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இந்தியாவிற்கு ஐரோப்பியர் வருகை - எவரெஸ்ட்
இந்தியாவிற்கு ஐரோப்பியர் வருகை - எவரெஸ்ட்
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11
tuyhW nghh;r;Rf;fy; kw;Wk; !;bgapd; ehLfs;
j; f Sila khYkpfis fly; t Hpg;
ghlk; 1 gazk; nkw;bfhs;s Cf;Ftpj;jd/
1 2
chpikia bgw;wdh;/ nghh;rR ; f;frP pah;fspd; fg;gw;gil 1533 ntz; o apUe; j J/ ,jdhy; kf; f splj; j py; mth; f sJ
Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;J ehfg;gl;odk; bry;thf;F Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ/
kw; W k; J}j; J f; F o Mfpaj; JiwKf efu; f isf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ/ brd;idapYs;s rhe;njhk;. nghh;rR ; f;frP pag; 2/ M;fpnyah;fspd; fg;gw;gil Mjpf;fj;jpd; tpisthf
gw;wpl;fspy; xd;whf mike;jJ/ kJiu ehaf;fh;fs; lr; R f; f huh; f s; ,e; j pahtpy; j; f s; gw; w pl; f is
nghh;rR
; f;frP paiu ehl;iltpl;L btspnaw;w ntz;Lbkd;W M; f pnyahplk; xg; g ilf; f ntz; o a NH; e piy
Kaw;rp bra;J mk;Kaw;rpapy; njhy;tpa[w;wdh;/ cUthdJ/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahittpl ,e;njhnerpahtpy;
thzpfk; bra;tjpnyna mjpf <LghL bfhz;ldh;/
nghh;r ;Rf;f Pr pahpd; tPH ;r ;r pf;f hd fhuz;f s; : 3/ M; f pnyah; f s; tUif : ,e; j pahtpy; thzpfk;
bra;tjw;fhdg; gl;laj;ij ,;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fy; kpfr;rpwpa ehL/ ,e;jpah nghd;w
kpfg;bghpa ehl;il. me;ehl;oduhy; Kjyhk; vyprbgj;jplkpUe;J. ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L
fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/ M;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpg; bgw;wJ/ gpwF 1639
Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp!;nl vd;gth; re;jpufphp
2/ nghh;rR
; f;frP pa tzpfh;fs; neh;ika[ld; bray;glj; MSehplkpUe;J brd;dg[hp vd;w ,lj;ij (,d;iwa
jtwpdh;/ brd;id) bgw;whh;/ me;j ,lj;jpw;fhf fk;bgdp rpwpa
3/ , e ; j p a h t e ; j l r ; R k w ; W k ; M ; f p y bjhifia tUlhe;jpu thlifahf brYj;j Kd;te;jJ/
tzpff;FGf;fs; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; ty;yik
tha;e;j nghl;oahsh;fshf khwpdh;/
3 4
4/nldpah;fs; tUif : nldpaf; fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff;FG Kjy; f h; e hlfg; nghh; (1746?48)
1616 Mk; Mz;L bld;khh;f;fpy; epWtg;gl;lJ/ 1620 Mk; fhuz; f s; : Inuhg; g pahtpy; 1744 Mk; Mz; L
Mz; L nldpah; f s; ju; f k; g ho vd; D kplj; j py; Xh;
M!;jphpahtpw;Fk;. gpbuc&;ahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; M!;jpupa
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy;.
thhpR chpikg;nghh; Vw;gl;lJ/ ,e;jg; nghl;oapy;
j; f Sila ehl; o ypUe; J epjp cjtp fpilf; f hj
M!; j phpahtpw; F M; f pnyah; f Sk; gpbuc& ; a htpw; F
fhuzj; j pdhy; nldpah; f s; j; f Sf; F brhe; j khd
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mnj neuj;jpy;
bjhHpw;rhiyfis M;fpnyaUf;F tpw;Wtpl;ldh;/
M;fpnyah;fSk; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; j;fspd;
,jdhy; ,th;fs; j;fSila bry;thf;if ,He;jdh;/
thzpf nkyhjpf;fj;ij tphpt[g; gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;/
5/gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : gpbu;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; ghz;or;nrhpia eph;tfpj;j gpbu;R fth;dh; La{g;ns.
