CSS BEginers

(B) COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION (CSS) WING
Question No. 32
Is criterion of CSS Exam being changed?
Answer:
Criteria for CE-2016 Exam has been changed and Public Notice issued in News Papers on 19.04.2015 as well as
placed on FPSC website. For detail visit www.fpsc.gov.pk or contact at 051-9213613, 051-111-000-248
Question No. 33
What is the schedule of next CSS Exam?
Answer:
Tentative Schedule of CSS-2016 is as under:
Invitation of application:In the last week of September, 2015.
Closing date : 31.10.2015
Written Exam:w.e.f 18.02.2016.
Question No. 34
What is fee for CSS Exam?
Answer:
Fee of written examination : Rs.2200/-
Question No. 35
Usual time taken for declaration of results of CSS written exam?
Answer:
Approximately 6 months.
Question No. 36
How many Occupational Groups are included in CSS Exam?
Answer:
Following occupational groups are included in CSS Examination.
1. Commerce & Trade Group (CTG)
2. Foreign Service of Pakistan (FSP)
3. Information Group (IG)
4. Inland Revenue Service (IRS)
5. Military Lands and Cantonments Group (MLCG)
6. Office Management Group (OMG)
7. Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS)
8. Pakistan Audit & Accounts Service (PAAS)
9. Pakistan Customs Service (PCS)
10. Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)
11. Postal Group (POST-G)
12. Railways (Commercial & Transportation) Group (RCTG)
Question No. 37
What is percentage of Regional/Provincial quota for seats/posts filled up by CSS Exam?
Answer:
Detail of regional quota is as under:
Merit=7.5%, Punjab=50%, Sindh=19% (Sindh(U)-7.6%, Sindh(R)-11.4%), Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa=11.5%,
Balochistan=6%, GB/FATA=4%, AJK=2%.
Note:
10% quota is reserved for women from the share of Provinces/Regions, and un-filled vacancies will be
carried forward to next examination..
5% quota is reserved for Minorities (Non-Muslims) from the share of Provinces/Regions. Unfilled vacancies
will be carried forward to next examination.
Question No. 38
Whether there is separate quota for disabled candidates?
Answer:
No separate quota is fixed for disabled candidates. Disabled candidates will compete on merit along with other
candidates. However, their allocation will only be made in following four groups.
(a) Commerce & Trade Group
(b) Pakistan Audit & Accounts Service
(c) Information Group
(d) Postal Group.
Note: Disabled candidates securing a position against prescribed 7.5% merit quota on all Pakistan basis will be
considered for allocation to Foreign Service of Pakistan on the basis of his/her choice.
Question No. 39
How much time is required for final allocation of CSS qualified candidates?
Answer:
After receipt of quota wise seats from Establishment Division FPSC issue a Public Notice on website and make
allocations according to final result of CSS CE.
Question No. 40
What is the time taken for issuance/ uploading of DMCs on FPSC website?
Answer:
DMCs to failed candidates are displayed on FPSC website within a week after announcement of written result.
Whereas DMCs to finally qualified candidates, are also displayed on FPSC website issued within a week after
announcement of final result of viva voce.
Question No. 41
When the number of vacancies are announced for CSS CE?
Answer:
Number of vacancies will be conveyed by Establishment Division, which are announced by FPSC before final
result of Viva Voce.
Question No. 42
What is the required qualification for CSS Exam?
Answer:
i) A candidate must hold at least a Second Division or Grade ?C? Bachelor?s degree in any faculty of one of the
Pakistani Universities or an equivalent degree or comparable educational qualifications of a foreign University
recognized by Higher Education Commission, Islamabad.
(ii) A candidate who has obtained a Third Division (or `D? grade) in his/her Bachelor?s Degree will be eligible
for the Examination in cases where he/she has obtained a higher Division in Master?s Degree.
(iii) The decision as to which foreign degrees or comparable educational qualifications are equivalent to
corresponding Pakistani degree rests solely with the Commission.
Question No. 43
What is the age limit for CSS Exam??
Answer:
A candidate for admission to CSS examination 2016 must have attained the age of 21 years and not over 28
years on 31st December, 2015 (i.e. a candidate born on or before 31st December 1987 and on or after 2nd
January, 1995 will not be eligible), except the candidate falling in the categories of age relaxation of 2 years
(born on or before 31st December, 1985 and born on or after 2nd January, 1995 will not be eligible).
Question No. 44
What are the rules/criteria for age relaxation in CSS Exam?
Answer:
The upper age limit will be relaxed by two years up to the age of 30 years in respect of :
(a) the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Caste and Buddhist Community subject to production of a
certificate (Annex-A of Application Form) to be issued by Political Agent/DCO/ District Magistrate in support of
their claim.
(b) The candidates belonging to the recognized Tribes who are permanent residents of the areas mentioned-
below and whose families have been living in these areas. Such candidates must attach a certificate (Annex-B
of Application Form) to be issued by Political Agent/ DCO/District Magistrate in support of their claim :
1. Balochistan.
2. Tribal Areas of D.I.Khan and Peshawar Divisions (including former Frontier States of Dir, Swat, Chitral and
Amb).
3. Former excluded (Baluch) area forming part of the Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur Districts.
4. Former Tribal Areas of Mardan and Hazara Divisions.
5. Upper Tanawal Area of Hazara Division.
(c) The candidates who are permanent residents of Azad Kashmir Territory, subject to submission of a
certificate (Annex-C of Application Form) to be issued by Kashmir Affairs Division, Government of Pakistan,
Islamabad..
(d) The candidates who are permanent residents of Gilgit - Baltistan including Gilgit, Diamir, Baltistan, Ghizar
and Ghanche, subject to submission of a certificate (Annex-B of Application Form) to be issued by the Political
Agent/DCO/ District Magistrate.
(e) The candidates who are disabled namely, physically impaired, hearing/speech impaired (deaf & dumb) and
visually impaired (blind), subject to submission of certificate of disability issued by the competent authority
designated for the purpose by the Federal/Provincial Government.
(f) In Service Government Servants, Armed Forces Personnel, Contract employees, including the Government
servants of AJ&K, who possess a minimum of two years continuous Government service as on 31st December,
2015, subject to submission of Departmental Permission Certificate (Annex-E) from the competent authority.
Employees of Nationalised Banks, State Bank of Pakistan, WAPDA, Regulatory Authorities, Autonomous bodies
and other semi autonomous bodies are not entitled to age relaxation.
Question No. 45
What is the cut off date to determine eligibility of candidates for CSS Exam?
Answer:
31st December of the preceding year, when CSS C.E. is to be held e.g. for CSS 2016, cut off date to determine
the eligibility will be 31st Dec, 2015.
Question No. 46
What are the grounds of rejection of applications of CSS candidates?
Answer:
Following are some basic reasons of rejections
a. Underaged/Overaged.
b. Original TR not attached with the hard copy.
c. Hard copy of online application received late.
d. Applied on plain paper/wrong application form.
e. Educationally unqualified.
f. Application unsigned.
g. Already availed 3 attempts.
h. Result of Bachelor?s degree announced after closing date.
Question No. 47
What is the procedure for Re-counting of answer book/script?
Answer:
Answer Books in all subjects of examination are confidential documents and cannot, therefore, be permitted to
be seen by candidates or their representatives nor re-examination of answer books/scripts is allowed under any
circumstances. A candidate desirous of getting his/her marks, awarded by the examiners, re-counted may
submit his/her request for the purpose, within one month from the date of issue of result card/marks sheet
alongwith a Treasury Challan of Rs. 500/- per paper as fee for re- counting of marks only. Thereafter, no such
request will be entertained.
Question No. 48
What is fee for re-counting of answer books?
Fee for re-counting of marks is Rs. 500/- per paper.
Question No. 49
What is procedure for submission of appeal against rejection by the Commission in CSS Exam?
Answer:
13 (a). A candidate aggrieved by any decision of the Federal Public Service Commission may, within thirty days
of communication of decision, make a representation to the Commission and the Commission shall decide the
representation within fifteen days after giving the candidate a reasonable opportunity of hearing..
(b) A candidate aggrieved by the decision of the Commission made under paragraph (a) may, within fifteen
days of communication of decision, submit a review petition to the Commission and the Commission shall
decide the review petition within thirty days under intimation to the petitioner. The decision of the Commission
on review petition shall be final.
(c) Save as provided in ?FPSC ORDINANCE, 1977?, no order made or proceeding taken under ?FPSC
ORDINANCE, 1977?, or rules made hereunder, by the Commission shall be called in question in any court and
no injunction shall be granted by any court in respect of any decision made or taken in pursuance of any power
conferred by, or under, ?FPSC ORDINANCE, 1977?.
(d)Any candidate aggrieved by a decision of the Commission under paragraph (b) may, within thirty days of the
decision, prefer an appeal to the High Court.
(e) Each representation and review petition duly signed will be entertained only if accompanied with Original
Treasury Receipt of Rs.500/- in each case.
Question No. 50
Is there any fee fixed for representation /review petition, if so how much?
Answer:
Each representation and review petition duly signed will be entertained only if accompanied with Original
Treasury Receipt of Rs.500/- in each case.
Question No. 51
What are the standard / qualifying marks fixed for CSS written exam??
Answer:
A candidate who fails to secure at least 40% marks in any of the compulsory subjects, 33% marks in any of the
optional subjects, 50% marks in the Aggregate will be considered to have failed in written examination.
Question No. 52
What are the standard / qualifying marks fixed for CSS viva voce?
Answer:
A candidate who fails to secure at least 100 marks in viva voce will be considered to have failed and will not be
eligible for appointment.
Question No. 53
Can Paper of Islamic Studies OR Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) be attempted in
Urdu?
Answer:
Paper of Islamic Studies OR Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) can be attempted either in
English or Urdu.
Question No. 54
Is the policy of getting aggregate of 120 marks in the papers of General Knowledge (General Science & Ability,
Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs) is still effective?
Answer:
It is not mandatory to pass GK papers separately. Papers of General Knowledge (General Science & Ability,
Current Affairs and Pakistan Affairs) are to be passed collectively by scoring 120 marks out of 300.
Question No. 55
What will be the proportion of MCQs and subjective in the papers of General Science & Ability in Part-I & II?
Answer:
There will a 20 MCQs from Part-I, whereas subjective part will be of 80 marks i.e. 40 from Part-I and 40 from
Part-II.
Question No. 56
What will be the proportion of MCQs in CE-2016 compulsory and optional papers.
Answer:
Ratio of MCQs in compulsory papers for CE-2016 will be 20 MCQs in each paper except in the paper of Essay.
Similarly there will be 20 MCQs from each optional papers.
Question No. 57
Can a paper of International Relations and International Law be opted together?
Answer:
In the new scheme for Competitive Examination -2016 International Law can be opted with International
Relations.
Question No. 58
What will be the medium language to answer the papers of Persian and Arabic?
Answer:
Papers of Persian and Arabic should be answered in the respective languages. However the question relating
with translation, from respective language into English or vice versa, may be answered as directed in the
question paper.
Question No. 59
Can a paper of 100 marks only be opted from Group-2 for CE-2016?
Answer:
If a candidate desires to choose optional subjects from Group-2, then subjects of 200 marks may be opted.
Question No. 60
Can a calculator be used in the paper of General Science & Ability?
Answer:
Use of calculator will not be allowed in the paper of General Science & Ability.
Question No. 61
Whether Urdu version of the Syllabi of Islamic Studies is available?
Answer:
It has been uploaded on the website in the link of syllabus for CE-2016.
Question No. 62
Can Prime Minister/President grant age relaxation in terms of Initial Appointment to Civil Posts Rules, 1993 the
candidates of CSS Competitive Examination candidates?
Answer:
It is categorically explained in clause 2 of the Initial Appointment to Civil Posts (Relaxation of Upper Age Limit)
Rules, 1993 that nothing in these rules shall apply to the appointment to the posts in BSP-17 to be filled
through CSS Competitive Examination. Therefore, relaxation in age limits to be granted by Prime
Minister/President under Initial Appointment to Civil Posts (Relaxable to upper age limit) Rules 1993 are not
admissible to the candidates of CSS Competitive Examination.
Question No. 63
Can Non Muslim Candidates opt Islamic Studies?
Answer:
Non Muslim candidates may either opt Islamic Studies OR Comparative study of Major Religions as may suit to
them.
(C) PSYCHOLOGICAL WING
Question No. 64
Can one appear in the Viva Voce if one could not appear in the Psychological Tests?
Answer:
No
Question No. 65
What is the purpose of Psychological Assessment?
Answer:
The purpose of Psychological Assessment is to estimate abilities and personality characteristics of the
candidates with special regard to their aptitude for the civil services i.e. whether they possess the potential and
qualities that are required as a member of the Civil Services of Pakistan.
Question No. 66
How long does the Psychological Assessment last?
Answer:
The complete process involves different exercises spread over two working days.
Question No. 67
What should be the dress at the time of Psychological Assessment?
Answer:
To conform to the formality of the occasion, the candidates should dress properly, appropriate to the weather,
buttons done up, etc. and those who do not keep a beard must be freshly shaved. Informal dress such as T-
shirts, Jeans/Denims, etc. is not desirable for the occasion.
Question No. 68
What sort of preparation is required for Psychological Assessment?
Answer:
No preparation is required for Psychological Tests. Just be yourself, respond to the questions freely. Express
true feelings, opinions, and judgments etc. as per reality on ground.
OR
The very first thing to do is to go to the market and buy an introductory book about CSS exam
published by any famous publisher.It must have everything: the rules, the optional subjects available,
the psychological tests, medical test, the interview phase and the quota phenomeNON. Reading
everything will clarify your mind with reference to CSS and you will know what this exam is all about.
:STRATEGIES FOR BEGINNERS

This is an attempt to awaken the beginners to the ideas which are crucial in the preparation for Civil
Services Examination.
In fact we intend to focus upon some practical realities of the preparation. Much has been written on
how to prepare for the Civil Service Examination but little attention has been given to the
fundamental facets of preparation in the beginning.
The beginners have varied perceptions about the preparation and a good number of them are not
aware of the realities of the same. They begin but on wrong lines, they go astrayed and meet failures
in initial attempts. It takes them a year or years to be conscious of the realities and that too, at the
cost of some attempts. Some take attempts without preparation just to gain some experiences
because they do not have a good guide to suggest them that attempts are precious and must not be
wasted this way. This article has relevance in the above-mentioned context.
All the beginners have a great problem when they embark upon the preparation that is how to begin.
We provide you step-by-step guidelines as regards how to go in for the preparation for the Civil
Services Examination.
1. Go through the syllabi of the optional subjects consider five things in selection of optional
subjects.
i. The Subject interests you
ii. You have familiarity or background
iii. Subjects (two optional subjects) have common areas
iv. Subjects help you in General Studies
v. You get proper guidance for them (the most important)
2. Buy the booklets containing previous years' questions of those subjects, both compulsory and
optional, and go through them. Proper idea of the questions will also help you decide optional
subjects.
3. After doing all these you come to know all about the examination, the subjects, the nature of
questions and of course what you have to study. This way you take the first step in the direction of
preparation which is very significant.
4. Study on the basis of the syllabi and previous years' questions. Just do not finish topics, as this is
eventually meaningless and make sure that study enables you to write good and standard answers.
This is the essence of preparation.
5. Practice writing answers. Create answer formats of typical questions.
3.BEGINNINGS/HESITATIONS INTO THE UNCHARTERED WATERS::

Nowadays, most of the people who decide to appear in civil service exam get baffled about how to
gather the information regarding CSS and its preparation strategies. They find themselves into
uncharted waters. Most of the times, they go straight for contacting other aspirants, serving CSPs or
anyone with a little know-how about CSS.
4.TOO MANY COOKS SPOIL THE BROTH::During this course, they further confuse themselves
concerning the whole process and procedure of the exam because every person shares his/her own
experience and tactics to deal with this exam which might not be right. It can also push the new
aspirant in the wrong direction altogether.
1. Develop PMA(Positive Mental Attitude).You must have self-belief.Be confident.Stay away from
those people who discourage you.Reject their low opinion about your talent exactly the same way as
they reject your prospects and aspirations.Those who look down upon you can never reach an
accurate judgement about you as they are blinded by contempt and prejudice.
2. There are a number of people who have the potential to qualify CSS Exam but they are not aware
of their potential. They just believe on others ill advice and fall prey to negative criticism and consider
it very difficult and dont even bother to appear in the exam.
3. Never be a dependent learner and dependent human being BUT be an independent learner and
independent human being.
4. Never have low aims for life and shun low self-image BUT instead set high aims for life with high
self-image.Your thinking and decision abilities must not be low BUT your thinking and decision
abilities must be high.Dont be counted among good followers who are gullible and succumb to
everyones ill advice because such people are potential slaves.Instead you should have good
leadership skills.In this way you can elevate yourself to the level of a potential ruler.Always
Remember::Failure is the proof that the desire was not strong enough.
5. First of all, be moderate in studying. Neither study too much nor too less.Focus on the syllabi and
prepare relevant parts of the related subjects.
6.Peruse past papers as it will help a lot and might prove to be an effective way of making a good
start.
7.An average of 3 to 4 months of preparation is be enough.However,it may vary from person to
person as different individual possess different levels of potential.
8.Your first attempt should be aimed at clearing the written papers.Most of the people just try to test
themselves as they appear in the exam without any preparation.
9.Go well prepared and sit for exam when you are confident and sure of your success.Never attempt
to fail.
10.Science students must opt for science subjects such as Physics, because they are high scoring
subjects .With your little effort you can score high.
11.Your main focus should be on English Essay, Precise GSA and Islamic Studies (100) or
Comparative Study of Major Religions(For Non-Muslims)
12.Psychology, Journalism & Mass Communication (100) and Sociology are considered high scoring
subjects. According to official FPSC report, 50% people pass these subjects even without having
prior knowledge.
13.Every Year more than 12000 people appear in the CSS Exam out of which only 2000 aspirants
come with true preparation; the rest come blank. Out of these 2000, 500 get through the exam. Its
not a big deal everyone in five actually clears the exam.
14.FPSC official report is available on their Website. First of all read it thoroughly It mentions clearly
how many students pass in every subject .For the detail visit FPSC website. http://www.fpsc.gov.pk/
15.Dont be discourage at any stage .Put all your efforts and go all out for it in the last two months
before the exam.
16.Read DAWN as a daily routine and watch Current Affairs Programs and be aware of everything
affecting the world around you.
17.Watch GPS with Fareed Zakaria Sundays at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. ET on CNN and Dateline London
on Sundays at 12.30 in South Asia on BBC and DW TV during your leisure hours.
18. Chalk out a purposeful plan to study productively. Study regularly on daily basis .Make a
timetable and follow it.
5.SELECTING OPTIONAL SUBJECTS::
CSS 2016 New Revised Compulsory Optional Subjects Syllabi

FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
REVISED SCHEME OF CSS COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION WRITTEN EXAMINATION (1200
MARKS)
A: COMPULSORY SUBJECTS (600 MARKS)
Code No. Subjects Marks
1. English Essay 100
2. English (Precis and Composition) 100
3. General Science & Ability 100
4. Current Affairs 100
5. Pakistan Affairs 100
6. Islamic Studies OR Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) 100
Total 600
B: OPTIONAL SUBJECTS (600 MARKS)

Group-I: (To select one subject of (200 marks) only)
Code No. Subject Marks
11. Accountancy & Auditing 200
12. Economics 200
13. Computer Science 200
14. Political Science 200
15. International Relations 200
Group-II: (To select subject(s) of 200 marks only)
16. Physics 200
17. Chemistry 200
18. Applied Mathematics 100
19. Pure Mathematics 100
20. Statistics 100
21. Geology 100
Group-III: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)
22. Business Administration 100
23. Public Administration 100
24. Governance & Public Policies 100
25. Town Planning & Urban Management 100
Group-IV: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)
26. History of Pakistan & India 100
27. Islamic History & Culture 100
28. British History 100
29. European History 100
30. History of USA 100
Group-V: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)
31. Gender Studies 100
32. Environmental Sciences 100
33. Agriculture & Forestry 100
34. Botany 100
35. Zoology 100
36. English Literature 100
37. Urdu Literature 100
Group-VI: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)
38. Law 100
39. Constitutional Law 100
40. International Law 100
41. Muslim Law & Jurisprudence 100
42. Mercantile Law 100
43. Criminology 100
44. Philosophy 100
Group-VII: (To select one subject of 100 marks only)
45. Journalism & Mass Communication 100
46. Psychology 100
47. Geography 100
48. Sociology 100
49. Anthropology 100
50. Punjabi 100
51. Sindhi 100
52. Pashto 100
53. Balochi 100
54. Persian 100
55. Arabic 100
Note-1: Question papers in Urdu or other Pakistani regional languages (Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and
Balochi), Persian and Arabic should be answered in the respective languages unless otherwise
directed in the
question paper.
Note-2: There will be two papers of 100 marks each of the subjects which carry 200 marks. In other
subjects of 100 marks there will be one paper. Each paper will be of 3 hours duration.
Note-3: The candidates should expect some objective type question (MCQs) in compulsory and
optional papers.
The next step is to choose the optional subjects.How to make the choice of the most scoring
subjects.Discuss it with CSS Experts or those who know about CSS.Selecting the right scoring
optional subjects gets the job half done. So be very careful while electing the optionals. Discuss
them with a competent and knowledgeable person, preferably the one who must have qualified CSS
exam.
What optional subjects should I opt?

There are two perspectives:
Optional subjects about which we learn that they are high scoring subjects.
Optional subjects about which we learn that they are not that high scoring subjects.
Perspective A:
No denying the fact that there are certain subjects, which are really marks yielding these
subjects include all science subjects such as pure math, applied math, physics, computer
sciences and other subjects such as mercantile law, accounting etc. To analyze this
perspective one should consider these points:
One's aptitude concerning the subject.
One's skill concerning the subject.
One's capacity concerning enhancement one's capability in the subject.
Who should opt these subjects?
Anybody who has synergy can should go for these subjects.
It is reality that there is no surety that one earns a bachelor's or master degree in any of
the these disciplines with enthusiasm or keen interest. Most of us earned our degrees
without reckoning our aptitude. Or we go for a discipline, which is in fashion. Or
sometimes we are left with no choice-a Hobson's choice. In CSS matter is quite different
here we do not have to earn a degree rather we have to grab excellent marks. If these
subjects are marks yielding; it is realty too that these are one of those subjects, which can't
be solved with general knowledge. General knowledge is a tool or open seism for success in
subjects fall in category of humanities. One of the best ways to analyze one's capabilities in
natural sciences subjects is to review past papers. In this way one can easily understand the
prospective problems and rate of success. By reviewing past 10 years papers one can easily
calculate how much diligent efforts are required to get excellent marks in the subject. Please
neither underestimates nor overestimates your competence. In case of overestimation none
would endure loss but only you. Underestimation is somewhat good because it would work
as impetus for hardworking. Most important thing in opting these subjects is your aptitude.
Higher the aptitude higher would be the rate of success.
Remember in old days only physical strength was a tool to get success; physical strength
was replaced by intelligence; intelligence was replaced by diligence;diligence was replaced
by power of self-administration.
So the only criterion for success is to administer yourself; administer your aptitude,
administer your intelligence and ultimately administer your power to endure tough times.
Perspective B:
This perspective does not hold water because of the fallowing facts:
No subject is low scoring if one is well prepared.
Only requirement to get high score is to know how to deal that subject.
Your aptitude is your strength; higher the aptitude higher would be success rate.
For instance, it is said that constitutional law is too easy subject but as low score as it has
been recorded in this subject. Intriguingly in the same subject numbers of aspirant have
scored more than 80%.
As said before your aptitude is your strength and next step to get excellent marks is to
administer your aptitude. Only advice that could be given is to evaluate your aptitude
precisely. Point is to put effort. Remember any subject either belongs to natural science or
social science would be of no use if you have no aptitude or interest. Lower the aptitude
higher would be boredom; higher would be boredom higher the difficulty in dealing the
subject and ultimately higher stamina would be required to borne that subject. So please do
not waste your vitality just in digesting perceived monotony a subject.
Last but not the least ,the point in opting optional subjects is to evaluate the scope of the
subjects one is going to opt. Go for that subject where you have adequate interest coupled
with relatively shorter syllabi instead of that subject where you feel too aptitude coupled
with too much syllabi. Here ,the most important constraint is of time constraint if you have a
year for preparation you could choose latter option but if you do not have enough time
formal option would be better.
6.Just start preparing Compulsory subjects.Read the syllabi and go through past paers First, make a
list of questions from previous papers, prepare these questions.Then solve these papers and get
them checked by your CSS teachers or show/share your best papers with someone who has
qualified CSS Exam.
HOW TO PREPARE
MEANINGFUL PREPARATION
One has to perceive the meaning of real preparation. Real preparation does not mean attending
classes, procuring study material packages and finishing the syllabi. Real preparation has an
altogether different connotation - it has to be a meaningful preparation. One needs to understand
finer aspects of preparation that is, to develop comprehension of questions, to develop approach
to write answers, to practice answer-writing etc.
Meaningful and effective preparation which makes one attain qualifying level subsumes various
facets1. Planning preparation
2. Formulation of strategy
3. Guidance for preparation of compulsory subjects
4. Adequate & revised study material packages
5. Analysis of questions
6. Expected topics / questions for forthcoming examinations
7. Answer - formats
8. Information related to strategy & approach
9. Information related to approach to answer-writing
10. Series of Questions
11. Examination and evaluation of answers.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARATION

Success in Civil Services Examination calls for a holistic development. We want to put forward some
suggestions in this connection.1. Study all the relevant topics of various subjects, develop broader
understanding.
2. Prepare topics on the basis of the trends & nature of the questions.
3. Create answer-formats in point form so that they prove handy in revising things.
4. Learn approach to writing. Think over ways & presentation of answers. Take the help of some
guides.
5. Practice answer-writing and get them evaluated.
6. Develop a good language & expression so that you might write good answers.
PREPARATION FOR OPTIONAL SUBJECTS

Preparation of the optional subjects calls for somewhat different orientation. We are putting forward
certain points below which are relevant in this context :1. First study the entire topics of the syllabus
just to develop ideas about them.
2. Develop conception about the inter-connections and relation among the topics wherever required.
3. Pick up all relevant topics from examination standpoint on the basis of the number and type of
questions put in the examination.
4. Prepare the relevant topics taking into consideration the kinds of questions put or may be put in
the examination.
5. Take different kind of questions into account is important in the preparation; for only on this basis
you will be competent to write good answers which is key to getting good marks.
6. Prepare notes in brief or in point-form where topic or question is typical or intricate.
7. Try to learn approach to write various kind of questions.
8. Practice answer-writing and get them evaluated. For this purpose you may pick up questions from
previous years.
7. SHARING & LEARNING::

FOCUS on::
*All compulsory subjects+ carefully selected optional subjects
*Exhaustive discussion on optional subjects
*Make a team of friends who are doing CSS and arrange weekly Group discussion sessions with
them
*Make and solve Assignments,quizzes and expected questions
*Special FOCUS on Essay Writing and English
Language(Grammar,vocabulary,usage,comprehension,prcis,corrections and translations)
* Ideally located campus
* manage time.time management is the key.Chalk-out a timetable and stick to it.
7.Attend CSS FREE Seminars and other such events held/organised by various CSS academies in
your cities.
8.After getting yourself done with choosing the optional subjects, you have to buy the books.But I
would suggest you to seek help from a competent person pertaining to the decision of buying the
books because in case, you buy the wrong ones, you will be just wasting your time and baying at the
moon. Of course, both kind of books, quality as well as cheap, are available in the market. It is the
quality of a book which fetches you good marks in the papers.
HOW TO SELECT OPTIONAL SUBJECTS

New aspirants are usually in a dilemma of selecting the optional subjects. After embarking upon the
preparation, this state of dilemma is quite natural as well. Impact of mixed opinions like opinion on
the part of the friends, seniors, teachers, coaching institutes etc bewilder them and they are not in a
position to take the right decision. Above-mentioned opinions are at times influenced by individual
outlook, at times by wrong perception, at times by personal experiences, at times by prejudice or
bias and at times by vested interests.
We are presenting some of these opinions which new aspirants come across and which do not have
any rational basis. We are presenting the explanation and the rational basis related to such opinions
as well.1. Some subjects are very lengthy and their preparation takes a lot of time. The truth is that
the syllabi of almost all subjects is equally vast and comprehensive. FPSC does not discriminate
among subjects. The commission has determined a standard for each subject and has incorporated
all important topics into the syllabus of each subject. All popular subjects selected by the candidates
like International Relations, History , Sociology, Geography, Public Administration, Political Science
etc. have comprehensive syllabi.
2. Two such subjects (having lengthy syllabi) should not be chosen like International Relations,
Political Science, History and Geography etc .The rational view is that there are other criteria to
select the optional subjects for the syllabi of almost all subjects are lengthy.
3. Some subjects are more scoring like Sociology and Journalism & Mass Communication or others
are not like Sciences and Literatures. The truth is that the Commission / Examiner does not
discriminate among subjects in giving marks. Fetching of good marks solely depends upon one's
performance, not the subject. One can get good marks in any subject. The results of the Civil
Services Examination every year too establish the same fact. The only rational criteria for the
subjects being more scoring or less scoring are the stream they are associated with. Subjects
associated with science may be more scoring than those of humanities because of greater
objectivity. Likewise, subjects from humanities may be more scoring than literature.
4. One should not opt for subjects like Commerce & Accountancy, Economics, etc. because
candidates do not get marks in these subjects or candidates do not qualify with these subjects. The
truth is that one can opt for any subject, provided one fulfills certain criteria. Basis of selection is not
subject rather performance in a particular subject.
5. One should give a serious thought to the selection of the optional subjects. A wrong decision in
the beginning might prove an obstacle in one's success. There are a good number of candidates
who were capable of qualifying but only because of wrong selection of the optional subjects they
eventually failed. Optional subjects play a decisive and crucial role in qualifying Examinations. Don't
be in a hurry in selection, consider properly and give time to it. Select optional subjects that are
scoring for you .Such as optional subjects like Indo-Pak history, Urdu, Constitutional Law and
Journalism & Mass Communication have helped students score well.You should be a regular
member of your nearest library ,having a nice collection of many books,especially related to you
optional subjects.
For current affairs, try to read columns on The New York Times, The Washington Post,The Guardian
online and DAWN. They give you a wide perspective to attempt your paper.
You should also read good English books, get a good quotation book and remember some quotes or
verses of good poets like Tennyson, Shakespeare or Longfellow .They'll help you in paragraph
writing.
You should be a voracious reader and it is not difficult for you to read a lot of material in short span of
time. Secondly,develop the habit of skimming from book only important points because in exams you
should be able to single out units of thoughts.
There are certain rational criteria for selecting the optional subjects. We are putting them forward in
point form.
1. Every subject is good.

2. The syllabus of almost every subject is equally lengthy and demands an equal amount of labour.
3. The syllabi of all popular subjects like History, Geography, Political Science etc. are equally vast.
4. One can get satisfactory level of marks (required to make one successful) in all subjects through
proper guidance and adequate labour.
5. One may take into consideration one's interests in the subject but this is not important. Success of
many candidates has proved it.
6. One might take into consideration one's background in the subject.
7. One might take into consideration the similarities of topics of subjects for example History and
Political Science, Commerce & Accountancy and Public Administration etc. This lessens the burden
of the candidates. This is an important criterion.
8. Go through the syllabi and previous years' questions of the subjects, you are considering opting.
9. One might take into consideration the fact that to what extent the optional subjects help a
candidate in General Studies. Subjects like History, Public Administration, Political Science etc. play
significant role in this context.
10. The most important criteria is the guidance one gets in the subjects. Guidance makes subject /
subjects easy and enables candidates to write standard answers. Experiences of a large number of
candidates have established the truth that any subject is a good subject provided one gets a good
guidance for that subject. A good guidance does not mean teaching of topics, rather teaching in such
a way so that one comprehends all the topics, one has adequate and quality content and more
significantly one is in a position to write good & standard answers - which is the essence of the
preparations.
9.KNOWING YOURSELF IS THE SECRET::SELF ANALYSIS:PEEP INTO YOURSELF::

& DEVELOP SELF-BELIEF/GROW IN CONFIDENCE:SYNERGISE::
Am I competent enough to take CSS exams?

There are indeed some apprehensions such as:
I have never enjoyed creditable academic record.
My English is not that strong.
I am not confident.
Can I offer what this endeavor demands?

You can cope any kind of apprehension if you have high will compounded with logic.
Where there is a will there is a way! What you have to do is to devise a strategy or chalk-
out a plan with different milestones you job is to cross milestones within time. For instance,
your milestones (which could be interpreted in term of prerequisite of success) could be
these:
o Milestone 1: I have to get English proficiency (say first 3 months).
o Millstone 2: I have to develop analytical characteristics (say within 2
months).
First you have to draw your strategy; strategy is how you define you problem statement'
that is you define what you have to do in order to achieve you objective the second part
which is most important is to execution of strategy that is your work on how part of your
problem. Remember do not render strategy making a brown study or building castle in air.
You strategy should be feasible and must be realistic or workable. Again please do not
overestimate yourself.
You can do any thing what any other single human being can do. If you feel that you take
more time as compare to any other person or just simple that you can't grab things fast do
not bother yourself remember the essence that YOU CAN DO WHAT OTHER CAN DO!'
instead of taking time span a predicament. But time span should be realistic such as if one
can do a piece of work in 1 day you must be able to do that work in 3 days anyhow that
different must keeps dwindle as time passes and you should be able to do that work in 1
and half day.
Beside aforementioned stuff following are other imperatives that are of equally importance:
o English language proficiency
o Grasp on current affair
o Analytical capabilities
What role English language proficiency plays is as obvious as one's existence.
About grasp on current affairs I would like to quote Yahya's statement that if one has no
grasp over current affair one no needs to bother oneself to take exams. Yahya scored 37 th
position in 2003 CSS exams. Yahya statement holds water in very circumstances and one
can easily validate his statement if one has gone through paper pattern of 2005 CSS exams;
even Islamiyat paper was not devoid of current affairs.
Analytical mind plays decisive role in one's success FPSC has too changed her course from
encouraging rot learning to appreciate analytical mind. If you do not have analytic skill it
would be very difficult to attempt paper with reason and logic. If your paper has no show of
mind you cant expect any bright success. Anyhow to develop analytical skill is not too
difficult you just need to read what one says and put argument accordingly. First you would
face difficulty to pen argument but you can learn from editorials or opinions of newspaper
where writer always support her option only on bases of logic. You can easily judge that
different writers support their points on different ground and they often vary from each
other if endorse one policy other endorse any other policy you can judge that on what points
one endorse a specific policy and on what points one oppose that policy. Another way is to
develop these skill is to discuss contemporary affairs with your friends, go to chat room try
to get opinions of different people who belong to different regions argue with them on
specific points through this way you can easily gather different viewpoints such as American
view, Iraqi, Indian view on specific issues. Remember learn how to acknowledge true
reason; do not dare stick to your point if one provides enough logic to support her point
instead of your insistence on your viewpoint, which is averse of logic.
10.A)-What is sufficient time span for preparation?

