1.

,e;jpahtpw;F INuhg;gpah; tUif (8th Samacheer

Pg.279 -285)
2. ,ejpahtpw;F INuhg;gpah; tUif (rkr;rPh; fy;tpf;F
Ke;ija ghlGj;jfk; Pg.1 -14)
3. Mq;fpy gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fg; Nghl;b (8th Samacheer
Pg.286 294)
4. jkpofj;jpw;F INuhg;gpah; tUif (rkr;rPh; fy;tpf;F
Ke;ija ghlGj;jfk; Pg.1-16)
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ghlk; 1
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fw; w y; nehf; f ; f s;
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2/ M; f pnyaUf; F k; . gpbu; R f; f huh; f Sf; F k;
,ilna ele;j Mjpf;fg; nghl;oapidg; gw;wp
g[hpe;J bfhs;Sjy;/
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rpwe;j gz;ghl;oidf; bfhz;l ,e;jpa
khepy;fspy; xd;whd jkpH;ehL. r;f fhyj;jpy; gy g[fH;
bgw; w murh; f shy; Msg; g l; l J/ jkpH; e hl; o d;
gz;ghl;ow;Fk;. ehfhPfj;jpw;Fk; mth;fs; Mw;wpa gzp
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ/ gz;ila jkpH;kf;fs; fpnuf;f kw;Wk;
nuhkhdpa ehLfSld; thzpfj; bjhlh;g[ bfhz;oUe;jhh;fs;/
nkYk; btdpR efu gazp khh;f;nfh nghnyh ,uz;lhk;
ghz;oa muR fhyj;jpy; jkpHfj;jpw;F tUif je;jhh;/
,e;jpa th;j;jfg; bghUs;fshd thridj; jputpa;fs;.
gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;L nghd;w bghUs;fisg; gw;wp mth;
Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/ mtuJ Fwpg;g[fs; kw;w Inuhg;gp
ah;fisj; jkpHfj;Jld; tpahghuj; bjhlh;g[ bfhs;s
Cf;Ftpj;jd/
fp/gp/ 1453 Mk; Mz;L JUf;fpah; fhd;!;lhd;o
nehgpisf; ifg;gw;wp. kj;jpa jiuf;fly; tHpiaa[k;
milj;;jdh;/ vdnt Inuhg;gpah;fs; fpHf;F ehLfSf;Fr;
bry;y g[jpa fly; tHpia fz;Lgpof;f ntz;oajhapw;W/
15 kw; W k; 16 Mk; E}w; w hz; o d; fz; L gpog; g [ f s;
Inuhg;gpah;fs; fPiHehLfSld;. Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpaht[ld;
thzpfj; bjhlh; g [ bfhs; s tHp tFj; j J/ nkYk;
1 2
nghh;r;Rf;fy; kw;Wk; !;bgapd; ehLfs;
j; f Sila khYkpfis fly; t Hpg;
gazk; nkw;bfhs;s Cf;Ftpj;jd/
1/nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; tUif : Kjd;
Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; tHpiaf;
th!;nfhlfhkh
fz;Lgpoj;jth;fs; nghh;rR; f;frP pah;fs; Mth;/
nghh;r;Rf;fy; kd;dh;. khYkp b~d;wp.fly;tHpg;gazk;
nkw; bfhs;s khYkpfis Cf;Ftpj;jhh;/ mjd; tpisthf
1498 Mk; Mz;L th!;nfhlfhkh vd;w nghh;rR ; f;frP pa khYkp
nkw;F flw;fiuapYs;s nfhHpf;nfhL vd;w ,lj;ij
mile;jhh;/ nfhHpf;nfhL gFjpia Mz;l rhkhpd; vd;w
kd; d h; th!; n fhlfhkhit md; g [ l d; tuntw; w hh; /
,e;epfH;r;rp nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; j;fsJ gw;wpl;fis
jkpH;ehl;oy; mikj;Jf;bfhs;s tHp tFj;jJ/
th!;nfhlfhkhtpd; fly;tHp fz;Lgpog;g[ ,e;jpa
tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;g[ Kidahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ/
gpuhd;rp!;nfh?o?my;bka;lh (1505?1509):
,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j nghh;rR
; f;frP pag; gw;wpl;fspd; Kjy;
