofirerest ‘Monto Petroleum Co. was a nonoperaing, working interest ower inthe dling ef the Wile Petroleum 61 Quinn Rushing 9 Lower “Teacalosa test in Lincoln County, Misissipp. ‘A dualnduction log showed a clean looking zone witha very low fessvity of about 0.2 ohm 'm.Despt tho fact that sidewall core showed up 015% ol the operator, with Monitor dissenting, ‘chose to plug and abardon the well No SEM analysis wos attempted, buta visual inspection of ‘the cores indicated several discrete unite of upwardly coarsning grain-size deposition cycles apd thus the posbiity of dfering clay mineral By within each eye ‘Aimosta yea late, the operator and Monitor Pevoleum entered he wal, and despite some ‘mechanical difcubes, completed a pumping 0 wel dual induction log run on reenty showed. A similar response. very low resisivin—to the ital og, ‘The work cited in your ace, about how mleroporosity reduces restiviy, would Ven cre- dence fo our orginal misgivings and prompt us to include SEM analyses when fred with solar anomalous lg responses its possible that the low resistivity was caused by microporous lays. The producing srandine reervots ofthe Lower Tuscaloosa in southwestern Missisppl are notorious for their anomalously low resi,

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