No one can predict accurate time span it could be from 6 month to 3 years. All is what
academic background you have what kind of skills you have what is your rate to grasp
concept.
If one has to start from scratch but possessing good metal capabilities rough
estimation is of 1 year.
If one has to start from scratch with not too good metal capabilities rough estimation
is of 1 to 1 year.
If one need not to start from scratch and possessing good metal capabilities rough
estimation is of 6 months.
Thing is this is you who has to gauge your skills precisely on one can better predicate time
span for preparation but only you. Another thing is this time span is estimated with viewing
of getting good positions. There could be no time span if one claims oneself a fatalist and
insist to enjoy the aftermaths of one's adventure based on high stars rather than on
deliberation.
::Making a Time-table
Time is a precious recourse for a student. For utilizing your time more effectively, you should follow a
time table. Make a time table, in which you have time for every subject of your course as well as time
for refreshment and other daily activities. Some subjects needs comparatively more concentration,
assign them the time in which you are more active ,alert and agile. When you make your time table,
paste it on wall in front of your study chair so that you can see it and follow it. The more important
than making time table is, to follow it. Try to follow your time table. In the beginning you may find it a
little hard to follow your time table but if you follow it for a week then you will like to follow it forever.
Procedure:
1. Calculate the time you have other than your school , college , university or office time and your
sleep time.
2. Suppose you come to home or hostel from your university/office at 2 PM.
3. You sleep Sleeping time is from 1 AM to 7 AM.
4. It means that from 2 PM (when you come from college) to 1 AM (when you sleep) is the time
available to you..
5. From 2 PM to 1 AM, there are 11 hours. In these 11 hours you have to study as well as other
routine activities like having meal etc.
6. Assign time to every subject and other activities (necessary activities like game and exercise) in
these 11 hours accordingly.
7. You may allocate the last hours to the subject which are easy and need less concentration
because you may be exhausted and feel sleepy in last hours.
8. Make a table having two columns and rows and write time in one column and subject name in the
other column. Chalk out a timetable and start following it.Study timings may vary for different
students. Some students like to study at night while others in the morning. It depends on student, in
which time s/he can study well. So make time table according to your study time. Study hours,
duration etc.
Prepare for CSS in only 10 -12 months.Study all subject at once but If you have time you can divide
in such a way that you prepare your compulsory subjects first and then come to your optional. It all
depends on your personal style.
The studying hours vary from person to person.Make a fixed schedule but average should be about
8 to 16 hours per day.A minimum of 6 hours study is must but these 6 hours must be quality study.
Here are some of the possible timetables.Read them and make your own timetable.
Possible Schedule/Timletable Option 1::Schedule for preparation of CSS Exams in 2 months. The
schedule is given below:
Month 1 (1-10).. Daily Study Time 6 Hours
1 Hour.. (Essay or English)
2 Hours.. (Islamic Studies)
3 Hours.. (1st Optional Subject)
2 Hours.. (Pakistan Affairs)
3 Hours.. (2nd Optional Subject or Paper 2 of 200 Marks 1st Optional Subject)
2 Hours.. (Pakistan Affairs)
3 Hours.. (Optional Subject 3 for 100 Marks or Optional Subject 2 Paper 1)
2 Hours.. (GSA)
2 Hours.. (GSA)
1 Hour: (Essay or English)
2 Hours: (GSA)
3 Hours: (Optional Subject 6 for 100 Marks or Optional Subject 3 Paper 2)
Last 4 Months Plan:: 4 months remaining which means approximately 120 days.
120/12=10 days/subject (Most of your time should be spend on solving Past Papers)
B)-How much should I study?

Answer of this question strictly depends on your choice of time span coupled with your
metal capabilities. Whatsoever time span you chose as suggested above (in second last
question) you need to study from 6 to 8 hours on daily basis.
11.Next logical step was to buy the past papers of every subject & go through the past 10 years
papers of each subject just to have an idea about how the questions were asked in the question
papers?
12.But do not play gamble. Never forget to go through the entire syllabus of every subject.
Developed a time table. It is very much imperative to make a set time table which you can follow
rigidly and strictly. Without a set time table, you may lose time management. Developing a sound
table does not need one to be a rocket scientist. All you have to do is to mingle compulsory and
optional subjects together.
To demonstrate this, we can say; take 2 compulsory subjects and 2 optional subjects on daily basis
or 3 compulsory and 2 optional subjects daily. Some people go for preparing all the compulsory
subjects first and the optional subjects afterwards and this strategy can also be followed. Whichever
time table you can easily follow is just fine.
There is no hard and fast rule about it. One thing I would advise is to read DAWN daily. Never skip it.
It not only strengthens your currents affairs but also polishes your English writing skills.
13.Lets not forget about the duration factor which confuses aspirants the most. Well, there is no
particular duration for qualifying CSS. Some people can prepare within 2-3 months, some take 8-9
months while others keep on following it until they get through and it might take years. Correct
direction and guidance plays a significant role in it.
If you have got the right direction from someone, you may able to finish the entire syllabus of every
subject within 4-5 months. If you do it completely on your own, you may take a bit more time.
However, from my point of view, studying with dedication and commitment on daily basis for 5-6
months will do the trick.
14. Apart from the English subjects, I guess you do not need teachers for any subjects except some
particular ones like Persian, Arabic or others like them. Again, studying how many hours per days
depends upon your capacity. Your exhaustion limit defines your capacity for studying.
Additionally, while there is always some truth behind the claims that someone did CSS by studying
for only 2-3 months but most of the time it is just boasting. Anyhow, you can tell from the way a
persons demeanour whether s/he did it in such a short period or not?
15.One of the most important things and the oft repeated mistake aspirants make is that they ask
every single person about the problems they are having in their preparation phase. I must say while
it is cool to put your queries in front of 2 or 3 knowledgeable persons but it is definitely the most
insane thing to ask the same question over and over again and chiefly from every tom, dick and
harry (failed aspirants or who never appeared in the CSS exam).
I will also advise you to seek guidance from those people who qualified the CSS exam in the past 3
or 4 years because the trend of CSS paper has undergone a complete metamorphosis during this
phase.
Let me talk turkey and tell you that while starting from scratch, do not expect pakka pakaaya halwa
from anyone. Do some solid research about this exam first on your own and then expect someone to
be the Good Samaritan.
I often say this thing and I am quoting it again that decide to appear in the CSS exam if you can
really sacrifice anything for it; your job, career, the precious years of your life otherwise it will be just
like a wild goose chase. The point that CSS is a long row is hoe is not dubitable at all. You will have
to burn all your boats if you want allocation in the prestigious civil service. You must have a zen for it.
. When you sincerely (Yes, SINCERELY) pursue a goal or aim for something, Allah helps you on
every step. What you can do is to give it your best shot and then leave the rest to Allah because
undoubtedly, finality rest with Allah, the Almighty. So go ahead and break the back of the beast!
16:::Winning Strategy in CSS/PMS

Civil Services in Pakistan provide not only jobs for earning and surviving, but a power seat; from
where, one can bring a change in his life as well as his surroundings. It may be a change in the form
of eradicating poverty and problems of your country. A face of society can be shaped through these
superior services.
In this service, you execute decisions and also remain a part of decision making and contribute in
creating law. After being successful in this exam, your fate is changed and the same time you can
change others fate. So ready to face one of the toughest hurdle and if you cross it, you are the
leading light.
To become a king you should have a winning strategy, doing hard work systematically and good
guidance. CSS exam is a real test and here each mark not only decides your success but also your
ranking.
A good ranking means the more chance for you to get your dream job. This article is constructive for
those who are going to appear this year and it also guides them, who are making plan to appear in
forth-coming year.
Success Mantras
A)-Self-Confidence
Robert Collier says:
Your chances of success in any undertaking can always be measured by your belief in yourself
Yes self confidence plays most important role in success of a person. A difficult and lengthy process
of Civil Services exam demands self-confidence because only this can keep you on the right track
during the long preparation and examination. Many candidates, who are hard working and
intellectual and have taken right decision, right elective, chosen right study materials but ultimately
they could not succeed because of their lack in self confidence.
Read syllabi, past year questions of compulsory subjects and your optional subjects carefully,
especially past 5 years. In this way, you will understand what and how to read and to tackle the
questions and also important and less important part of syllabus.
Due to lack of self confidence some time they see wrong in choosing options, some time books,
some time timing, and some time in their self. So after deciding, be determined and proceed till the
process is not accomplished. Remember, self confidence does not mean over-confidence, so be
clear and ready to accept any negative side.
Self confidence is about balance. Low self-confidence and over confident are two extremes. If one is
under-confident, hell avoid taking risks and stretching himself; and he might not try at all. And if he is
over-confident, he may take on too much risk, stretch himself beyond his capabilities, and crash
badly.
Getting this right is a matter of having the right amount of confidence, founded in reality. With the
right amount of self-confidence, one will take informed risks, stretch oneself and try hard.
B)-Time Management
Last but not least, time management is very essential to goal success. It plays very important role in
preparation. For this you should divide your study plan to some degree in parts. Set a goal to
complete one or some parts in known time.
If you complete a part in given time you will not feel overburdened and this mental freedom will
provide you more understanding and grasping capacity. So craft a plan according to your need and
convenient rather than following others path.
C)-Clarity
Candidate must have a clear approach during the preparation and examination. If you have clarity,
you will easily choke many problems. One should be clear about electives, study materials, concept,
thought, facts and at every step. Do not stay in dilemma. After selection optionals, materials and
selection of study portion of syllabus, follow them strictly.
Go through the syllabus and past year question papers

Read syllabus, past year questions of compulsory subjects and your optional subjects carefully,
especially past 5 years. In this way, you will understand what and how to read and to tackle the
questions and also important and less important part of syllabus. Follow the syllabus instead of
reading the entire book.
Choose only those portions of the book which are part of your syllabus and especially you have
guess for this year examination. Whenever and what ever you read, frame questions on them and try
to present an ideal answer. In this way, you can increase understanding and expression.
D)-A Balanced Approach

A balanced approach is needed at every step during preparation. Give equal importance to both of
compulsory and optional papers. Do not neglect any area of syllabus. To get good marks in the
exam, one should go through complete syllabus.
In your answer, balanced view is important and at the same time one should give approximately
equal time to all long answer type questions. Do not write some answers very long and some very
short.
For developing the writing skills, write model answers at the time of preparation. This helps get into
the habit of writing under time pressure in the examination.
Develop Writing Skills

Writing skills play an important role in competitive exams. Most of the candidates appearing in these
exams have a lot of knowledge, but lack in writing skills. You must be able to represent all the
information/knowledge in a coherent and logical manner, as expected by the examiner.
For example: Quoting with facts and substantiating your answer with related concepts and
emphasizing your point of view. Prepare a standard answer to the question papers of previous years.
This will also make your task easy in examination hall. Do not neglect the concepts.
Sometimes the questions are conceptual in nature, aimed at testing the comprehension levels of
the basic concepts. Get a list of standard textbooks from the successful candidates, or other sources
and also selective good notes. The right choice of reading material is important and crucial.
For subjects like Mathematics, Statistics and Geographic maps etc, practice is very important. Go
through the unsolved papers of the previous papers and solve them to stimulate the atmosphere of
the examination.
Try not to exceed the word limit, as far as possible. Sticking to the word limit that will save time.
Besides, the numbers of marks you achieve are not going to enhance even if you exceed the word
limit. Its the quality that matters not quantity. Revision is very important. Revise after a gap.
The reason is that you have been preparing for months or years together. It is a human tendency to
forget something after some time. Follow paragraph writing rather than essay form. A new point
should start with a new paragraph. It is easy to write and understand. If the question needs answer
in point format give it a bullet format.
Try to maintain uniformity in writing throughout the paper. Under time pressure, the script should not
go from bad to worse in the later stages of the answer sheet. This may irritate the evaluator. Stick to
the time frame. Speed is the very essence of this examination. Hence, time management is very
crucial.
For developing the writing skills, write model answers at the time of preparation. This helps get into
the habit of writing under time pressure in the examination. Develop and follow your own style of
writing. Try not to be repetitive and maintain a flow in the style of your writing.
17.ABOUT WRITING
Without writing preparation becomes meaningless. Writing is, in fact, a part of the total preparation.
In compulsory subjects, optional subjects and Essay effective writing plays a vital role. We are giving
below certain tips on good writing.
Candidates should follow them and put them into practice.

1. Read standard books collect standard information.
2. Express in you own language your answers should give impression that they are your creation.
3. Elements of bias or prejudice must be absent from your writing.
4. When you critically examine, you must examine a fact in the light of socio-economic-politico
circumstances this would give your answer a moderate tinge.
5. Use effective language but do not make it verbose.
6. Write a simple answer do not use very long sentences and paragraphs.
7. Split your answers in various paragraphs change paragraph when you shift to a new subject-
matter.
8. Do not quote views, opinions etc. frequently at times you can quote from original work.
9. Give major points of your answer in separate paragraphs and put all the minor points in one
paragraph at the end. try to give as many points as you can.
10. You need not write a lengthy introduction, you can even do without it write the main body of the
answer and a good and very effective conclusion in the answers where you analyze or critically
examine you must write a conclusion.
11. While writing, make sure your handwriting is legible do not be under the impression that
whatever way you write the examiner would make all efforts to go through that help the examiners
read your answers comfortably.
12. Your answer must not lose coherence points should be in order so that the whole answer
presents a balanced and integrated view.
13. Practice writing answers of model questions and get them evaluated.
14. GENERAL TIPS::
Make Headings so that the examiner should know what you are writing and where to find it.
Your answer should start with a powerful introduction and ends with a conclusion
Try and write Critical Analysis (where required)
Improve your paper presentation (as 1st impression is the last impression)
Support your arguments with fact and figures
HDI, Economic Survey of Pak, various Survey Reports and UN listing should be on your finger tips
(at least stuff related to Pakistan).
Draw Maps and Charts in Pak and Currents Affairs Papers
Draw Diagrams in GSA.

And finally a piece of advice, that is, hard and diligent work is a boon. Develop a habit of sustained
reading. Do study on a regular basis but be sure that you are doing this on right lines.
General Instructions::
No one can swap hard work and dedication with anything else in success stories that are epic tales
of horrible midnight oil smoldering and with sleepless reddish retinas having glimpses of a dozen
fierce battles fought by pen then a blistering trial with top brass while taking the weight off ones feet
on the other side of the table and the story ends with a hero living happily ever after as a CSP
Officer-the prime objective and main goal and final objective of CSS aspirants.
Exercise 1-------Smart Working

Task: In one jump you have to cross a 10 meter high wall?
Conventional Way
Start jumping and increase your jumping competence in terms of elevation. Try to gain more and
more elevation until you cross the barrier of >10 meter. Increase your stamina, exercise hard and do
lot of practice and pray to Allah that you may succeed in your attempt to cross the barrier. And it is
quite possible that your jumps gain so much of bounce due to your extra toil that eventually You jump
and you cross the wall one day(I cant say when that day supposed to be arrived)..Congratulation!
Smart Way
Start with your objective: To jump across the Wall
Constraints: In one single jump only
Resources: Limited in terms of physical strength but other means may be available
Plan: Search for an option that can give >10 meter bounce in one jumpMay be a spring, may be
a propellant based thrust engineetc according to your resources.
Action: Provide with the selected option and start a perfect practice to achieve your objective in one
go.
Conclusion: Smart way is one of the proven approach to achieve what otherwise seems
unachievable.
18-ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (Marks 100)

The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the
candidates abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Structuring,
Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc.
1.Precis Writing (20 marks)
A careful selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough flexibility for
compression shall be given for prcising and suggesting an appropriate title. Out of the total 20
marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to prcising the text and 5 to suggesting the title.
2.Reading Comprehension (20 marks)
A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline- specific
shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.
3. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)
Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs, Synonyms
and Antonyms etc.
4. Sentence Correction (10 marks)
The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or punctuation.
The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed correction only, without making
unnecessary alterations. No two or more sentence should have exactly the same problem, and 2-3
sentences shall be based on correction of punctuation marks.
5. Grouping of Words (10 marks)
A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly unfamiliar) shall be
given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having similar or opposite meaning, as may
be clearly directed in the question.
6. Pairs of Words (10 marks)
Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally confused in
communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of them by first explaining them
in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.
7. Translation (10 marks)
Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and figurative/idiomatic
expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. English Grammar in Use Raymond Murphy (Cambridge University Press).
2. Practical English Usage M.Swan (Oxford University Press).
3. The Little, Brown Handbook H. Ramsey Flower & Jane Aaron (The Little, Brown & Co; Harper
Collins.)
4. A University English Grammar R. Quirk & S. Greenbaum (ELBS; Longmans)
5. Write Better, Speak Better Readers Digest Association.
6. Modern English in Action Henry Christ (D.C. Heath & Co.)
7. Exploring The World Of English By Syed Saadat Ali Shah
For prcis , first speed read it to get the outline, then during second reading , underline important
sentences and after 3rd reading,write a rough prcis.Then make some amendments and make a fair
copy of it.
Solve past papers, learn and memorise previous papers vocabulary as much as you can.Solve and
get your precise checked by a good English teacher or the one who has qualified CSS. Learn the art
of Compression and Expansion from a good English teacher. English Compulsory is all about
practice and practice is what makes a person perfect.
Prepare vocabulary from Word Power Made Easy by Norman Lewis,Word Smart,Instant
Vocabulary,GRE books and idioms from Collins Idioms Dictionary +net +Exploring the World Of
English.Practice a few essays, paragraphs and prcis mainly from past papers because it could give
you a taste of how exam tests your ability to write in English . For prcis just consult Exploring The
World Of English.
In English composition paper, attempt synonyms, antonyms and active passive first then move on to
comprehension. Last question should be prcis as it is quite time consuming.
A good website for idioms is http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/. For synonyms,
antonyms and vocabulary this site is helpful (it has GRE vocabulary
list):http://www.postech.ac.kr/~gla/gre/
Here we are going to thrash out something about English paper II. Let me tell you that more than
90% aspirants fail in point of fact in this paper and it is the most difficult barrier than any other paper
in the business. But dont worry you will not be among those. Now lets have a look at the traditional
way of preparing for this paper and the otherwise.
Conventional Way:
This paper stresses that you should be shrewd with English as a language, knowing everything
about it, inclusive knowledge of every microscopic facet of its syntax, be acquainted with how to read
it precisely, write in extemporal way on anything, enhanced vocabulary, grammar characteristics of
the language, idiomatic usage, narration techniques, and an excellent grip on your writing skills.
Get some good books on grammar A Practical English Grammar by A.J Thomson etc read it
entirely without skipping any word. Practice every rule twice a day everyday with apposite guidance.
Develop a strapping treaty with the language by reading lot of English novels ( I can suggest but not
now) and autobiographies of only English writers, understand analytically the way authors expose
there style to recount the philosophies of life and experience. Find Chambers Idioms book in the
market and go through all idioms from A to Z. Pray to Allah deeply and I know you ll be having lot of
nerves in the end to get through it with flying colors. (This is one of the proven way to learn English
and towards success)
Smart Way:
Please note that it is not the shortcut
Objective: To secure 40 marks in English II
Plan: Complete breakdown of English II w.r.t. marks reveals us some facts:
ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (Marks 100)
The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the
candidates abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Structuring,
Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc.
1.Precis Writing (20 marks)
A careful selected passage with an orientation of generic understanding and enough flexibility for
compression shall be given for prcising and suggesting an appropriate title. Out of the total 20
marks allocated to this question, 15 shall go to prcising the text and 5 to suggesting the title.
2.Reading Comprehension (20 marks)
A carefully selected passage that is rich in substance but not very technical or discipline- specific
shall be given, followed by five questions, each carrying 4 marks.
3. Grammar and Vocabulary (20 marks)
Correct usage of Tense, Articles, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Punctuation, Phrasal Verbs, Synonyms
and Antonyms etc.
4. Sentence Correction (10 marks)
The sentences shall be given each having a clear structural flaw in terms of grammar or punctuation.
The candidates shall be asked to rewrite them with really needed correction only, without making
unnecessary alterations. No two or more sentence should have exactly the same problem, and 2-3
sentences shall be based on correction of punctuation marks.
5. Grouping of Words (10 marks)
A random list of twenty words of moderate standard (neither very easy nor utterly unfamiliar) shall be
given, to be grouped by the candidates in pairs of those having similar or opposite meaning, as may
be clearly directed in the question.
6. Pairs of Words (10 marks)
Ten pairs shall be given of seemingly similar words with different meanings, generally confused in
communication, for bringing out the difference in meaning of any five of them by first explaining them
in parenthesis and then using them in sentences.
7. Translation (10 marks)
Ten short Urdu sentences involving structural composition, significant terms and figurative/idiomatic
expressions shall be given, to be accurately translated into English.
Serial No 1 ,2 and 3 constitute 60 amrks, a big portion of our marks, it will be very difficult for the
examiner to let us pass,if you dont do well in these first three. But frankly speaking 40% of 60 comes
to be only 26 (Believe me dont go for calculations) and you need 14 more from Sr 4 to 7 to get
through this hurdle.
Action:
Serial No 1 "Precis":
This is the easiest part of the paper and since everything is there, you just have to rewrite it in your
own words in a quick speed.
Mostly prcis paragraphs are taken from Psychology and Philosophy books. (Again worked) So go
and get a pair of books on Philosophy and Psychology, read them with dictionary on and build your
vocabulary. Like, 2005 prcis, was taken from Modern Reading in Psychology and 2006 prcis
passage was taken from Pleasures of Philosophy by Will Durant, page 6)
Simplest way is, to read one line and on the rough sheet translate it in simple English. Then next line
and so on. If you dont know the meaning of particular word or line, just skip that but leave a mark in
your newly translated para. You have to be extra nippy; dont go for the whole prcis paragraph, only
line to line. Cease it and then examine your paragraph. You dig up some message or
premise..Wonderful that is what is needed! ****Now put out of your mind about the missing or
difficult words just cross them and never ever read them again. Now you have to reproduce a new
prcis from your own paragraph in your own style with a relevant title. All this activity will cost you 40
to 50 Minutes in paper and thats a reasonable time. Practice can reduce this time to 35 minutes
so do lot of practice.
**** And if you could not get any theme .Sorry..now it is the situation of do or die be cool
stretch yourself, have some water, avoid chewing gum, rebuild yourself, enjoy your life for only 5
minutes.My dears, every examination is a game of nerves so save them till the last minute. Now
take your question paper, and a marker, and in the paragraph simply cross the lines you are not
getting and take those which are easily understandable and simply write them as it is with only
changes in their original position and if possible replace the common words with their synonyms and
dont forget to give it a title
English Prcis & Composition:

Introduction:
This paper can be divided into following sections:
Prcis - 25 marks
Comprehension - 20 marks
Expansion - 20 marks
Vocabulary & Grammar (Synonyms, Antonyms, Idioms, Phrasal Verbs, Homonyms, Change of
Narration, Correction of Sentences, Active Voice & Passive Voice etc) - 35 marks
Books:
i. Exploring the World of English by Saadat Ali Shah
ii. English Prcis by Joya & Jappa (caravan Publishers)
iii. Brush Up Your English by ST Imam ( Chap 13 & 14)
Strategy for preparation:
i. Give due time to this paper.
ii. Solve past papers.
iii. Practice to make prcis of paragraphs and get checked by expert of English language.
iv. Time management is very essential for this paper.
v. Practice is Key to success.
How to attempt paper:
i. Time management is very important in this paper. Prcis consumes much time around one hour,
so try to save time from other questions. Solve prcis question on last rough page and then final
draft on main page(s). Give suitable title to the paragraph.
ii. Grammar & Vocabulary Section is mathematical and it can earn maximum marks. Vocabulary
MCQs should be solved by formulas: a) Surety formula, b) exclusion formula, c) logical guess of
answers.
iii. Always keep your nerves in your control and try to do your best in the paper.
19::English Essay:
Introduction:
Essay paper is considered the toughest paper. This first paper decides your eligibility to succeed in
the examination. Writing practice can make your task easy. In essay paper one needs to discuss
specific issue which was asked to be address.
Books:
Although there is no need to prepare specific book for this paper but you may get an idea of English
essay from one or more books. You may go through the following books:
i. Top 30 English Essays
ii. Current/Contemporary Essays
iii. Any other good book(s)
Strategy for preparation:
i. Prepare your own notes of English essay
ii. Practice to make outline(s) of the essays. Thats very important technique to produce best English
essay.
iii. Support your essay with arguments/quotes/statistics etc. (Read editorials of a good English
newspaper to develop your analytical skills.)
iv. Practice is Key to Success.

i. In examination Hall, read all topics of English Essays very carefully and choose the one which you
have prepared very well. Make outline on the last rough page and also write introduction on the
rough page. After making best outline, re-write it on the front page and then Introduction afterwards.
Try to do your best in the paper. Give your conclusion at the end of the essay. The conclusion should
summarize the whole debate and do not introduce new ideas in conclusion. After writing complete
essay, read it for possible errors/omissions and correct them accordingly.
ii. Some other important tips for essay are: a) There should be relevancy and coherence in the
essay. b) Quality matters not quantity so dont worry about number of words. c) Only focus on that
aspect of essay which is asked to discuss, so dont beat about the bush. d) Dont try to attempt an
essay on controversial topic.
English Essay(100 Marks)
Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be
given. Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a
selected topic. Candidates articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English
Essay writing will be examined.
At least write one essay per week, dedicate a day to essay, Saturday or Sunday, one entire day
should be spent practicing essay .Work more and more on making an ideal outline on various topics.
At least try and make outlines of all essays in the last 5 year papers.
Discuss these outline with a teacher.
Get your essays checked by a good teacher who is experienced in teaching CSS Essay.
Essay?
Here we are going to explore the techniques to pass essay paper. Essay paper is characteristically
considered as one of the toughest nut to crack and plainly it is. Lot of candidates could not cross this
very first barrier that desires a good dominion of English syntax, vocabulary, ideas, imagination,
spellings, logical reasoning, and excellent writing expertise. SO there are two ways to get through
this barrier in one go
Start reading lot of books on history, literature, social sciences. Current affair , philosophy and
improve your style of writing, broad your imagination, be factual, memorize quotes and struggle hard
all the way so that time may comes when you shall be able to write on any topic in an extemporal
tone and continue to practice. (This is one of the proven ways)
One thing is positive that Examiner does not know or even does not want to know whether the
candidate he is examining has been preparing for the last 5 years or for five days! What he wants: an
impressive and inspirational essay on the topic.
Objective : To get through English Essay paper

Plan: If we clearly look into the problem, we will land on a logical consensus that a lot of candidates
actually failed due to fact that they had never written anything on the topic before. They were writing
for the first time in the paper.The key to unlock this blockade is to write an essay on weekly basis and
get it checked by an experienced teacher. You can pass this paper if you know the probable topics
and then we practice them at home.
Action:
Essay paper is normally composed of following issues
Current Affair (Least burning but really important Issues related to National Interest)
Quotes
Philosophy
And sometimes . No broad-spectrum category
So perceptibly only contemporary Affairs is the category we need to focus maximum.
How to go for an extreme logical conjecture or educated guess?
Start reading Newspaper (Dawn Recommended)
Go to only editorial page and note few things and save them.Every day make a table of current
issues in spotlight for at least 3 months and it is better if you can make it in Microsoft Excel
worksheet. It is better to read the newspaper daily but if you can not manage no problem, go
towww.dawn.com.pk explore the paper and save articles in respective folder i.e Energy. So stop
making entries 1.5 months prior to the commencement of the papers, since paper has been made.
Now it is time for speculation!
Pencil in a graph between dates and Topics in excel and you will find the tendency line that will show
you unerringly on the basis of 6 months history that what topic has been discussed by people most
and over and over again. Pick at least 4 topics with medium rating, (leave burning issue since they
are least projected) and start analyzing them, now you have to find the concealed line in these
issues that will be the topic of essay coming in paper. Prepare that topics thoroughly as you will be
having all important articles by renowned writers, edit them in e-form accordingly and take a hard
copy, and please write at least once. This is one of the smart ways to get through the essay.
Essay Topics:Write essays on these topics for practice.
Essay Topics for CSS English Essay Paper:

1.Solution to Power Crisis-Kalabagh Dam or Alternative Sources of Energy?
2.SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS OF WOMEN IN PAKISTAN/A country is
backward because its people are backward.
3.Democracy has failed to deliver in Pakistan!Discuss./The Future of Democracy in Pakistan/What
are the hurdles in our way to becoming a truly independent state?
4.Media-a Mirror to the Society or a Frankensteinian Monster/Power of Media in the Modern
World/Globalization and electronic media/The present system of education must assume some of
the responsibilities of our failures of media/Truth is a rare commodity despite the freedom enjoys by
the print media and electronic media.
5.Palestine is missing from the agenda of the United Nations ;nor is The United States ready to press
on nor Israel ready to accommodate Palestinians.Elaborate.
6.The world politics stands more derisive than it was ever before due to the specific imperialist
designs/The Politics of Empowerment in Pakistan.Elucidate/Political is the art of possible. Discuss.
7.Pakistan and War on Terror: Gains and Losses
8.Status of Women in Islam./The state of women Rights in Pakistan/Can women be equal to men in
Pakistan?/Why is there no status of the third gender in Pakistan?/Does Pakistani society regard
women as the angel in the house of the source of all evils?
9.Provincial Autonomy.
10.Climate Change:A Myth or Reality!/Global Warming/Climate Change/Greenhouse Effect
11.Is Foreign Aid the SOLUTION TO POVERTY in Pakistan or Self-reliance might be our
saviour ?/Foreign Aid and Pakistan's Economic Condition
12.Brain Drain-causes and consequences
13.Exceeding The Mandate: Judicial Activism In Pakistan/Judicial activism threatens
democracy/Judicial Activism vs Democratic Consolidation in Pakistan
14.Peace the Essential Message of our Religion./Religion has Done more Harm than help to Human
Relations in the World.
15.Time management is the key note of success.
16.Lack of discipline - a National Disaster./In this Country Reason does not Apply to Anything.
17.Materialism in the Death of Spirituality.Moral depravity is the root cause of poverty./Modern
Nations :Are Atomic Giants but Ethically Dwarfs
18.Disaster management and government preparedness.
19. The future of UNO, Hopes and Hurdles/The U.N.O has failed to measure up to the demands of
its charter.
20.Take a Stand Against the Armies Of Ignorance/Pakistan's War on Terror and its Impact on our
Psyche and Politic, Socio, Economic Fronts./Dialogue or coercion - is the Best Course to Combat
Terrorism
21.Higher education as an agent of change./Co-education , Merits and Demerits/Education System
in Pakistan has Collapsed!Discuss/English as the Medium of Education in Pakistan
22. Disaster management and government preparedness.
23. ' If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'/The time we live in is the winter of the world.
24. Prevention is Better Than Cure./Health is not a Condition of Matter, but of Mind.
25.The more Developed a Country, the More Lethally it is Armed.
26.The food crisis: problems, challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan.
27.There is no great genius without a mixture of madness.
28.Literature is the Best Criticism of Life.
29.Pakistan is Rich in Natural Resources but very Poor in their Management.
30.Equality,Justice/All Humans are Born Equal in Dignity and Rights but They are in Shackles
Everywhere.
31.Without Independent Truth-finding Commission, Accountability is Unachievable.
32. Without good communication skills, life becomes impossible in the Modern World.
33.Fair Play and Life, as it is lived, in the Land of Poor.
34.The pleasure of Reading.
35.State is for The People Or People Are For The State.
CSS Essays Outlines