MSeuhf ,th; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,e;jpag; bgU;flypy;
nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; Mjpf;fk; bgw;wth;fsha;
tps;fntz;Lbkd mth; tpUk;gpdhh;/ mth; gpd;gw;wpa
bfhs;if ePyf;fly; bfhs;if vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ/
my;n ghd; n rh ? o ? my;g[fh; f; F (1509?1515): ,th;
nghh; r ; R f; f P r pa gw; w pl; f spd; ,uz; l htJ MSeuhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,th; ,e;jpahtpy; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd;
Mjpf;fk; tsu moj;jskpl;ltuhthh;/ ,th; fp/gp/ 1510
Mk; Mz;L gp$g;g{h; Ry;jhdplkpUe;J nfhthitf;
ifg; g w; w pdhh; / mjd; g pd; nfhth nghh; r ; R f; f P r pahpd;
jiyikaplkhf mike;jJ/
nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; tsh;r;rp: fhyg;nghf;fpy;
nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; j; i ria Mz; l brt; t g; g
ehaf;fhplkpUe;J ehfg;gl;odj;jpy; tpahghuk; bra;a[k;
chpikia bgw;wdh;/ nghh;rR ; f;frP pah;fspd; fg;gw;gil 1533
Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Ff; flw;fiuf;F te;J ehfg;gl;odk;
kw; W k; J}j; J f; F o Mfpaj; JiwKf efu; f isf;
ifg;gw;wpaJ/ brd;idapYs;s rhe;njhk;. nghh;rR ; f;frP pag;
gw;wpl;fspy; xd;whf mike;jJ/ kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;
nghh;rR
; f;frP paiu ehl;iltpl;L btspnaw;w ntz;Lbkd;W
Kaw;rp bra;J mk;Kaw;rpapy; njhy;tpa[w;wdh;/
nghh;r ;Rf;f Pr pahpd; tPH ;r ;r pf;f hd fhuz;f s; :
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fy; kpfr;rpwpa ehL/ ,e;jpah nghd;w
kpfg;bghpa ehl;il. me;ehl;oduhy;
fl;Lg;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/
2/ nghh;rR
; f;frP pa tzpfh;fs; neh;ika[ld; bray;glj;
jtwpdh;/
3/ , e ; j p a h t e ; j l r ; R k w ; W k ; M ; f p y
tzpff;FGf;fs; nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; ty;yik
tha;e;j nghl;oahsh;fshf khwpdh;/
2/lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : lr;R tzpfh;fs; ~hye;J
ehl;il rhh;e;jth;fs;/ ,th;fs; 1608Mk; Mz;L njtdhk;
gl; o zj; j py; xU bjhHpw; r hiyia mikj; j hh; f s; /
fhiuf;fhy;. g[ypfhl; kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;odk; Mfpa fpHf;Ff;
flw;fiug; gl;oz;fs; mth;fshy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld/
nkYk; ,th;fs; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J brd;idapy;
cs; s rhe; n jhika[ k ; ifg; g w; w pdhh; f s; / mth; f s;
j;fSila gw;wpl;fis tYg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 1689Mk;
Mz;L ehfg;gl;odk;. lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf
khwpaJ/
lr; Rf; fhuh; fspd; njhy; tpf; fhd fhuz; fs; :
1/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; moik tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;ljhy;.
eP j pkd; w tHf; F tptfhu; f spy; ftdk; brYj; j
3 4
ntz; o apUe; j J/ ,jdhy; kf; f splj; j py; mth; f sJ
bry;thf;F Fiwa Muk;gpj;jJ/
2/ M;fpnyah;fspd; fg;gw;gil Mjpf;fj;jpd; tpisthf