fk;bgdp 1664 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/ ,e;jpahtpypUe;J M;fpnyaiu tpul;l vz;zpdhh;;/
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; rhe;njhikf; ifg;gw;wp. mij kPz;Lk;
lr;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;fs;/ 1674 Mk; Mz;L nghh; e pfH; r ; r pfs; : oa{g; n s brd; i dia nehf; f p
gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; vd;gth; gp$g;g{h; kd;dhplkpUe;J gilbaLj;Jr; brd;W. M;fpy fg;gw;giliaj; njhw;foj;J
g[Jr;nrhp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;ijg; bgw;whh;/ Mdhy; 1699 y; g[ d pj $hh; $ ; nfhl; i liaf; ifg; g w; w pdhh; / ,e; j
g[Jr;nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ gpwF. hp!;tpf; eltof;ifia M;fpnyah;fs; Mw;fhl;L ethg;ghd
cld;gof;ifapd;go g[Jr;nrhpiag; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; md; t hUjP d plk; Kiwapl; l hh; f s; / g[ d pj $hh; $ ;
jpUk; g g; b gw; w hh; f s; / 1701 Mk; Mz; L ,e; j pahtpy; nfhl;ilia M;fpnyahplk; xg;gilf;Fk;go md;thUjPd;
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf g[Jr;nrhp cj; j utpl; l hh; / Mdhy; oa{g; n s mjw; F ,z; f
mwptpf; f g; g l; l J/ j; r ht{iu Mz; l kuhj; j pa kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{g;nsaplkpUe;J brd;idia
kd;dh;fsplkpUe;J. 1725 Mk; Mz;L kyghh; kPlf; md;thUjPd; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;/ fp/gp/ 1746Mk;
flw;fiuapYs;s kh~p gFjpiaa[k;. 1739 Mk; Mz;L Mz;L milahWf;F mUfpy; cs;s rhe;njhk;
fhiuf;fhy; gFjpiaa[k; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ vd;Dkplj;jpy; ehthgpd; gilfs; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/ nkYk; gpbu;Rg;gilfs; brd;idg;
M;fpnyah; ? gpbu;Rf;fhuh; ? Mjpf;fg;nghl;o gFjpiaa[k; Niwahor; brd;wdh;/ ,t;btw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dh;
18Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy; flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;w
M;fpnyah;fSk;. gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; typik kpf;fth;fshf gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; Kad;wdh;/ Mdhy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
,Ue;jdh;/ brd;id. fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa ,e; j Kaw; r p M; f pnyaj; jsgjp nk$h; yhuhd; ! ;
,l;fspy; M;fpnyah;fs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiy vd;gthpd; jpwikapdhy; Kwpaof;fg;gl;lJ/
ehl;odhh;fs;/ gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; ghz;or;nrhpapy; jkJ gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wj;
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ ,UtUk; j;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ij jtwpdhYk;. ,g;nghh; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdh;/ ,jd; tpisthf nkyhz; i kiaa[ k ; . oa{g; n sapd; jpwikiaa[ k ;
fh;ehlfg; nghh;fs; Vw;gl;ld/ btspg;gLj;jpaJ/
5 6
tpist[fs; : 1748 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l
va;?yh?rhg;ngy; cld;gof;ifapd;go Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghh;
Kotile;jJ/ M;fpnyau;fSf;Fk;. gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; BeX - Wg Th
,ilna Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;go gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
brd;idia M;fpnyahplk; xg;gilj;jdh;/
7 8
M; f py ,uhQqt mjpfhhp ,uhgh; l ; f pist; cld; g of; i fapd; g o. ,e; j pahtpYk; ghz; o r; n rhp.
Mw; f hl; i lj; jhf; f pdhh; / re; j hrhfpg; Mw; f hl; i lf; fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfSk; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fsplk;
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J xU gilia kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
mDg;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; ,uhgh;l;fpist;. M;fpyj; jsgjp nfhl;ilfisg; gGJ ghh;f;f TlhJ vd;W epge;jid
yhud;Rld; ,ize;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kPJ gilbaLj;J tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L M;fpnyah;fSf;Fk;
re; j h rhfpg; i gj; njhw; f oj; j hh; / nkYk; Muzp. gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilnaahd Mjpf;fg;nghl;o
fhnthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l;fspy; gpbu;Rg;gilfs;
Kotile;jJ/
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/
Rakjpg; g P L
11 12
II. nfhol;l ,l;fis epug;g[f : IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ btdpR efug; gazpahd __________ jkpH;ehl;ilg; 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s lr;Rg; gw;wpl;fs; ahit>
gw;wp Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/ 2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz;fs; ahit>
2/ ___________ vd; D kplj; j py; 1608 Mk; Mz; L 3/ ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; xU bjhHpw;rhiyia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 4/ K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>
5/ te;jthrp tPuh; vd mah;Tl; miHf;fg;glf;fhuzk;
3/ gpbu;Rf;fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp ____________ Mk; ahJ>
Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk; bra;tjw;fhd gl;laj;ij V. tphpthd tpilasp :
,;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp ___________ ,lkpUe;J
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L M;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa
vt;thW epiyehl;odh;>
fk;bgdp bgw;wJ/
2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu tpthp/
5/ Inuhg;ghtpy; eilg;bgw;w ______________ nghh;
3/ ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz;fisa[k;
K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;/
nghhpd; nghf;ifa[k; tpthp/
6/ rh; mah;Tl; ___________ vd;w gl;lg;bgaUld; 4/ jkpH;ehl;oy; M;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz;fs;
bfsutpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ ahit>
7/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L ghhp!; cld; g of;ifapd; g o
_________ Kot[w;wJ/ bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp
1/ jkpH; e hL tiu glj; j py; nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; .
III. bghUj;Jf : lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; M;fpnyah;fs; mikj;j
m/ M Fonaw;w;fisf; Fwpf;ft[k;.
1/ fhd;!l
; hd;onehgps; flY}h; 2/ fh;ehlfg; nghUld; bjhlh;g[ila ,l;fis
jkpH;ehl;od; tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;ft[k;/
2/ gpuhd;!p!;nfh?o?
my;bka;lh lr;Rf;Fonaw;wg;gFjp
3/ gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; JUf;fpah;
4/ g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;il ePyepwf;bfhs;if
5/ ehfg;gl;odk; ghz;or;nrhp
13 14