Govt Should eliminate subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and consumers of electric cars as
they are costly and do not do enough to protect environment
1.Introduction
2.Electric Cars in the modern world!
3.Benefits of Electric Cars
-Nominal environment protection
-Sound free technology
-Reservation of coal & nuclear energy
-Freshness & digitalization of miles while driving
4.Manufacturing Process of Electric Cars
-Chemical Processions
-Coal generating electricity
-Battery manufacturing
-Iron, Lithium usages in manufacturing
5.Impacts of Electric Cars manufacturing
-Electric manufactured cars are costly
-Damages of electric car is more than gasoline car
-It generates acid rains
-Skin disease
-Ultimate global warming
6.Suggestions
-Manufacturing of electric cars should not be appreciated
-Govt should eliminate subsidies & incentives for electric cars
-Scientists should create another alternative source for car fuels e.g. water, gas, mechano
-Research on shuttles for innovative contributions
-Assurances of environment protection
-Role of UNEP, World Bank to ensure & strengthening other technologies
7.Conclusion
STATUS OF WOMEN IN ISLAM
(Outline)
1. Introduction
2. Status of women before the advent of Islam
(In Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Greek socity, Roman society, Arab society of Dark Ages)
3. Status of woman in islam;
A. Changes in Spiritual status
a. Equal criterion in judging both genders by Allah
b. Equal moral obligations
B. Advancements in Social status
a. Termination of infanticide
b. Right to education
c. Choice in marriage
d. Equal treatment in case of polygyny
e. Power to give and demand khula
f. Right to remarry if widowed or divorced
g. Right to be treated kindly and fairly--as daughter, sister, wife, mother and grandmother
C. Improvements in Economic status
a. Exemption from Financial burdens
b. Share of inheritance from property of parents, siblings, children and life-partner
c. Children maintenance expenses in case of separation
d. Compulsory marital gift and haq-mehr
e. Right to private ownership of property and businesses
f. Right to seek employment
D. Revamp in Political and Legal status
a. Right to vote
b. Right to participate as election candidate
c. Equality before law
Misconceptions about women
(Women are less sensible, bring bad luck, Men are superior)
4. Discrimination against women
( social, economic, political, cultural and legal)
5. Persecution of women
A. Female Infanticide
B. Honour killing
6. Role of women in modern world
7. Reasons for plight of women in the East
8. Conclusion
Democracy in Pakistan
The appraisal of last 60 years of democracy
1. Where does Pakistan stand in terms of democracy?
2. Is the democracy an issue of Pakistan or all Muslim countries?
3. Is the democracy an issue of Pakistan or all third world countries?
4. Has the democracy with some links with the:
-History
-Culture
-Ideology of people
-Socioeconomic development of people
5. Are the people of Pakistan non democratic?
6. Is the democracy solved the issues of Pakistan?
7. the issue of democracy in Pakistan
-Personalization of politics
-Personality oriented politics
2 The system itself
-Presidential or parliamentary
-The issue of executive legislature and judiciary
3 The issue of execution
-PM
-Cabinet
-Bureaucracy
4. The tug of war between different institutions
-Political
-Military
-Bureaucracy
-Judiciary
5. Election commission and procedure of election.
6. Rigging of polls
7. The making of constitution
8. Amending the constitution
9. Horse trading
10. The politicians
-Background
-Aptitude and capabilities
-Education
-Priorities etc
11. The conduct of political parties
12. The elections in political parties
13. Manifesto of political parties
14. The role of treasury banks and opposition banks
15. The interference of military
16. Provincial/Regionalism/Factionalism.
17. The pressure groups and their attitude towards bureaucracy
18. The indigenous and foreign conspiracies (especially the superpowers)
19. baradari/claim/tribal system in Pakistan
20. Literacy rate in Pakistan
21. economic/social development in Pakistan
22. (Role of mullah/islamists)
23. Local government system and democracy
24. Participation of women in democracy
25. Will we ever be able to bring democracy?
26. Or democracy will evolve with Pakistan
-Short term measures
-Long tem measures
Terrorism
Angles/Aspects:
a) Fact or fiction?
b) Threat not only for the west but also for the Muslims?
c) Ploy of west to crush Muslims?
Impacts
Social
Political
Psychological
Religious
1. What is terrorism?
2. Is it real or so called term?
3. In modern of the world when did terrorism surface?
4. Is the terrorism a political battle or a religious battle?
5. Is the terrorism a war against the injustices of powerful, superpowers, usurpers?
6. Is the terrorism an attempt to establish the ascendancy of a particular group or class?
7. Is the terrorism a start of crusades?
-A battle between Islam and Christianity
-A battle between a section of Muslims with a section of Christians or west.
8. Is the terrorism and attempt by some hardcore Islamists groups to resist the centuries old
occupation of the west on Islamic territories?
9. Do the terrorist draw their agenda of resistance from the cruelties of the west or from Islam?
10. Will they resort to terrorism even if west stops supporting Israel or India?
11. Will terrorism continue even if west stops exploiting the resources of Muslims?
12. Will the terrorism continue even if west shuns biased policies against Muslim state? Its double
policy with regard to democracy, human rights violation, atomic energy etc
13. Genesis of so called terrorist or terrorist groups
- Al-Qaida
- Lashkar-e-Tayaba
- Hezbollah
- Others
14. Were this group really motivated for the cause of Islam or west was behind the creation of these
groups?
15. Did these groups get separated from the agenda of world powers and pursue their own agenda
separately?
16. Though the terrorist organizations have two agendas
-The destruction and defeat of America
-The establishment of Muslim or Islamic state.
17. Are all the terrorist organizations linked with each other?
18. Do they share agenda with each other?
19. To what extent they share common agenda and where they get separated.
20. Do different agencies control different terrorist groups and through different and through different
ways influence terrorist groups to achieve their specific goals?
21. is the terrorism
- Local issue
- Issue of Middle East
- Issue of Pak-Afghan
- Issue of America
- A global issue
22. Has the terrorism any link with Clash of Civilization?
23. Is the terrorism linked with the faulty policies of America, Pakistan, and Afghanistan in the wake
of Russian debacle?
24. has the terrorism any linkage with Great Game?
- Expansion of Israel
- Control of energy resources of Middle East
- Control of resources of Central Asian States
- Containment of emerging Muslim power if any.
25. Is the terrorism a ploy of western countries to crush Muslim countries especially Pakistan?
26. Why Pakistan to be crushed in the pretext of terrorism
A. Is it linked with us policies about India and china?
27. Are all sort of terrorism linked with us relation to remain a superpower for centuries
28. Is there no other way to remain in the cradle of power except in the name of terrorism?
29. War on terrorism in which context and for whom is fact and for whom and in which context is a
fiction
30. Do any countries, especially the Muslims understand the reality of terrorism?
31. If they understand then are they
- Alive to respond properly
- Are they prepared or preparing for future battle or exploitation
- Have they the capacity and capability to realize and rectify the dangerous situation?
- If a Muslim country has a potential to respond
I. Which country
II. To which extent
32. Will America or western block succeed in the garb of terrorism? If yes to what extend?
33. Will Muslims ever be able to contain/ counter Americas great game?
34. In future will the Muslim governments be at loggerheads with terrorist groups or will cooperate
with them at any level?
35. Can they (Muslim countries and terrorist organizations) share a common goal?
36. In the conflict what are implications
- Will the aspiring superpowers be silent?
- Will they allow America to do whatever she wants to do in the name of terrorism?
- Will they cooperate (aspiring superpowers) with Muslim forces? And to what extent?
37. Irrespective of agenda and objectives, known and unknown, what have been the implications for
both Muslims and non-Muslims especially for Pakistan, Afghanistan and America.
38. Implications for America
- Credibility and neutrality of USA doubtful
- Alienation in the world of Islam
- Security threat to its populace at home and abroad
- Creation of new enemies instead of friends.
-. Even a clarion call for aspiring or emerging superpowers
-. More consciousness among Muslims for preservation of their ideology, resources and identity
- Alienation of the supporters of America in the Muslim countries
- Huge expenditure on defense
- Economic crises in USA
- Unemployment in USA
- Political challenges for the government
- Mushroom of terrorist organizations
39. Implications for Pakistan
A. economic impacts
I. More expenditure on defense
II. The stoppage of FDI
III. The destruction of tourism
IV. The destruction of infrastructure
V. Ruination of industry, agriculture in war hit areas
VI. Effect on trade
VII. Migration of people
VIII. Economic activity in the area
IX. Business of the people.
X. Expenditure on I.D.Ps
XI Expenditure on reconstruction and rehabilitation of people
XII. Stoppage of games: cricket and loss of revenue.
B. Socio-Cultural impacts
I. Health institutions
II. Educational institutions
III. Employment
IV. Poverty
V. Festivals
VI. Issue of human rights
VII. Issue of women rights
VIII. Art, architecture, literature
IX. Health activities, games etc
C. Psychological impacts
I. Anger
II. Frustration
III. Erosion of social relationships
IV. Mistrust in community
V. Exploitation
VI. Terror
VII. Restlessness
VIII. Nervous tension
IX. Drug abuse
X. Crimes
XI. Emotional disorder
Islam
Angles/ Aspects
a) Religion of Peace
b) Islam and terrorism
c) Islam and west
d) Challenges to the world of Islam
1. Islam-its meaning and message
2. Background in which Islam dawned in Arabia and its revolutionary impact in bringing peace and
prosperity in Arabian peninsula.
3. Islamic concept of peace with respect to
a. Human beings,
b. With respect to different raves,
c. Religions and
d. Languages
e. In peace and war time.
f. Animals
g. Crops and trees
4. Islamic concept of war
a. Only meant to bring peace
b War not option but compulsion
5. The age of Prophet of Islam and peace
a. Relation with
i. Arabian pagans
ii Co-clan opponents
iii. Enemies
iv. Christians
v. Jews
b. The war during the reign of prophet and reasons for war
6. Expansion during the reign of caliphs
a. Why is it a objectionable in the eyes of western historians
b. Did the expansion belie the peaceful credentials of Islam
c. Were Muslim armies waging war for:
i. Territory
ii. Kingship
iii Monetary
iv. Expansion of Islam
d. Were the wars offensive or defensive?
i. Was the Muslim state really threatened when the attack was launched by Muslims?
ii. Were the Persians and roman empires hurdles in the peaceful propagation of Islam?
7. Muslim dynasties and peaceful face of Islam
a. Ummayads
b. Abbasiydis
c. Fatimi
d. Usmani
e. Mughal
f. Modern Muslim states
8. Can the acts of Muslim rulers be equated with the concepts of Islam?
9. Can the acts of a Christian ruler be always equated with Christianity?
10. The historical writings of different writers especially some Muslims and generally some non-
Muslims and Islamic concept of war and peace
11. Expansion of Turks into the west (Roman Empire) and image of Islam in the eyes of the west
12. Mughals incursions into the subcontinent and image of Islam in the eyes of Hindus
13. Warring factions among Muslims and the peaceful nature of Islam
14. Islamic teaching and the aspects of peaceful life
a. no love for money
b. no love for property
c. love for god
d. the day of judgment
e. namaz
f. zakat
g. haj
i. roza
j sanctity of three months of Islamic calendar
k the peaceful sanctuary of Kabbah
15. When the religion is so peaceful why the Muslims resorted to war even immediately after Islam
and throughout later centuries
a. political
b. factional
c. territorial
d. racial
e. economic
f. linguistic
h. conspiracies
I shifting from Khilafat to Malukiyat
16. When Islam is so peaceful then why the non-Muslims blame it?
a. fearful of Islams revolutionary message
b. against the religious clergy to be powerful
c. misunderstanding between religions
d. biased propaganda
e. Islams earliest wars with Jews and Christians
f. crusades
g. Usmanis incursion into the west
h. Ummayads incursion into the south west
i. Opinion of western writers about Islam after the conquest of Constantinople
j. Spanish propaganda after the fall of Granada
k. Freedom movements of Muslims when west occupied Muslim lands in 19th, 20th and 21st century
l. Due to biased propaganda of Jews and Christians
m Israels creation
n Muslims reaction and biased allegation of west against Muslims
o some unscrupulous speeches of some mullahs of islam
17. A poor defense of Islam
a. no great scholar among Muslims
b. poor facility of media
c. resource issue
d. non-serious attitude of Muslims
e Muslims at loggerheads with each other
f. sectarianism and factionalism
h. low literacy rate among Muslims
i. influence of traditional mullahs
j. away from modern sciences
18. why Islam has been equated with terrorism
a. Muslim power eclipsed-west encroached upon Muslim territories
b. Muslim woke up for restoration of lost glory
c. their spirit of freedom was equated generally with terrorism
d. Israels occupation of Palestine
e. Indias occupation of Kashmir
f. USSR occupation of Afghanistan
g. USA and UK interference in Iran and Central Asia
h. First Gulf War against Iraq
i. Iraqs second occupation
j West undue support to India and Israel
k. Mujahids(freedom fighters) emerged
l. superpowers threw their agents exploited them against USSR
m. Mujahid were trained, connected throughout the world turned against America
n. a new challenge in the name of Clash of Civilizations was concocted (America started to think who
can challenge west after USSR)
o. world trade center and Muslims (in Islam different sections have always been fighting for their
ideology)
19. Solution for Muslims
a. peaceful
b war or attacks
20. Americas attack on Iraq and Afghanistan
a. frustration even among peaceful Muslims
b. hard response of Mujahids to US
c this is where terrorism emerged and was equated with Islam
d. terrorist directed the attacks:
i. against USA
ii its interest
iii its allies (both Muslims and non-Muslims)
21. mujahid have two agendas
a to defeat the USA and its allies
b to establish an Islamic state
c. Irrespective of injunctions of Islam they use every possible method of resistance against USA and
its allies whether it is human or not(here it is needed to understand the injunctions of Islam and the
ways and means of terrorists/mujahids. The western world is at fault. They must differentiate)
to defeat America and its allies
. a. mujahid might be playing at the hands of some agency known or unknown to them
b in the garb of mujahids there might be criminals in order to save their skin, the criminals have
ranked themselves with the mujahid.
c. mujahids are terrorists being the deficient in the knowledge of Islam or induced were whatever
they want to do in the name of Islam. It is also creating a bad name for Islam
22. They want to establish Islamic state
a. are they really conversant in the teachings of Islam?
b do the great scholars of Islam support them?
c. do the masses support them?
d. in the present Muslim world the laws being practiced are un-Islamic?
e for establishing an Islamic state can they kill their brother Muslims and fellow human beings?
f. what kind of state they want to establish?
g will it cater to the needs of modern times?
h. are all the Muslims support the terrorist or mujahids?
I in labeling all the Muslims instead of a few mujahids what does the west want?
J does west really believe in clash of Islam and the west?
m. is the response of west in the name of freedom of thought and expression toward Muslims
responsible(cartoon controversy, books)
n. can Islam not accommodate
i different thoughts
ii different systems of government
iii different races
iv different stages of belief
v different languages
vi different clans
vii different colors
o. Can the Islam not liberate the diversified world?
23. Islam, west and future of mankind
24 Islams true spirit of peace is the destiny of future mankind
Media
Aspect: Role of media in society
1. What is media?
2. Media in old days its ways and objectives
3. Growth of media corresponding with the growth of society
4. Quantum shift of media from oral to written with the discovery of print media
5. A glimpse of different civilizations and media
6. When the tribes merged into city states; the role of media also changed
7. The media ups and downs
a. the voice of the rich and influential people
b. the voice of rulers/ kings
8. With the emergence of democracy what was the changed crept into the role of media
9. Modern world media and democracy
10. Where the democracy is suspended the role of media is changed accordingly mostly due to
pressure of government (dictators)
11. Development of media renaissance, development and science
12. Societies developed, developing and underdeveloped vis-a-vis the role and development of
media
13. When does media become the tool of change
14. Is the media really influential enough to bring the change in society?
15. What are the factors which make the media influential
16 which section of society does the media influence gravely
a upper
b lower
c middle
17 the ways and means which the media employ or can employ for bringing the change in society
a. different sort of programs
b. news
c, reports
d. again and again coverage
e. discussions
f. dialogues
h. stories
i. satirical programs
j cartoons
k. using specific words or language
l. the role of anchorperson
m. dramas
n. documentaries
o. dressing
18. The areas in which media can bring change
a. political
b social
c religious
d cultural
h economic
I scientific/educational
19. Media and political change
a. effecting different decisions of the government
b. favoring any one institution of the government
c. governments domestic and foreign policies
d. governments developmental projects
h favoring different sections of society over each other
I can influence treasury and opposition benches
J may influence legislation
K may influence one party or other one
L may influence canvassing and voting
M may provide food for thought for government
N may favor any system of the government
O may favor left wing or right wing parties
P may favor liberal, conservative or secular parties
20. Is the media always neutral and objective in bringing political change?
21. What are the forces which determine the policy of the media------different channels/newspapers
owned by different owners with different ideologies, with different sources of funding?
22. Different agencies may also find their agents in media
23. world powers ---- media ---- domestic political change and foreign political change
24. To what extent world powers are befooled and guided by media and its global political impacts
25. Can we make the media really neutral? the portrayer of only the truth? If yes then how?
26 media and social change
a behavior of the people
b relationship among the people
c. media and health
d. consciousness about different diseases
e. advertisement
f education
g quality of education
h different educational movements of the world
i syllabus
j the situation of educational institutions
k university college school
l education in rural areas
m education in jail
n. education for special people
o. Education of women
p issues of women and media
q Education
r economic empowerment
s domestic violence
t gender biasness
u. media in the wake of natural disasters
27 moral issues and media
a decency
b. honesty
c. integrity
d. diligence
e. discipline
f. truth
g. respect
h. development of social values
i. cleanliness
j forbearance and tolerance
k harmony between different
I factions
Ii races
Iii sects
Iv linguistic groups
28. to what extent media does promote social change and in which context
29. is the change natural, induced or imposed?
30. globalization/social change and role of media
31. Different groups foreign and indigenous media and social change and reaction of society
32. Religious change and media
a. discussion among different divine religions
b. through discussion among different religions development of understanding
c to lessen the friction among different religions- Islam Christianity Judaism and Hinduism
d. through religion to bring the world together in the wake of globalization
e intra-religious harmony
f. religious duties and special programs on media
j death and birth anniversaries of religious figures
k. religion modernity and media
l. blind religious beliefs and role of media
m. true picture of religion and media
n. concepts and practices
o. role of so called mullahs/Sufis
p can media be not biased in the matter of religion?
33. Cultural change and media
a. dress
b. diet
c different festivals
d art
e music
f architecture
g literature
h traditional culture vis-a-vis modern culture
I culture media and synthesis
34. Media and economic change
a. advertisement
b. business opportunity
c. fashion industry
d chemical industry
e housing industry
f food industry
35. Media and public opinion
36. To what extent media can bring the change in the life personal and social of an individual
37. Media sensational news and individual of a society
a children
b youth
c old
d. women
e professionals
38. media- a serious thing or an entertainment or pleasure time
39. Here is the media pushing the world- towards construction or destruction
40. Are we mere changeable entities before media or thinking and responding beings in light of our
own consciousness?
41. Media in 21st century
42 to what extent can we rely on media for secure peaceful and prosperous mankind
Education in Pakistan
1. Awareness in public
2. No better utilization of Education (unemployment)
3. Poverty and education
4. Different concepts of education prevailing in people
5. Different system of education
English , A level, O level
Urdu, public schools
Arabic, Madrassah
6. Difference level for different section of population and hence different utility
7. Highest opportunities for advancement (in competition) for English school students.
8. Urdu-mostly low scale jobs (Cant get their children educated from highest institutions especially
English medium-hence a cycle continues.
9. Poor and middle class children (lower stature)
10. Quality of education in Urdu medium
Number of schools
Number of teachers
Syllabus
Examination
Quality of teachers
Mostly children have to work after schools.
Low capacity to compete
No modern technology of teaching
Teachers iron rod
Schools away children in heat or cold fall sick.
High rate of drop out
Bad company spend most of time outside the home.
People dont send their children to schools, prefer to have them engaged in work for some earning
for their large families.
Fee, books, uniform shoes etc.
No supervision at home for school work.
Poor health of the students hence study is affected.
11. Madrassahs
Basically trained in religious studies
Achronistic syllabus
No scientific knowledge
No knowledge of English language
Poor or no use and awareness of modern technology
Just trained for Namaz, Nikkah or Jinnaza
Dependent upon the source of funding
Hijacked by different donators, sponsoring machines of their ideology
Myopic views of life and world
No integration of students in normal educational system of the country
The poorest people in the Madaressah.
Jihadi culture of Madressahs
Sectarianism in Madrassah
12. English medium institutes
Not affordable for common people
For upper classes
Modern syllabus
Different techniques for teaching the students
Create competition among the students
English medium culture
Mushroom of English medium schools from last two decades
Issue of space
Charge high fee
13. Issues of Syllabi
Not tuned with time
According to the level of students
How is it design
The method, procedure and time period to revise the syllabus
Members of board who revise syllabus
1. Educationist
2. Academicians
14. |Medium of Instruction
a) Mother tongue
b) Urdu
c\) English
Which is best?
To which level the teaching in mother tongue is better and where we should turn towards urdu or
English?
Comparison with other countries
Serious study and debate require
15. Issues of examination and evaluation
What should be the ways of evaluation
Annual system
Semester system
Objective or subjective questions
\Or mix of both
If mixture what should be the percentage of objective and subjective questions
The system of checking the papers
Computerized checking
Examiners
a) Arbitrary
b) Special guideline and training for checking
16. Issues of science subjects
Quantity and quality of teachers
Quantity and quality of labs
Availability of fund
Availability of equipments and chemicals
Availability of electricity
Culture of experimentation
Traditional concept of people about science
17. Issues of college education
Number of colleges as per population
Number of lecturers as per students
Choice of bright students
a) Pre-medical
b) Pre-engineering
Social sciences second grade discipline
Strikes
Organizations
Healthy activities
a) Literary
b) Cultural
c) Sports
Issues of hostel for ruler students
Issues of fee
18. Issues of university education
Syllabus
Research
Funding
Staff
Politics in university
Political and religious organizations
Mashroom of universities but quality?
19. Issues of Research
Topics for research
Research culture
Supervisor
Funding
Resources for research
Laboratories
Thesis
Piracies
Research and linkage with industry
Modern research techniques
HEC
Foreign and indigenous scholarship programme and appraisal.
20. Issues of education of women
Number of institutes for women
Economic barriers
Cultural barriers
Insecurity
Behavior of parents especially in ruler areas
Womens preferred professions
a) Education
b) Medical
Issues of coeducation
End of scope of education after marriage
Loss of Govt investment
Different Islamic groups and education of women in Pakistan
21. Policies of Government
Fund allocation
Educational policies
Establishment of new universities and research institutes
Parha-Likha Punjab
Punjab educational foundation
Teachers on contract
Free books
Stipends for girls
Refreshment: milk and biscuits
Special attention towards girls education
Public private partnership
Different monitoring system
Introduction of tenure track system
22. Issues of teachers
Low salary
Poor facilities
a) Accommodation transport
No carrier security
Political interference in transfer posting
Low promotions
Absenteeism
Rough behavior of teacher with students
Poor knowledge of subjects
No proper evaluation of students
Traditional methods of teaching
No refreshers courses during the service
23. Why do as a nation we not give highest value to education
24. When a religion stresses on need of education, why do we shun from education
25. Who are responsible for sorrow state of education?
a) Educationist
b) Institutions
c) Administrators
d) Politicians
26. Why poor funding for education?
27. Side by side with scientific and social sciences- is there no need for technical education
Why least attention towards Technical and Vocational education
28. Without Education can we progress
a) Economically
b) Socially
c) Politically
d) Religiously
29. Where do we stand educationally with respect to the rest of the world?
30. The ways to promote education in Pakistan
31. New challenges and education
a) Terrorism
b) Political chaos
c) Sectarianism
d) Global warming
e) Factionalism
32. Future of education in Pakistan
33. Conclusion
ESSAYS OUTLINES
CORRUPTION OUR NATIONAL DILEMMA
Outlines:
Introduction Is it really our national dilemma?
What is corruption?
How is corruption our national dilemma?
Corruption and
PM, CM
Bureaucrats, Fed. And Prov.
MilitaryArmy, Navy, Air force
Corruption and our Legislatures
MNAs, MPAs
Parliament, Senate, PA, NA
Corruption and Judiciary
SC, HCs, District Courts, Lawyers
Corruption and Different Departments
Police, Revenue, Health, Education, Works and services
Wapda, Taxation, Local Governments, Sports
Corruption and Provinces
Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Kpk, GB, AJK
Corruption and Political Parties
Corruption and ECP
Corruption and Media
Corruption and Religious Parties
Corruption and NGOs
Corruption and Civil Society
Is Corruption a Phenomena for Pak or has it been since inception?
Were the Military Governments or so-called Democratic Governments
more Corrupt?
Is Corruption the second nature of our society?
Are our people/communities basically corrupt or Govt. or Both
Has corruption any linkage with our social structure?
Has corruption any linkage with our degree of literacy/education?
Can there be an end to corruption in Pak?
How to get rid of this Dilemma?
Role of.
Anti-Corruption Department
FIA, NAB
Fed. Provincial Mohtasib
How long will it take to end this Dilemma?
Corruption and our National Image
Corruption free Pakistan and Worlds Leadership
Conclusion
TERRORISM IN PAKSITAN
Outlines:
Introduction..Thesis Statement
Terrorism in Pakistan is the product of wrong National and Foreign Policy and its roots go deep into
the soil of issues of Kashmir and Afghanistan and faulty stance of our different Regimes.
What is terrorism?
Has terrorism in Pakistan any linkage with Jihad?
A particular version of Jihad our Security Strategists introduced
Was the invention of Jihad---in the interest of our country?
Its short term affects.
Its long term effects..
Where and how Jihad and Terrorism became identical?
Did our Socio-Economic deprivation propel Jehadists in the Camp of Terrorists?
Was our National Policy with respect to defense...
Internal/external security
Socio-Economic improvement
Why terrorism is always erupted in FATA?
What was the impact of Iranian Revolution on transition from Jihadism to Terrorism and
Sectarianism?
What did Saudi-Arabia play role in growing the Nursery of Terrorists?
What was the impact of USSRs invasion of Afghanistan---birth of Jihadistshow were they turned
toward terrorism?
Has there any link between Jihad and Terrorism
Difference between Jihad and Terrorism
Western blaming of Islam
Was our defense policy employing/exploiting the Local Jihadists for Kashmir and Afghanistan?
Why did we turn toward?
Military pressure
Political Leaders.weaker
Issue of Legitimacy of Military Rulers
Pressure of world powers
Was terrorism an old phenomenon for Pakistan or just appeared in the wake of 9/11?
Why did we go against our previous security plan and its impact on defense and security of Pakistan
in the shape of terrorism?
How far is/was the decision of being ally of USA in the so-called war on terrorism right or wrong?
How were the Jehadists ---later on terrorists turned against Pakistans security and how did they
establish and increase their circle of Influence?
Alqaida
TTP
Lashkar e Tayyeba
Lashkar e Jhangvi
Jindullah
To what extent Pakistan has ranked and executed its security plan.its success?
The damage caused by terrorists to Pakistans
Army
Political sphere
Economy
Social structure
Cultural heritage
Religious set-up
Administration
Frustration/panic
Civil losses
How to cope with terrorism?
Fighting
Dialogue
Both?
Terrorism in the world and Usas policy toward India, Israel and other Muslim countries..
Its fallouts on Pakistans fight against terrorism
Changing scenario at local level, regional and international level and its impacts on Pakistans war on
terrorism?
In the wake of terrorism, is there need for Pakistan to make up a new security plan---keeping in view
the ground realities with respect to terrorism?
What should be our short term and long term policy in combating terrorism?
Socio-Economic Development
Better Administration
Security Measures
Cheap and Immediate Justice
Free and Fair Democratic System
Pro-active and Effective Security Plan and Foreign Policy
Proper Tapping and Depending on our Own Resources
Can we hope for a peaceful Pakistan in the wake of existing terrorism?
Terrorism free Pakistan and World Leadership
Conclusion
Disaster Management and Government Preparedness
Outlines:
Introductionthesis statement
Throughout the national history of Pakistan, disasters whether they were man-made or natural have
always been least managed and have resulted in mass destruction and general poverty due to bad
governance.
What is meant by the term disaster?
What is meant by Disaster Management?
What do we mean by Govt. Preparedness?
What are the types of Disaster?
Natural Calamities Floods Earthquakes Famines Drought
Man-made Disasters
Wars
Military Operations
Process of Disaster Management
Scientific and Effective Planning
Awareness
Pre-settlementsCamps
Emergency Ration Storage
Co-Ordination
Early Warnings
Rescue
Recovery
Compensation
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
How so far our govt. has fulfilled the pre-requisites of Disaster Management?
Why our respective governments have failed to lower the intensity of disasters?
Role of Disaster Management departments
NDMA
PDMA
PARSA
ERRA
PERRA
DRU
Is there need of an Impartial and Autonomous Body for Disaster Management?
Disaster management and role of
Pakistan Army
Civil Society
Media
UN
NGOs
Is currently our Govt. Prepared to tackle any Disaster?
If yes.up to what extent
If not then why?
How she should get herself prepared?
How Western countries are better built after a disaster?
Proper disaster management and prosperous Pakistan
Conclusion
Future of Democracy in Pakistan
Outlines:
Introduction
What is democracy?
Is Pakistan a truly democratic country?
Democracy and national history of Pakistan
Conducts of the organs of the state from inception to date
Legislatives
Judiciary
Executives
Political parties and their..
Types
System/Structure
Manifesto
Party elections
Base
ECP
Role
Voters list..Enrolment of candidates
Scrutinizing Degrees and Process
Conduct of free and fair elections
Role of Civil Society
Principal oriented
Feudalistic
Idealistic
Role of Media To preserve democracy
Personalization of Politics
Conduct of personalities
Delivery of Services
Education
Health
Social uplift
Law and order
Literacy rate...Conduct of general Masses
Role of Army
Agencies
Control over Political parties
Economic and Foreign Polices
Legislative
Foreign Interferencean Overview
Is democracy Compatible to
Our Social Structure/Culture
Islamic Point of view
Future of democracy in Pakistan
Conclusion
Good Governance in Pakistan
Outlines:
Good governance throughout the history of Pakistan has been at its lowest ebb resulting in poor
national progress. However with the new spirit in the independence of judiciary, the good governance
will definitely improve.
What is good governance?
Good governance is simply decision making and its implementation.
A brief overview of governance in Pakistan
64 years of independence has resulted in the fulfillment self interests on the cost of national interest
and ultimate crises.
Dictators and good governance?
Who governs the country?
How Western World is said a Developed World?
What are the elements of Good Governance?
1. Participatory good governance
2. Consensus oriented decisions
3. Rules and regulations
4. Effectiveness and efficiency
5. Responsiveness
6. Equity and inclusiveness
7. Accountability
8. Transparency
Who makes decisions in Good Governance?
Fed govt.
Prov. Govt
Local Govt
Autonomous Bodies
Who are involved and affects decision making process?
Formal channel
PM, Parliament, NA
CM, PA
Military
Informal channel
Media
Civil society
NGOs
MNCs
Unions, organizations
World powers
Religious parties
Political parties
Powerful groups/mafias
Role of kitchen cabinets
Why there is lack of good governance in Pakistan?
What affects bad governance has poured on the life of country?
What is the best course to govern well?
How efficient and effective good governance can be achieved?
Good governance and prosperous Pakistan
Conclusion
Energy Crises in Pakistan
Outlines:
Introduction
What is meant by energy crises?
Different governments role
A general appraisal
Energy crises
Requirement
Availability
Production
Shortfall
Sources of Energy
Renewable Solar Wind Biogas Tidal Hydel
Non-renewable