lr; R f; f huh; f s; ,e; j pahtpy; j; f s; gw; w pl; f is
M; f pnyahplk; xg; g ilf; f ntz; o a NH; e piy
cUthdJ/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ,e;jpahittpl ,e;njhnerpahtpy;
thzpfk; bra;tjpnyna mjpf <LghL bfhz;ldh;/
3/ M; f pnyah; f s; tUif : ,e; j pahtpy; thzpfk;
bra;tjw;fhdg; gl;laj;ij ,;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp
Kjyhk; vyprbgj;jplkpUe;J. ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L
M;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf; fk;bgdpg; bgw;wJ/ gpwF 1639
Mk; Mz;L gpuhd;rp!;nl vd;gth; re;jpufphp
MSehplkpUe;J brd;dg[hp vd;w ,lj;ij (,d;iwa
brd;id) bgw;whh;/ me;j ,lj;jpw;fhf fk;bgdp rpwpa
bjhifia tUlhe;jpu thlifahf brYj;j Kd;te;jJ/
g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ill
fp/gp/ 1640 Mk; Mz;L g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;il
brd;idapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/ 1654 Mk; Mz;L fpHf;Fg;
gFjpapYs;s M;fpy Fonaw;w;fspd; jiyikaplkhf
g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;il mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ/ gpd; 1681 Mk;
Mz;L flY}h;. gu;fpg;ngl;il Mfpa ,l;fspy; g[jpa
Fonaw; w ; f s; mikf; f g; g l; l d/ g[ d pj nltpl;
nfhl;ila[k; flY}hpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ/
4/nldpah;fs; tUif : nldpaf; fpHf;fpe;jpa tzpff;FG
1616 Mk; Mz;L bld;khh;f;fpy; epWtg;gl;lJ/ 1620 Mk;
Mz; L nldpah; f s; ju; f k; g ho vd; D kplj; j py; Xh;
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ 19 Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy;.
j; f Sila ehl; o ypUe; J epjp cjtp fpilf; f hj
fhuzj; j pdhy; nldpah; f s; j; f Sf; F brhe; j khd
bjhHpw;rhiyfis M;fpnyaUf;F tpw;Wtpl;ldh;/
,jdhy; ,th;fs; j;fSila bry;thf;if ,He;jdh;/
5/gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif : gpbu;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpaf;
fk;bgdp 1664 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; rhe;njhikf; ifg;gw;wp. mij kPz;Lk;
lr;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; xg;gilj;jhh;fs;/ 1674 Mk; Mz;L
gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; vd;gth; gp$g;g{h; kd;dhplkpUe;J
g[Jr;nrhp vd;Dk; fpuhkj;ijg; bgw;whh;/ Mdhy; 1699 y;
g[Jr;nrhpia lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/ gpwF. hp!;tpf;
cld;gof;ifapd;go g[Jr;nrhpiag; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
jpUk; g g; b gw; w hh; f s; / 1701 Mk; Mz; L ,e; j pahtpy;
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd; jiyikaplkhf g[Jr;nrhp
mwptpf; f g; g l; l J/ j; r ht{iu Mz; l kuhj; j pa
kd;dh;fsplkpUe;J. 1725 Mk; Mz;L kyghh;
flw;fiuapYs;s kh~p gFjpiaa[k;. 1739 Mk; Mz;L
fhiuf;fhy; gFjpiaa[k; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;/
M;fpnyah; ? gpbu;Rf;fhuh; ? Mjpf;fg;nghl;o
18Mk; E}w;whz;od; Kw;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpy;