Coal
Gas
Thermal
Nuclear
Geothermal
Other sources IPPs RPPs IPI TAPI
Whether all these sources have ever tapped, utilized, harnessed?
If yes then up to what extent?
If not then why? Lack of political will Lack of financial resources Corruption Provincial
differences Poor administration
Issues of Royalty Distribution Ownership
How to cope with energy crises
Short term measures Efficient management Conservation Proper lining, distribution and
channeling Theft controlling Importing
Long term measures Small and medium dams New sourceswind, solar, tidal
Conclusion
Gender Discrimination
Outlines:
Gender discrimination in Pakistan is distinct at each and every level and at each for a. discrimination
is embedded in our social, cultural and religious percepts.
What is GD?
GD and developed world
GD and third world
GD and Muslim world
GD and Pakistan
On what standards we measure GD? Western Islamic Social values Cultural norms
To what extent it is prevalent in our society?
GD at Individual level Family level Society level Local level Provincial level Federal level
GD in different departments? Health, education (students and employees) Services, businesses
GD in Rural areas Cities Tribal areas
GD in provinces Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Kpk, Ajk, GB
GD in the organs of the state Executives Judiciary Legislative
GD in Law Discriminatory laws
GD and Media Civil societies Religious parties NGOs
GD and our National History Zias Draconian Era Mushrafs Enlighten Era
Why is GD said to be threatened by Cultural practices Religious matters Norms, values, customs,
rites, rituals
Is there and end to GD in Pakistan?
Future of GD?
Conclusion
Energy crises
The growing menace of electricity and gas load shedding, combined with constantly rising electricity
& gas tariffs has mushroomed into a grave national crisis. It has not only been affecting the trade and
industry, development and construction, education and administration gravely, but has also seriously
impeded the progress of the whole national life. In spite of higher authorities claims of narrowing the
gap between energy demand and supply, the ground situation is showing a discouraging picture. The
power short fall has crossed the 5000 figure. Unless immediate remedial masseurs are lunched on
footing, Pakistan would lead to even deeper crisis.
Causes of energy short fall:
few of the basic causes of energy short fall are under
1- failure of the last regime to increase electricity: The basic cause of energy short in Pakistan is the
failure of last military regime to increase the supply of electricity to keep pace with the growing
demands. While the installed capacity had increased by 53 % from 1994-99 from 11,320 MW to
17,400 MW; it increase only by 12 % between 1999 to 2008, to 19420 MW
.
2- Under utilization of the existing generating capacity: secondly, an equally serious cause is the
under utilization of the existing generating capacity. The availability of hydel electricity goes down in
winter by 60 %, but unfortunately, the actual generation of electricity from thermal plants has also
declined sharply, thus rising demand and supply gap to around 5000 MW.
3- Circular debts: One of the main reason in the serious short fall of thermal electricity is the problem
of circular debits. In 2007, the government did not compensate the power companies for the
subsidy that was being provided to the consumers. The power companies in turn could not pay the
oil and gas companies, reducing their liquidity to import the furnace oil that was needed to generate
electricity.
This problem has not only continued, but presently it has turned grave crises. Presently, the power
companies in debt of about 100 billion rupees to the oil and gas companies. Therefore oil and gas
companies provide insufficient oil and gas to the power companies that has resulted in energy short
fall.
4.The repeated cutting down in Public Sector Development Program: At the present, according to
Planning Commission Report, the government has conceded playing a key role in prolonging
economic recession in the country by repeatedly cutting down the Public Sector development
Program (PSDP) that resulted in energy and water shortage in the country. The Report states that
Rs.208 billions were approved for Diamer Basha dam by the National Economic Council (NEC), the
government reduced it by 100 billion rupees. The government has delayed the exploration of the
Thar Coal Project, inspite of the repeated demands for funds allocation for the said project by Samar
Mubarak Mand. Many other new projects regarding energy production are suffering from haltage. All
these have resulted in intensifying the present energy crisis. In the country.
5 Other factors:
Some other chronic factors that contribute to the present energy crisis are as under;
(i) Line loss: very heavily line loss in the transmission and distribution because of old and poorly
managed transmission system. The line loss in Pakistan is about 20 %
as compared to 8 to 10 % in other countries.
(ii) Large scale of theft of electricity: there is a large scale of that of electricity as clearly revealed by
the growing difference between units generated or purchased and those paid for.
(iii) Wastage of energy by industrial sector: there is a huge wastage of energy by industry which
consumes 30 % of the total electricity due to the less efficient system and other practices.
(iv) Over use of energy by transport sector: transport sector consume 28 % of the total energy. This
over use of energy is due to the old and poorly tuned engines.
(v) Domestic wastage: Domestic wastage is about 45 % of the total electricity. Here too, there is a
wistful and unnecessarily use of lights, air conditioners and large scale illumination on different
occasions.
(vi) General wastage: excessive use of electricity in government offices, roads and park illumination
have also contributed to the worsening energy crunch.
(vii) Corruption and lack of political will in the concerned energy department: have also helped the
energy short fall to rise to such a disturbing heights.
(B) Effects of energy crunch:
1) Routine life: Badly affected the routine life in Pakistan 8-10 hours laodshedding in cities, 12- 18
hours in rural areas. Affected seriously the domestic life, offices, hospitals and education.
2) Industries: Many industrial units have closed and many shifted their installation to Bangladesh.
This poor industrial production has ultimately affected the GDP of Pakistan. Downsizing of the
workers in industries. Many workers turned jobless. The buying capacity of people has reduced
sharply.
Rise in the price of commodities.
3) Market: Markets are closed early due to the load shedding. Secondly production cost of
commodities have raised.
4) Agriculture: the agricultural land that is dependent on tube well and dug wells, its yielding capacity
has sharply reduced due to load shedding. As crops do not get water in time.
5) Strikes and agitation: Due to load shedding many strikes have occurred across the country,
destroyed government installations.
6) Low National growth: load shedding has affected the national growth badly. Less progress or no
progress at all in all walks of the country. Ultimately, less GDP growth rate.
(C) Measures:
Three kinds of measures should be taken;
1) immediate measures: Firstly, the problem of circular debt should be solved on proiority basis, in
order to enable the power companies to clear their debts. Secondly, the agreement of importing
electricity from Iron and Tajikistan needs to be implemented in a quick fashion. The Pak- Iron gas
pipe line project needs to be completed on the earliest dates.
2) Mid term plan: First, all the gas and inefficient WAPDA plants should be replaced by more efficient
and combined cycle plants. Second, there is an urgent need of modernizing the overloaded
transmission and distribution system. The expenditure of updating our electricity system could be
recovered in only three years through savings from the line loss.
3) Long term plans:
(i) Dams construction:
the longer term solution of energy crisis will be to restore the hydro thermal mix to 60:40 or at least
50:50 in the coming five years. According to world report Pak can create above 50000 MW through
water. The previous wapda chief said that Pak could produce 100000 MW from water. There is a
need of building kalabagh dam of 4500 MW capacity, Basha dam 4200 MW, Neelum Jehlum 996
MW, extension of Tarbella dam 960 MW, Suki Kinari 840 MW, Munda 700 MW etc. Need of foreign
investment for this institution like World Bank, A. B. bank etc. are needed to be attracted to invest in
this project.
(ii) Gas exploration:
Licenses should be issued to foreign and local exploration companies. As there is a high untapped
gas capacity in Pak. On 18th of June a wale near Mianwali, Punjab started gas. It is considered to be
the large wale in the subcontinent. There new wale in Karak, one in Sindh and one in Sui discovered.
Such more Wales are needed to be explored to meet out the energy needs of the country.
iii) Coal:
Pak has the second largest coal deposits in the world i.e. 185 billion metric tons, most of it is in
Thar, Sindh. The initiative being taken by government to facilitate Dr. summer Mubarak Mands step
of gasification and then turning this coal into electrical energy, must be implemented on larger scale,
once his first experiment is succeeded. we can produce 50 thousands MW electricity from Thar coal
for the coming 200 years. (Sammer Mubarak Mand)
vi) Wind energy:
Pakistan is blessed with a 1000 kilometer long coast and touring mountains of Himalayas, which
provide excellent source for wind energy. The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) needs
to plant wind turbines in these areas. More projects on the model of Wind Mill, Jhimpir, Sindh, that
produces 50 MW electricity, are required to be planted in Pakistan.
v) Solar Energy:
Pakistan gets abundance of sunshine throughout the year. Around 1800 KW/h per square meter can
be produced annually through sunshine.
iv) Peace and Security in the Country:
Peace and security is necessary for implementing all the plans about the generation of power
resources in Pakistan.
Conclusion:
God has blessed Pakistan with variety of energy resources and those also in abundance. There is a
need of proper planning and political will to take out these. It is high time to formulate such polices
that could bridge the gap between the demand and supply of energy in the country. Once a proper
policy is formulated and steps were taken with nationalistic zeal, than we would not only have
enough energy to be utilized domestically but we would be among its exporter.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Introduction:-
When there is a rule of law and the writ of the state prevails everywhere. When the government
establishes peace and brings developmental projects for the betterment of its people and makes the
state strong, When such a government prepares people-centric policies and then implements them
with full honesty and zeal, When the government transforms the state into a welfare state. We call
such a rule as "Good Governance" .But unfortunately, the situation in Pakistan is totally opposite.
The failure to introduce transparency in the country, Pakistan's government and civil services are
undermining governance and providing opportunities for the military to subvert the democratic
transition as well as to the extremists to destabilize the state. Pakistan's major crisis, presently, is
that of a poor governance which has spawned many of the ills that plagued the country; insecurity,
growing poverty, widening class divide, corruption and paralysis of the administration.
Military intervened on its self-assured role of savior on several occasions, but it has not only failed
to rectify the problem, rather confounded them.
Militants pose a bigger challenge than military, since they do not operate in a structured environment.
They do not offer a solution but appeal to the religiosity of the people who are the victims of the poor
governance, corruption, inaptitude of the civil servants, of the politicians and all the other branches
and unfavorable steps of the government
Measures Necessary for Establishment of Good Governance:-
1. Increase in the salaries of Civil servants.
2. Long lasting economic policies.
3. Check by media.
4. Empowering local government.
5. Reducing the discretionary powers of Civil servants and making them answerable for each of their
steps.
6. True democracy: allowing all the three tiers of government to work in their jurisdictions and also
allowing the provincial governments to work in their allotted spheres
Causes of bad Governance:-
Following are the causes of bad governance:-
1. Weak political system and it's dependency on the bureaucracy for it's survival: Every time we have
a coalition government in Pakistan, which is normally a weak government. Small political parties
oftenly try to topple down such a government. Such a government turns towards bureaucracy for it's
continuation.
2. Lack of Transparency: Corruption has entered into all facets of national life.
Every year in Pakistan more than 500 billion rupees lapse in civil Bureaucracy". (Qaiser Bangali)
3. Lack of Accountability: There is no inter-departmental and intra-departmental audit in a free
sense.
4. Wide and discretionary powers of the e Civil servants.
5. Imbalance in the tricotmy; the three tiers of the government.
6. Politics of obstruction and opportunism.
7. No true national level party that represents the whole federation.
Effects of Bad Governance:-
1. Disintegration of the state
2. Wide spread corruption
3. Sectarianism / Terrorism
4. Military inventions
5. Worsening Law and Order situations
6. Economic meltdown
Measures/ Remedies to Prevent Bad Governance:-
1. To make civil servants a non-partisan as it was designed to be. It should kept away from doing
politics.
2. True Accountability from top to bottom. Strong judiciary, for minimizing corruption in the country.
3. Transparency in every department, every project.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION
INTRODUCTION:-
"The process of achieving national cohesion and a feeling of being united as a nation".
The society in the state of Pakistan has been caught in the whirlpool of divergent and cross-cutting
socio-econmic fibres. In 1971, half of the country physically fell off. The rest is being eroded by
ethnic strife, political division, provincial hatred, economic depravation, political insanity, rich and
poor gap. This situation has dashed the ideals of Quaid-e-Azam to the ground. All these crisis
jeopardize the integration of the state and threaten the federal structure itself. In the words of
Stephen Cohen;
Pakistan is a sate like S.S Titanic leading towards a giant ice-burg unless, it changes its course,
soon its fate would be sealed."
History:-
Even before independence, the divisive forces worked against the very concept of Pakistan. Finally,
once it emerged on the map of the world as a reality, the process of national integration, so vital to
fight against the divisive forces, could not go unhampered. The ethnic divide, economic disparity and
political intrigues and injustices resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.
Causes of Disintegration:-
1. Strong Feudal Culture: the continuation of the colonial legacy.
2. Ethnocentrism: the linguistic division like Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Pashtun and Baluchi etc.
3. Inequitable Distribution of Wealth: Provincial and regional divisions. For example,
i:Concerns of the small provinces against Punjab.
ii: Saraiki concerns against Punjabi and Hindko speakers against Pashtoons.
iii: Royalty issues like Baluchistan demands for the royalty of gas in it's province. KPK deamnds for
the ownership of Tarbela, Warsak dam etc.
4. Sectarianism, Afghan War, Religious extremism, Terrorism etc.
5. Apartheid education
6. Poor management of resources.
7. Politics of regionalism/ Provincialism
8. Over centralization: centre, powerful while provincial government is weak.
9. Indian involvement in Baluchistan and FATA.
Suggested Measures:-
1. Federation in Letter and In Spirit: Bringing provincial autonomy: The 18th amendment to the
constitution of Pakistan is a step towards provincial autonomy, as 19 ministries would go to the
provinces.
2. Equitable Distribution of Economic Resources: Preference must be given to the uplift of the
backward areas, provinces. The settlement of the NFC issue would greatly help national cohesion.
3. Royalty of Resources must be given to the provinces: This would boost up confidence in the
ignored provinces. To a great extent, this issue has been settled down by the amicable solution of
NFC. But it must be ensured that these resources are not only used by the respective provinces but
are also utilized for the larger interest of the country.
4. Good Governance: Transparent, accountable, democratic, progressive, National in character.
5. Disbanding Feudalism.
6. Comprehensive and nationalistic education policy and its implementation.
7. Role of Religion.
8. Role of Media.
9. Appropriate measures must be taken to bring the dissatisfied Baluch leaders and the trouble by
giving miscreants in FATA, under the national umbrella. Foreign involvement must be countered.
Conclusion:-
In the wake of changing world politics, where inner fronts are measured susceptible than the outer.
An integrated nation is must to guard against all external and internal challenges to the solidarity and
security of Pakistan. We have contributed a great deal to the sorry state of affairs. Pakistan, indeed,
is endowed with plenty of human and natural resources to be a viable nation and state. There is a
need to determine the national identity through an objective analysis of all the facets of the problems
of national integration, without any regard to our social, cultural, ethnic or religious obsessions and
prejudices.
:Gender Discrimination
Why is it still so bad and what can you do about it?
o Girls: Household Servants
o Geatest Obstacles Affecting Girls
o Dowry
o Infanticide and Sex-Selective Abortion
o Abuse
o Labor
o Sex Trafficking
o Breaking The Pattern
o How To Help
"When you grow up, you can be whatever you want to be." Little girls in the United States
hear this all the time, from their mothers to teachers to "Sesame Street" characters. Almost
everywhere they go, they are encouraged to believe that girls can be just as smart, athletic, and
successful as boys. Even the pictures of spunky women on magazine covers at the checkout stand
tell them that
when you're a girl, anything is possible.
But for little girls in developing countries, the message is just the opposite.
From the day they are born, they are constantly reminded of the things they are not allowed to do.
Girls: Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A
son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family.
When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is
a girl because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the
world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying,
"The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a
boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to
be second-rate.
A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of
discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also
leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse. These "servants of the household"
come to accept that life will never be any different.
Greatest Obstacles Affecting Girls
Discrimination against girls and women in the developing world is a devastating reality. It results in
millions of individual tragedies, which add up to lost potential for entire countries. Studies show there
is a direct link between a country's attitude toward women and its progress socially and
economically. The status of women is central to the health of a society. If one part suffers, so does
the whole.
Tragically, female children are most defenseless against the trauma of gender discrimination. The
following obstacles are stark examples of what girls worldwide face. But the good news is that new
generations of girls represent the most promising source of change for womenand menin the
developing world today.
Dowry
In developing countries, the birth of a girl causes great upheaval for poor families. When there is
barely enough food to survive, any child puts a strain on a family's resources. But the monetary drain
of a daughter feels even more severe, especially in regions where dowry is practiced.
Dowry is goods and money a bride's family pays to the husband's family. Originally intended to help
with marriage expenses, dowry came to be seen as payment to the groom's family for taking on the
burden of another woman. In some countries, dowries are extravagant, costing years' worth of
wages, and often throwing a woman's family into debt. The dowry practice makes the prospect of
having a girl even more distasteful to poor families. It also puts young women in danger: A new bride
is at the mercy of her in-laws should they decide her dowry is too small. UNICEF estimates that
around 5,000 Indian women are killed in dowry-related incidents each year.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic
predicament. That attitude has resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and
South America. In many communities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than
boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls
miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their
growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare
and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they become women. Tradition calls
for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Infanticide and Sex-Selective Abortion
In extreme cases, parents make the horrific choice to end their baby girl's life. One woman named
Lakshmi from Tamil Nadu, an impoverished region of India, fed her baby sap from an oleander bush
mixed with castor oil until the girl bled from the nose and died. "A daughter is always liabilities. How
can I bring up a second?" said Lakshmi to explain why she chose to end her baby's life. "Instead of
her suffering the way I do, I thought it was better to get rid of her."
Sex-selective abortions are even more common than infanticides in India. They are growing ever
more frequent as technology makes it simple and cheap to determine a fetus' gender. In Jaipur, a
Western Indian city of 2 million people, 3,500 sex-determined abortions are carried out every year.
The gender ratio across India has dropped to an unnatural low of 927 females to 1,000 males due to
infanticide and sex-based abortions.
China has its own long legacy of female infanticide. In the last two decades, the government's
infamous one-child policy has weakened the country's track record even more. By restricting
household size to limit the population, the policy gives parents just one chance to produce a coveted
son before being forced to pay heavy fines for additional children. In 1997, the World Health
Organization declared, "more than 50 million women were estimated to be 'missing' in China
because of the institutionalized killing and neglect of girls due to Beijing's population control
program." The Chinese government says that sex-selective abortion is one major explanation for the
staggering number of Chinese girls who have simply vanished from the population in the last 20
years.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every
society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in
societies where women's rights mean practically nothing. Mothers who lack their own rights have
little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other
authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is
alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes.
In 1998, 48 percent of Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the
past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is compounded by an additional
stigma. In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of boundsby
choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partnershe has
brought dishonor to her family and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families
commit "honor killings" to salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedience" includes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in
Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the
victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe
and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of publicity at the time, is not
unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every dayincluding victims of rape. In
areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by
default, to women.
Labor
For the young girls who escape these pitfalls and grow up relatively safely, daily life is still incredibly
hard. School might be an option for a few years, but most girls are pulled out at age 9 or 10 when
they're useful enough to work all day at home. Nine million more girls than boys miss out on school
every year, according to UNICEF. While their brothers continue to go to classes or pursue their
hobbies and play, they join the women to do the bulk of the housework.
Housework in developing countries consists of continuous, difficult physical labor. A girl is likely to
work from before daybreak until the light drains away. She walks barefoot long distances several
times a day carrying heavy buckets of water, most likely polluted, just to keep her family alive. She
cleans, grinds corn, gathers fuel, tends to the fields, bathes her younger siblings, and prepares
meals until she sits down to her own after all the men in the family have eaten. Most families can't
afford modern appliances, so her tasks must be done by handcrushing corn into meal with heavy
rocks, scrubbing laundry against rough stones, kneading bread and cooking gruel over a blistering
open fire. There is no time left in the day to learn to read and write or to play with friends. She
collapses exhausted each night, ready to wake up the next morning to start another long workday.
Most of this labor is performed without recognition or reward. UN statistics show that although
women produce half the world's food, they own only 1 percent of its farmland. In most African and
Asian countries, women's work isn't even considered real labor. Should a woman take a job, she is
expected to keep up all her responsibilities at home in addition to her new ones, with no extra help.
Women's labor goes overlooked, even though it is crucial to the survival of each family.
Sex Trafficking
Some families decide it's more lucrative to send their daughters to a nearby town or city to get jobs
that usually involve hard labor and little pay. That desperate need for income leaves girls easy prey
to sex traffickers, particularly in Southeast Asia, where international tourism gorges the illegal
industry. In Thailand, the sex trade has swelled without check into a main sector of the national
economy. Families in small villages along the Chinese border are regularly approached by recruiters
called "aunties" who ask for their daughters in exchange for six years' wages. Most Thai farmers
earn only $150 a year. The offer can be too tempting to refuse.
The girls who are forced into prostitution to support their families often feel their burden deeply.
"When I was at work, 50 percent of me hated what I was doing," said one 14-year-old girl, who felt
conflicted about being taken out of a brothel in Chiang Mai, Thailand. "But the other 50 percent
wanted to stay so that I could earn money for my parents. My father cannot work. He is very old and I
must support the family. It is my job."
It's estimated that 1 million children around the world are involved in the sex trade; a third of all sex
workers in Southeast Asia are between the ages of 12 and 17.
Girls' Education: Breaking the Pattern of Gender Discrimination
Education is the tool that can help break the pattern of gender discrimination and bring lasting
change for women in developing countries.
Educated women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes
discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic
open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of
Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years
of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile
employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have
fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. They also
understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care
facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her
child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means comprehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to
go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities. Status translates into
the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes become possible as girls' education becomes the cultural norm. Women can't
defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it
without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to
undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to
protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary
education defends women against HIV/AIDS infectiondisproportionately high for women in
developing countriesby giving "the most marginalized groups in societynotably young women
the status and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe sex."
FGM and HIV/AIDS are too large to adequately address in this article, but they represent desperate
challenges to the basic health and well-being of women in developing countries.
How to Help
You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change
for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces
families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people.
By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give
families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden
of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help
and encouragement, girls are more likely to enroll and stay in school.
UNICEF is encouraging all international organizations to come up with strategies for girls' education
as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials,
facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a quality education that promotes appropriate
perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. All
UNICEF and other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or
raising awareness about girls in the developing world today. Children In Need offers internships and
volunteer opportunities to people who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact
children. You can support Amnesty International, UNICEF, UNIFEM and INSTRAW. Or find another
organization youd like to support through Interaction. The need is clear, and though the obstacles to
ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Muslim Ummah
Challenges, Issues and Solutions
OUT LINE:
Concept of Ummah
What is Muslim Ummah
The Past_Glorious
The Present_Turmoil
The Future_ ?????
Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah
Illiteracy
Terrorism
Poverty
Autocracy
Far behind in Science and Technology
No Veto Powers
Concentration of wealth
Redefining the role of women
Causes of debacle
Responsibilities
Suggestions
Problems in implementation
Epilogue
Introduction:
Ummah
Ummah (Arabic: )is an Arabic word meaning "community" or "nation". It is commonly used to
mean either the collective nation of states, or the whole Arab world.
Muslim Ummah
In the context of Islam, the word Ummah is used to mean the diaspora or Commonwealth of the
Believers (ummat al-mu'minin), and thus the whole Muslim world.
Concepts of Allama Iqbal, Jamal-ud-Din Afghani and Shah Wali Ullah
Allama Iqbal, Syed Jamal-ud-Din Afghani and Shah Wali Ullah have their own concept of Muslim
Ummah.
Allama Iqbal: All the Muslims beyond any difference of color, caste, nation, state, ideology at the
basis of religion are called Muslim Ummah.
Syed Jamal-ud-din Afghani: All the Muslim states constitute Ummah. He was preacher of Pa
Islamism.
Shah Wali Ullah: Muslims belonging to Muslim states only constitute Muslim Ummah.
In the light of all above definitions we conclude that Muslims present in any part of the world are part
of Muslim Ummah.
The Past- Glorious
00-100
Period of Nabuwat
Period of Khilafat
In the period of second Caliph Hazrat Umer Farooq (R.A) Iran, Iraq, Palestine and Egypt were
conquered.
In the period of third Caliph Hazrat Usman (R.A) Afghanistan, Qabris, Tunis and Moroc were
conquered.
Hazrat Ali (R.A) in his period took part in Jang-e-Nehrwan with Kharji, Jang-e-Jaml with Hazrat
Ayesha (R.A) and Jang-e-Safeen with Hazrat Ameer Muawia.
During the period of Hazrat Ameer Muawia Muslims got military strength. After Ameer Muawia long
chain of government is being followed.
Muawia---Yazid---Muawia II---Merwan---Abdul Malik---Waleed Bin Malik
In the period of Waleed Bin Malik great victories came in part of Muslims.
Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered Sindh
Qateebah Bin Muslim Conquered Turkistan
Tariq Bin Ziyad conquered Spain, Portugal
Musa Bin Naseer conquered Undlus, Africa
After this Islam emerged as power and penetrated in whole world quickly.
A good leader must follow the sequence of victories, annexation and then administration or practical
establishment of government. By adopting this way one can strengthen its control over empires.
100-500 AH
Period of Umer Bin Abdul Aziz
Hasham Bin Malik ruled over Central Asia, Roam
Periodof Khilafat-e-Bnu Abbas
Haroon-ur-Rasheed laid stress on education and he developed schools and colleges to spread
education. Muslims got strength in education in his period.
Bring the period 300-400AH Khilafat was divided.
Aal-e-boya Iran
Fatimi Egypt
Ghazni Alpatagin
Banu Idrees Africa
Umvi Undlus
From 400-500 AH Shia-Suni split happened.
500-1000 AH
500-600 Crusades (Noor-ud-Din Zangi and Salah-u-Din Ayubi)
600-700 was a period of Tatars attacks and falloff Baghdad
First Qibla captured by Crusaders
700-800 Ameer Taimoor-Mahood Garan accepted Islam. And havoc was turned
800-900 height of Ottoman Empire
Rule of Banu Abbass ended in 923 AH
900-1000 Saleem Usmani, Ottoman Empire
1000-1400 AH
1000-1100 period of fall
1100-1200 wars with Russia, Astria, Attack of Abdall on India
1200-1300 egypt Vs Ottomans, rebellion in Bosnia, Napoleons attacks, Wahabiz at Hijaz
1300-1400 fall of Khilafat
Achievements in Past:
Muslims enjoyed victories
They had strong military
They were at peak in education, justice and culture
They had strong economy and Jihad was basic tool of strong economy.
The Present-Turmoil
56-57 total Muslim states
Democracy: Most OIC countries are non democratic. There are no OIC countries which are
rated as full democracy under the democracy index guidelines; only 3 out of 57 countries are
rated as high as a flawed democracy. The rest are rated either Authoritarian Regime or a hybrid
Regime.
Freedom: Only 3 OIC member states were rated as free in the freedom in the world reposrt in
2010 based on political rights and civil liberties in member countries.
Reporters without borders in its 2011 Press Freedom Index rated only Mali and Suriname
among the OIC members as having satisfactory situation. All other members had worse rating
ranging from noticeable problems to very serious situation.
Freedom of religion is most severely restricted in most OIC member states. In US Department
of state cited OIC members Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Uzbekistan as being countries of
particular concern where religious freedom is severely violated.
The Future???
Future of Muslim Ummah is bright if they come under one roof and united struggle is required
for the restoration of glorious past. It is evident from history of Muslim Ummah that they have
enjoyed a prestigious place in different fields. This movement towards growth can be
accelerated by the contribution of OIC.
Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah
Illiteracy
Terrorism
Poverty
Autocracy
Far behind in Science and Technology
No Veto Powers
Concentration of wealth
Redefining the role of women
Causes of Debacles:
Forgetting shariah
Materialism
Internal conflicts
Internal and international conspiracies
Regionalism (Arab, Non Arab or Arab, African)
Illiteracy, poverty and conservatism
Leaving Jihad and spirituality
Acting off beam philosophies including deen-eIlahi, Wahdat-ul-Wujood, Mootazilla