M;fpnyah;fSk;. gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; typik kpf;fth;fshf
,Ue;jdh;/ brd;id. fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa
,l;fspy; M;fpnyah;fs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiy
ehl;odhh;fs;/ gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; ghz;or;nrhpapy; jkJ
gw;wplj;ij mikj;jdh;/ ,UtUk; j;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ij
,e;jpahtpy; epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdh;/ ,jd; tpisthf
fh;ehlfg; nghh;fs; Vw;gl;ld/
5 6
Kjy; f h; e hlfg; nghh; (1746?48)
fhuz; f s; : Inuhg; g pahtpy; 1744 Mk; Mz; L
M!;jphpahtpw;Fk;. gpbuc&;ahtpw;Fk; ,ilapy; M!;jpupa
thhpR chpikg;nghh; Vw;gl;lJ/ ,e;jg; nghl;oapy;
M!; j phpahtpw; F M; f pnyah; f Sk; gpbuc& ; a htpw; F
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; Mjut[ mspj;jdh;/ mnj neuj;jpy;
M;fpnyah;fSk; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; j;fspd;
thzpf nkyhjpf;fj;ij tphpt[g; gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;/
ghz;or;nrhpia eph;tfpj;j gpbu;R fth;dh; La{g;ns.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J M;fpnyaiu tpul;l vz;zpdhh;;/
nghh; e pfH; r ; r pfs; : oa{g; n s brd; i dia nehf; f p
gilbaLj;Jr; brd;W. M;fpy fg;gw;giliaj; njhw;foj;J
g[ d pj $hh; $ ; nfhl; i liaf; ifg; g w; w pdhh; / ,e; j
eltof;ifia M;fpnyah;fs; Mw;fhl;L ethg;ghd
md; t hUjP d plk; Kiwapl; l hh; f s; / g[ d pj $hh; $ ;
nfhl;ilia M;fpnyahplk; xg;gilf;Fk;go md;thUjPd;
cj; j utpl; l hh; / Mdhy; oa{g; n s mjw; F ,z; f
kWj;Jtpl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{g;nsaplkpUe;J brd;idia
kPlf; md;thUjPd; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;/ fp/gp/ 1746Mk;
Mz;L milahWf;F mUfpy; cs;s rhe;njhk;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; ehthgpd; gilfs; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/ nkYk; gpbu;Rg;gilfs; brd;idg;
gFjpiaa[k; Niwahor; brd;wdh;/ ,t;btw;wpf;Fg; gpd;dh;
flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;w
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; Kad;wdh;/ Mdhy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
,e; j Kaw; r p M; f pnyaj; jsgjp nk$h; yhuhd; ! ;
vd;gthpd; jpwikapdhy; Kwpaof;fg;gl;lJ/
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wj;
jtwpdhYk;. ,g;nghh; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
nkyhz; i kiaa[ k ; . oa{g; n sapd; jpwikiaa[ k ;
btspg;gLj;jpaJ/
tpist[fs; : 1748 Mk; Mz;L ifbaGj;jplg;gl;l
va;?yh?rhg;ngy; cld;gof;ifapd;go Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghh;
Kotile;jJ/ M;fpnyau;fSf;Fk;. gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; BeX - Wg Th
,ilna Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;go gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
brd;idia M;fpnyahplk; xg;gilj;jdh;/