Aqeedat and Taqleed, Khangahi approach
Irrational customs
Sectarianism
Ignorance
Traitor
o 1757, Battle Palassi, Nawab Siraj-ud-Dola
o 177, saranga Patam, Tipu Sultan
o 1857, dehli, Bahadur Shah Zafar
o 1739, meisoor, Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk
o Meer Jaffar was traitor of Tipu Sultan and Meer Sadiq was traitorof Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk
Responsibilities of Ummah:
Understanding, implementation and preaching of shariah
Establishment of Khilafat shariah
Jihad and Ijtehad
Suggestions for future development:
Attainment of Veto power by Muslim countries
Islamic banking system, which ensures a system of interest and exploitation free principles
Effective role of OIC
Collective media of all countries to protect Muslim world
Common currency
Less reliance on USD
Common trade market

Common court of justice
Intellectual development
Ijtehad
Development of Science and Technology
Court of conflict resolution
Problems in implementing solutions:
Linguistic issues
Economic disparity
Leadership crises
Political, military and economic strengths are distributed. No one nation is willing to surrender
before other. Iran is politically strong, Pakistan had influential military, and Saudia is
economically rich, if all the nations surrender power for Iran. Together Muslim world can bring
revolution in their situation.
Disparity between population and physical area. Pakistan has more population less area while
Sudan has more geographical area and less population.
Internal law & order situation is disturbed due to terrorism and other crimes.
Terrorism itself is big cause. Global terrorism is somehow attributed with Muslims. It is a kind
of vicious circle. Terrorism is phenomena not an act. It is projected that Muslims are responsible
for it and Muslims are victims as well.
Epilogue:
Muslims have seen period of excellence in civilization, education, science and technology,
Military in fact every field. But now they are facing decline due to their internal conflicts and
leaving away teaching of Allah. Need of the hour is unity among Muslim Ummah to regain the
glory which they had in past and this is only possible when they will start thinking as united
Muslim Ummah.
Kashmir issue
Caught in the web of claims and counter claims by Pakistan and India, the Kashmir issue
remains unresolved. Each country claims that Kashmir is a necessity for its territorial and
national survival and ideological purity. These claims are often reinforced with partisan
interpretation of history and selective evidence. The real attitude and concrete policies towards
the dispute, however, are often governed by perception of short term national interests as
defined by dominant political elite of the two countries the interests that apparently are
irreconcilable and non-negotiable.
This has been a complex, volatile and intractable Issue which has plagued both countries since
independence in 1947 and it is still a matter of International interest. In many ways, Kashmir is
an ethnic, religious and territorial issue with the potential for strategic and economic gains to
India and Pakistan. Both nations have strong legal and moral claims to Kashmir, which has
virtually reconciled itself to accepting the status quo and has even practically abandoned its
insistence on the right of the Kashmirs to self-determination. Since 1989, a major uprising
against Indian rule by the Kashmiri Muslims has changed the face of Kashmir and a gun culture
has converted the paradise into a martyrs' graveyard. However, the September 11 (2001)
incident has changed the shape of world politics and in the new scenario; Pakistan launched a
new political initiative on Kashmir to reaffirm its long*standing policy of supporting the right of
self* determination for the people of Kashmir. India accused Pakistan of involvement in
terrorism, extremism and militancy, but proactive stance of Islamabad in this regard, put Indias
hawks on the back foot and projected the Kashmir cause as a popular struggle. Moreover,
Kashmir is a major flashpoint in South Asia and it is widely believed that the nuclear dimension
in the region has already created a dooms day scenario and that tension needs to be defused
through the active role of external forces. Nevertheless, both countries have an opportunity to
extricate themselves from the dispute by means of an acceptable solution without any further
human and material loss.
While each side sticks to its claims over Kashmir, the Kashmiri Muslims continue to pay a heavy
price for their defiant struggle against overwhelming odds in order to exercise their right of self
determination. For more than half a century the Kashmiris are oscillating between uncertainty
and destitution. They continue to suffer misery and repression under illegal Indian occupation,
and despite a stream of strong words and resolutions passed by the Security Council the
Kashmir issue is still a bone o f contention between Pakistan and India. Rather the situation has
taken a quantum leap for the worse.
Indian has conceded the Security Council resolutions vindicating the right of self determination
for the Kashmiris but has since reneged on its solemn commitment to the international
community and the people of Kashmir. The brutal and blatant Indian repression and state
sponsored terrorism against innocent Kashmiri men, women and children had few parallels in
the annals of history. The valley has become a festering sore and the miseries of the oppressed
people of this valley and the terror let loose by Indian forces is not less cataclysmic in nature
than that of Jaliawala massacre ordered by infamous General Rex Dyer.
In spite of facing all these hazards, the freedom fighters are exuberant. They have not only
caused the military and political debacle to India but they have also done irreparable damage to
Indians much touted and trumpeted secularism. Would it be too much to assume that Kashmir
might well be the graveyard of Indian secularism? Unless sanity prevails to make the BJP
leadership realize the sheer folly o f their politico military aggression against the Kashmiris.
In the name of freedom and self determination, the Kashmiris are being inured, mutilated and
killed, their women raped, and their children robbed of hope for a better future. The dispute has
shattered their economy polarized their society and festered a culture of violence among the
people known for their non violent character.
But the Kashmiris are not only the ones who suffer from the adverse consequences of the
dispute. Millions in Pakistan and India are paying a high cost form direct or indirect effects of
this issue. Both counties spend huge and unaffordable resources on defense which could be
spent more productively on improving the lot of their people.
The Kashmir issue has also led both counties to use their limited scientific knowledge and skills
to develop weapons of mass destruction exposing them the unimaginable holocaust. The
dispute and military activities related to it have strengthened the pre-existing culture of violence,
promoted glorification of material values and intensified the desire to take revenge from the
enemy for the past humiliations. The culture will be a breeding ground for future conflicts
between the two countries. Even if the Kashmir problem, itself is somehow solved.
The events which have taken place in the valley have made it imperative (vital) that we
reevaluate all the aspects of the situation with a cool head, draft a correct and principled policy
and pursue it with a single mind. We have to consider four aspects of the situation in Kashmir.
First, our responsibilities from religious point of view, and then the implications of the present
situation on Pakistan, the Indian Muslims and the Kashmiri Muslims. Till date, Pakistan has tried
both political and armed struggle, with varying strategies, to solve this quagmire (dilemma).
Sometimes, it was on the UN agendas for several straight years while in less fortunate times, it
eluded the attention of the world body for years. Sometimes, Pakistan would report all the
violations of the LoC to UN and conversely, it failed to report the Indian occupation of Siachen.
The war of 1965 was the result of our incursions (invasion) into the occupied Kashmir in the
guise of freedom fighters. It is manifest that Kashmir was the chief determinant, directly or
indirectly, in our economy, Defense, Foreign and Home policies and even in our internal politics.
The Kashmiris have long history of sufferings and oppression, the worst chapter of which was
written by the Dogra rule, particularly from 1931 onwards. Contrary to their hopes the partition
of the sub-continent and the emergence of two new states, instead of ending the woes of
Kashmiris, multiplied them. Since then they have suffered the consequences of three wars, well
documented atrocities by the Indian army since 1989 and often violent activities of the militants,
a umber of them religiously motivated non Kashmiris.
Since the days of Muslim Mughal Empire, Kashmir has got a prominent Muslim majority
population. There are more than eighty percent Muslims and the Hindu population is less than
twenty percent. Unfortunately, on the fall of Mughal Empire, the State fell to the British East
Company in 1840, which sold it to the Sikh traitor Raja Gulab Singh in 1846, as reward for his
betrayal of the Sikhs at a very negligible price of Rs. 7.5 millions. Hence onward the Muslim
population of Kashmir came under continuous torment of the cruel Sikh rulers. They tried to
strengthen their hold on the State with the singular aim of shattering the will of their Muslim
subjects, crushing their religious zeal. They cowed them down into accepting the slavery of the
Hindu minority.
The genesis of the Kashmir issue is that in August 1947, when partition of the sub-continent
took place, Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of undivided India, influenced Radcliff into awarding
the predominantly Muslim district of Gurdaspur, situated in the East Punjab, to India. By this
treacherous act, admitted by Lord Mountbatten himself on nation wide British television, the
cruel Viceroy not only subjected a Muslim majority area to the cursed Hindu domination, it also
sowed the seed from which could crop up the domination of India on another predominantly
Muslim State Kashmir, because it is only through a narrow strap in the Gurdaspur district that
India was linked with Kashmir. The canker in no time cropped up into the Kashmir Problem
that has ever since proved to be a serious threat to the security of the South Asian region.
Pakistan has made a lot of efforts to break the strangled hold of India on Kashmir, including
third partys mediations but the fate of Kashmiris is still trembling in the balance. The first effort
was made when immediate after partition India airlifted its forces to Srinagar. When Quaid-e-
Azam was informed he ordered Incharge of Pak Army General Gracy, to send forces to
Srinagar but the General refused to do so. Mujahideen tried their level best to capture the valley
but they were defeated by Indian army as they were not well equipped and trained. Then India
took this dispute to the Security Council. The Security Council decided that a plebiscite must be
held in Kashmir. At that time India agreed but after sometime she backed out of her promise.
In 1962 Pakistan lost a golden opportunity to conquer Kashmir during Indo-china war. As India
requested President Kennedy of America to influence Pakistan for not taking any step regarding
Kashmir during Indo-China war. Kennedy pressurized Ayub Khan and he accepted the America
influence on these conditions that after Indo-China war America would help in resolving the
Kashmir issue through discussion. In this regard after the Indo-China war Sheikh Abdullah
came to Pakistan to initiate some discussion on Kashmir. During his tour of Pakistan Jawahar
Lal Nehru died and he had to rush back.
Ayub Khan tried to atone for his mistake and he prepared five thousand gorillas form army to
capture Kashmir. This operation was given the name of operation Gibraltar and it was done in
1965. All these gorillas caused a lot of destruction in the valley but at least they all were
captured or killed by the Indian forces due to lack of planning. In revenge, India made heavy
shelling on Awan Sharif, a village near border. In response to these incident Pakistani forces
along with Azad Kashmir forces crossed the ceasefire line by making official announcement.
During this war of 1965, at one stage the Pakistani forces advanced up to Akhnoor and they
were in a position to capture Srinagar as well but under Soviet Unions influence Ayub Khan
declared ceasefire. In this way Pakistan also lost this opportunity to get Kashmir. The Indian
areas occupied by the Pakistani forces were also given bank to India according to Tashkent
Accord.
After this war, tension mounted between the two countries up to this extent that they had
another war in 1971. This war resulted in separation of East Pakistan as an independent State
now known as Bangladesh.
Since 1990, the Kashmir insurgency, concentrated in the Muslim-majority state of Jammu and
Kashmir, has gained momentum. By the mid-1990s, it was not only the most serious flashpoint
in the region but also among the most likely accelerants for a nuclear crisis anywhere on the
globe. Thus, an internally driven crisis evolved into a regional security threat that also provides
a political rallying point, particularly among nationalist groups who favor a more overt program
of nuclear weapons acquisition.
Although the origins of the crisis are quintessentially indigenous, there is widespread
propaganda by India that the Inter-Services Intelligence Agency of Pakistan has actively aided
and abetted some of the insurgent groups, most notably, the radical Islamic Hezb-ul-
Mujahideen. It has been the ISI's practice to use and discard militant organizations in Kashmir.
The Pak army first used Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) to start terrorist activities
in Kashmir and then dropped it in favor of pro-Pakistan fundamentalist groups. Then many of
these groups were discarded and more and more Pakistani and Afghan terrorists inducted.
Kashmir's demographics illustrate the complexity of the issue. The territory can be divided into
three regions -- Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh -- each of which is dominated by a
different ethnic group. Jammu is inhabited mainly by a Hindu majority, the Kashmir Valley is
settled by a Muslim majority, and a Buddhist majority resides in Ladakh. While there is an
identifiable Kashmiri ethnicity, the three groups are ethnically distinct, complicating any notion of
"Kashmiri nationalism." The implications of these divisions have to be acknowledged whenever
the call arises for an independent Kashmir, determined by plebiscite and with its future tied to
neither India nor Pakistan.
The Kashmir crisis compelled both governments to expend enormous sums to support the
deployment of forces in this region. The costs to both India and Pakistan of the Siachen Glacier
deployment alone were estimated at more than $1 million a day, amounting to more than $5
billion since the sporadic fighting on the glacier began in 1984.
As of 1997 more than 350,000 Indian soldiers were deployed throughout Kashmir, a portion of
them occupying the Indian side of the Siachen Glacier in the far northeastern region of Kashmir
in the eastern Karakoram Mountains. Their Pakistani counterparts were dug in seven miles
away on the Baltoro Glacier. At nearly 18,000 feet above sea level, howitzer shells are lobbed
back and forth, out of sight and hearing of the rest of the world. Popular interest in this decades-
old stalemate seems as thin as the atmosphere, yet scores of deaths a week (most resulting
from harsh conditions) are attributed to the continuing efforts for getting hold over Kashmir
through militant aspect.
The Kashmiri freedom fighters took inspiration from brave freedom fighting display of Afghanis
and an upgrade uprising began in the valley. But due to lack of planning and poor diplomatic
approach, this brilliant tactical move ended in a terrible strategic blunder. Before Kargil episode,
international opinion was focused on Indian army repression in Kashmir. What a pity that Kargil
changed this focus completely. India achieved the worlds sympathies through its excellent
diplomatic policies and quickly made propaganda against Pakistan mainly through its electronic
media. On the other hand Pakistan became isolated in international politics and even China the
most reliable friend of Pakistan gave a cold shoulder in these circumstances. The ex-Prime
Minister of Pakistan had to call off the whole operation due to huge international pressure. The
most unfortunate aspect of the whole Kargil operation was that although jawans, officers and
Mujahedeen won the war at Kargil hills, yet they had to descend as Pakistani government lost
this war on the diplomatic front. The great uprising is still going on in the valley. Pakistan tried to
internationalize the Kashmiri freedom fighting and inhuman behavior of Indian forces through
Kargil operation in 1999.
Under this scenario of events, it is clear that a change in policy direction is necessary. New
objectives have to be formed. Almost certainly the wings of our hawks have to clipped. For this
purpose the following steps can be taken:
One, the line of control can be transformed into the international border between Pakistan and
India . India itself has been moving in this direction for a while now- in the event of its inability to
stamp out the freedom struggle in Kashmir. This option is, from the Indian perspective, the least
disturbing and the most aligned to its prevailing Kashmir stance.
However, despite this option having support amongst some Western analysts, it is unworkable.
This is because the line of control has never been accepted by the Kashmirs. Rather, it is
simply a temporary cease fire line which marks a cessation of military hostilities between two
antagonists and is expected to remain in place until the dispute is resolved.
Two, the valley of Kashmir along with some Northern areas, must be given independence.
This option although sounds very well, yet from Indias point of view it is not beneficial because
an independent Kashmir bordering China will become a permanent thereat to India.
Three, Northern areas in control of Pakistan whereas Jammu and Laddakh should be given
under trusteeship of United Nations for twenty years in order to eliminate the Pakistan and
Indian influence and than after twenty years it should be asked from the people of Kashmir
whether they want to become independent or they want to become a part of Pakistan or India.
In the light of above mentioned options for the solution of Kashmir issue, the third option is very
much applicable as it looks neutral in all respects.
So, conceived in this way that the basic principle in this problem is that every people have the
right to live according to its free will. This unshakable and inalienable right is a living reality in
human conscience. The Kashmiris have the right to freely decide their future as a part of India
or Pakistan or an independent people. India cannot deny them this right on the pretext of an
alleged piece of paper, written by a despotic dictator. Nor can Pakistan deny it to them under
any circumstances. It is a reality that Kashmir continues to define parameters of the Pak-India
relationship. And unless it is resolved there is a dtente between these two states, there con not
be meaningful stability in South Asia, which would allow India the power status is seeks. But as
a matter of fact, India has ignored the realities of history its own leaders commitments to a
plebiscite in Kashmir, India has denied itself a role commensurate with its power indicators. This
is the time now that India must act with the confidence of a great power and more beyond its
unacceptable status quo stance in Kashmir. It is clear that India can not maintain status quo in
Kashmir indefinitely that is untenable. Even if Kargil had not happen in 1999, India would have
had to accept that it has failed to make Kashmir an integral part of Indian Union through a
bizarre mix of the use of military force and elections. Despite the horrible facts of Indian
repression in the valley and the failure of lot of efforts mentioned above one may hope that
according to the concrete stance taken by Pakistan the things will be changed for Kashmiris
and that day is not far away when the Kashmiris will get the reward of their sacrifices and hey
would also be able to get the palm.
CSS Preparation
33::Critically Examine the main theoretical explanations of womens inequality in developing
countries and discuss them with reference to Case Studies
Outlines:
1. Introduction
2. What do we mean by women rights?
3. What do we mean by inequality?
4. Inequality and its types
5. Historical background about woman status in the developing world
6. Women in south Asia
Women in Pakistan
Women in India
Woman in Nepal
Women in Bangladesh
Women in Afghanistan
7. Women in Arab world
Women Saudi Arabia
8. Woman and UN
9. God and Social Stratification
10. Is equality of women is just a roar or real?
11. Mukhtar Mai: A case Study
12. Naseem Bibi: A case Study
13. Rights of women
Spiritual rights
Economical rights
Social rights
Political rights
Educational rights
Cultural rights
14. Modes of Violation of women Rights in the Developing World
Female genital mutilation
Honor killing
Karo kari
Forced prostitution
Forced marriages
Forced abortion
Harassment by Morality Squads
Infanticide
Rape
Health issues
Verbal abuse
Acid throwing
Political killings/ imprisonment
Dowry issues
Punishment on giving birth to daughter
Love exploitations
Trafficking
Victims of gender discrimination in society
Low importance on women education