,uz; l hk; fh; e hlfg; n ghh; (1749?54)

fhuz;fs; : i~juhghj;ij Ml;rp bra;J te;j ep$hk;
1748 Mk; Mz;L ,we;Jtpl;ljhy;. mtUila kfd; LRY
ehrh;$; gjtp Vw;whh;/ ,jw;F ep$hkpd; ngudhd Krgh;
$; vjph;g;g[j; bjhptpj;jhh;/ ,ijg;nghd;nw Mw;fhl;oy;
md;thUjPd; jd;Dila khkhthfpa re;jh rhfpg;ig
vjph;jj
; hh;/ Krgh; $; kw;Wk; re;jh rhfpg; ,UtUk; xd;whf YeL[
,ize;J gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpia ehodh;/ Ijuhghj; xQ P
kw;Wk; Mw;fhl;Lg; gFjpfspy; Vw;gl;l mhpaiz VWk;
Ti
nghl;ona nghUf;F fhuzkhapw;W/ Q

nghhpd; nghf;F : 1749 Mk; Mz;L gpbu;Rg;gilfs; AWdLPp

Mw;fhL vd;Dkplj;jpy; re;jh rhfpg; kw;Wk; K$gh;$;
Mfpnahh;fspd; gilfSld; ,ize;jJ/ ,f;Tl;Lg;
gilfspd; Kaw;rpahy; md;thUjPd; njhw;fof;fg;gl;Lf; LY 8

bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/ gpwF re;jh rhfpg; fh;ehlf ethghf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ vdnt oa{gn
; sapd; cjtpf;Ff; ifkhwhf 1. TZYtL YL
tGjht{h.; tpy;ypaD}h; kw;Wk; ghz;or;nrhpf;F mUfpYs;s 2. Nu] (APVo)
ghTh; Mfpa ,l;fis re;jhrhfpg; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Ff; 3. BtL
bfhLj;jhh;/ 4. YkRY
5. TifN
,e;jr; NHypy;. md;thUjPdpd; kfd; KfkJ myp 6. LPo CXeL
fh;ehlfj;jpypUe;J jg;gp Xor;brd;W jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp CkVlTeLPp
7. TWelThP
nfhl;ilapy; j;rk; g[Fe;jhh;/ mf;nfhl;il re;jhrhfpg;ghy; 8. LWdLp
Kw; W ifaplg; g l; l J/ KfkJ myp M; f pnyahplk; 9. SLlTh]m
jk;ikf; fhg;ghw;Wk;goa[k;. Mw;fhl;ilj; jhf;Fk;goa[k; 10. LsdLhP
nfl;Lf;bfhz;lhh;/

7 8
 M; f py ,uhQqt mjpfhhp ,uhgh; l ; f pist;
Mw; f hl; i lj; jhf; f pdhh; / re; j hrhfpg; Mw; f hl; i lf;
ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J xU gilia
mDg;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; ,uhgh;l;fpist;. M;fpyj; jsgjp
yhud;Rld; ,ize;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp kPJ gilbaLj;J
re; j h rhfpg; i gj; njhw; f oj; j hh; / nkYk; Muzp.
fhnthpg;ghf;fk; Mfpa ,l;fspy; gpbu;Rg;gilfs;
njhw;fof;fg;gl;ld/
tpist[fs; : ,g;nghhpy; M;fpnyah; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/
1755 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if
,g; n ghiu Kot[ f ; F bfhz; L te; j J/ KfkJ myp
Mw;fhl;L ethghf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;/
K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg;nghh; (1758 ? 63)
fhuzk; : Inuhg;ghtpy; eilbgw;w VHhz;Lg;nghh;
K:dw
; hk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;F cldof; fhuzkhf mike;jJ/
nghhpd; nghf;F : ft[d;l;?o?yhyp vd;gth; gpbu;R
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ mth; brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wj;
jpl;lkpl;L flY}hpy; cs;s g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;iliaf;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; j;rht{iu jhf;fpdhh;/
brd;idiaf; ifg;gw;wj; jpl;lkpl;l mth;
Ijuhghj;jpypUe;J gpbu;Rj; jsgjp g[!;!pia cjtpf;F
miHj;jhh;/ uhgh;l; fpist;. jdJ gilj; jsgjp mah;Tl;
vd; g tiu gpbu; R g; gilfSld; nghhpLtjw; F
mDg; g pdhh; / te; j thrp vd; D kplj; j py; gpbu; R f;
fhuh; f Sf; F k; . M; f pnyah; f Sf; F k; ,ilna nghh;
Vw; g l; l J/ mg; n ghhpy; ft[ z ; l ; ? o?yhyp. mah; T l;
vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ gpbu;Rg;gFjpfis
M;fpnyah;fs; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/
rh; mah; T l; te; j thrp tP u d; vd; w gl; l g; b gaUld;
rpwg; g pf; f g; g l; l hh; /
tpist[ f s; : 1763 Mk; Mz; L Vw; g l; l ghhp!;
cld;gof;ifapd;go VHhz;Lg;nghh; Kot[w;wJ/ mnj
9 10
cld; g of; i fapd; g o. ,e; j pahtpYk; ghz; o r; n rhp.
fhiuf;fhy; Mfpa ,uz;L gFjpfSk; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fsplk;
kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
nfhl;ilfisg; gGJ ghh;f;f TlhJ vd;W epge;jid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L M;fpnyah;fSf;Fk;
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk; ,ilnaahd Mjpf;fg;nghl;o
Kotile;jJ/
M;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz;fs; :
1/ gp bu ; Rg; gil j; jsgjp fs; x w; Wikn ahL
bray;gltpy;iy/ Mdhy; M;fpnyah;fs; xw;WiknahL
bray;gl;lhh;fs;/ vdnt M;fpnyah;fs; btw;wp bgw;wdh;/
2/ uhgh;l; fpist;. yhud;!;. mah;Tl; nghd;w rpwe;j
jsgjpfs; M;fpnyah; trk; ,Ue;jdh;/
3/ Inuhg;ghtpy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpiaj; jGtpdh;/
vdnt fh;ehlfg; gFjpfspy; M;fpnyaiu vjph;j;J
mth;fshy; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/
4/ gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fis tpl M;fpnyahpd; flw;gil
typik tha;ej ; jhf ,Ue;jJ/ Mjyhy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fshy;
M;fpnyaUld; nghl;oapl ,aytpy;iy/ ,jdhy;
gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs; njhy;tpaile;jdh;/
5/ M;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xU jdpahh; epWtdk;
MFk;/ Mdhy; gpbu;Rf; fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp xU
murh;f epWtdk; MFk;/ Mfnt gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspdhy;
epjp epiyikia nkk;gLj;j ,aytpy;iy/
kjpg;gL
P :
,uhgh;l;fpist; : 1743 Mk; Mz;L uhgh;l; fpist;
M; f pyf; fpHf; f pe; j paf; fk; b gdp apd; vGj; j uhf
,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;/ gpd;dh; mth; ,uhQqtg; gzpapy;
jk;ik ,izj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;/ g[dpj $hh;$; nfhl;ilapy; fw; w y; tpist[ f s;
mike;Js;s fpwpj;Jt nguhyaj;jpy; jpUkzk; bra;J 1 / jkpH; e hl; o w; F te; j Inuhg; g pah; f isg; gw; w pj;
bfhz;lhh;/ ,e;jpahtpy; M;fpy Ml;rp miktjw;F bjhpe;J bfhz;ldh;/
moj;jsk; mikj;jth; ,uhgh;l; fpist; Mthh;/nkYk; 2/ M; f pnyah; ? gpbu; R f; f huh; Mjpf; f g; n ghl; o f; f hd
fhuz;fis Muha;e;jdh;/

Rakjpg; g P L

I/ rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf :

1/ fhd;!;lhd;onehgps; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L
(m) 1498 (M) 1453 (,) 1492 (<) 1484
,uhgh;l; fpist; oa{g;ns
2/ Kjd; Kjypy; ,e; j pahtpw; F fly; t Hpiaf;
fz;Lgpoj;j Inuhg;gpah;fs;
,th; ,e;jpahit btd;wth; vd;Wk; miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/
,uhgh;l; fpist; Mw;fhl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpaJ M;fpy (m) nldpah;fs; (M) gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fs;
fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdpapd; tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;g[ Kid (,) nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; (<) M;fpnyah;fs;
ahf mike;jJ/ Mfnt mth; Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd
miHf;fg; gLfpwhh;/ mth; bgw;w btw;wp apd; fhuzkhf 3/ lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; ve;j ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jth;fs;
mth; t; f h sj; j pd; Kjy; MSeuhf (1757?60) (m) ,;fpyhe;J (M) gpuhd;R
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/mth; t;fh sj;jpy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
(,) ~hye;J (<) bld;khh;f;
vd;w xU g[jpa eph;thf Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;/
4/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu Kotpw;F bfhz;L te;j
oa{g;ns : ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij cld;gof;if
epiybgwr; bra;tjpy; oa{g;nsapd; g;F Fwpg;gplj;
(m) ma;?yh?rhg;ngy; (M) ghz;or;nrhp
jf;fjhFk;/ ,th; 1697 Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jhh;/ 1731 Mk; Mz;L
t;fhsj;jpy; cs;s gpbu;Rf; FoapUg;ghd re;jpuehThpd; (,) ghhp!; (<) myfhghj;
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ 1742 Mk; Mz;L ,th; 5/ Mw;fhl;L tPuh; vd miHf;fg;gl;lth;
ghz;or;nrhp kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpahtpYs;s gpbu;Rg;
(m) oa{g;ns (M) ft[z;l;?o?yhyp
gw;wpl;fs; midj;jpw;Fk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;/
(,) g[!;!p (<) ,uhgh;l; fpist;
,e;jpa kz;iz tpl;L M;fpnyah;fis tpul;Ltnj
mtuJ Fwpf;nfhshf ,Ue;jJ/ ,e;jpahtpy; gpbu;R Ml;rp
epWtntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhh;/ Mdhy; mtuhy; mij
epiwntw;w ,aytpy;iy/

11 12
II. nfhol;l ,l;fis epug;g[f : IV. RUf;fkhd tpilasp :
1/ btdpR efug; gazpahd __________ jkpH;ehl;ilg; 1/ jkpH;ehl;oy; cs;s lr;Rg; gw;wpl;fs; ahit>
gw;wp Fwpg;g[fs; je;Js;shh;/ 2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz;fs; ahit>
2/ ___________ vd; D kplj; j py; 1608 Mk; Mz; L 3/ ghz;or;nrhp cld;gof;if ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf/
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; xU bjhHpw;rhiyia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;/ 4/ K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ>
5/ te;jthrp tPuh; vd mah;Tl; miHf;fg;glf;fhuzk;
3/ gpbu;Rf;fpHf;fpe;jpa fk;bgdp ____________ Mk; ahJ>
Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ/
4/ ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk; bra;tjw;fhd gl;laj;ij V. tphpthd tpilasp :
,;fpyhe;J kfhuhzp ___________ ,lkpUe;J
1/ nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
ork;gh; 31. 1600 Mk; Mz;L M;fpyf; fpHf;fpe;jpa
vt;thW epiyehl;odh;>
fk;bgdp bgw;wJ/
2/ Kjy; fh;ehlfg; nghiu tpthp/
5/ Inuhg;ghtpy; eilg;bgw;w ______________ nghh;
3/ ,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;fhd fhuz;fisa[k;
K:d;whk; fh;ehlfg; nghUf;Ff; fhuzk; MFk;/
nghhpd; nghf;ifa[k; tpthp/
6/ rh; mah;Tl; ___________ vd;w gl;lg;bgaUld; 4/ jkpH;ehl;oy; M;fpnyahpd; btw;wpf;fhd fhuz;fs;
bfsutpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ ahit>
7/ 1763 Mk; Mz;L ghhp!; cld; g of;ifapd; g o
_________ Kot[w;wJ/ bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp
1/ jkpH; e hL tiu glj; j py; nghh; r ; R f; f P r pah; f s; .
III. bghUj;Jf : lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk; M;fpnyah;fs; mikj;j
m/ M Fonaw;w;fisf; Fwpf;ft[k;.
1/ fhd;!l
; hd;onehgps; flY}h; 2/ fh;ehlfg; nghUld; bjhlh;g[ila ,l;fis
jkpH;ehl;od; tiuglj;jpy; Fwpf;ft[k;/
2/ gpuhd;!p!;nfh?o?
my;bka;lh lr;Rf;Fonaw;wg;gFjp
3/ gpuhd;rp!; khh;l;od; JUf;fpah;
4/ g[dpj nltpl; nfhl;il ePyepwf;bfhs;if
5/ ehfg;gl;odk; ghz;or;nrhp

13 14