15. How to eradicate this menace
Following of UN Charter
Human rights organizations due role
Education and awareness programs
Health reforms for women
Tacking the socio-economic problems of women
Moral support
Role of media
Role of civil society
Solving the issues of unemployment, poverty
16. Conclusion
Introduction
The first woman was created from the rib of a man. She was not made form his head to top
him, nor from his feet to be trampled on by him but out of his side to be equal to him.
(Men and Women Quotes)
Being a woman is terribly difficult task since it consists principally in dealing with men.
(Joseph Conrad)
Violence against women is the manifestation of historically unequal power relation between
men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men
and to prevention of full advancement of women.
(UN declaration 1993)
A man willing to work, and unable to find work, is perhaps the saddest sight that fortune's
inequality exhibits under this sun.
(Thomas Carlyle)
I do not think I ever opened a book in my life which had not something to say upon woman's
inconstancy. Songs and proverbs, all talk of woman's fickleness. But perhaps you will say, these
were all written by men."
"Perhaps I shall. Yes, yes, if you please, no reference to examples in books. Men have had
every advantage of us in telling their own story. Education has been theirs in so much higher a
degree; the pen has been in their hands. I will not allow books to prove anything.
( Jane Austen, Persuasion)
The basic message of every divine message is always there to make a man man. All are equal
in the divine sight. But we men, having beliefs in the commands of divinity, do not materialize
them. These differences have made our green world a bloody some. Women rights around the
world are an important indicator to understand the global well-being. Despite tremendous
changes of the 20th century, discrimination and violence against women remains fully rooted in
cultures around the world. The most widely cited reason for gender inequality is the developing
countries relates to the social customs, values, traditions and beliefs. Social exclusion, honor
killing, harassment in offices, feudal exploitation, female genital multination, restricted mobility
and early marriages are the issues that deny the fundamental rights of woman. Although it is a
global issue but it is more prevalent in the developing countries where inequalities include both
discrimination and disempowerment of women.
The question on how gender inequality shapes peoples life is on one that has been echoing
widely through minds of modern society in recent decades. The biological difference between
men and women constitute as one of the main reason this inequality. The males were always
branded the breadwinners of the family, whilst a females place was remained at home.
Throughout the history, Women keep of fighting for their equal rights, opportunities, place and
treatment. Although womens inferior status to men exist in almost all developing countries like
India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Burma and
also in central Asian states but the reasons, intensity, shape and manifestation differ seeing the
circumstances quite substantially as we move from one socio-economic class and region to
another. The inability of women to make their own life choices that is the root of many injustices
they suffer.
The afflicted world in which we live is characterized by deeply unequal sharing of the burden of
adversities between women and men. In ancient times and even now at some places women
are known as the root cause of all evils. Top of the list are the socio-economic constraints that
compels a woman to even sell herself knowing it will never recover again.
What do we mean by Women Rights?
[M]en, though they know full well how much women are worth and how great the benefits we
bring them, nonetheless seek to destroy us out of envy for our merits. It's just like the crow,
when it produces white nestlings: it is so stricken by envy, knowing how black it is itself, that it
kills its own offspring out of pique.
( Moderata Fonte, The Worth of Women: Wherein Is Clearly Revealed Their Nobility and Their
Superiority to Men)
According to Oxford dictionary, Womens Rights are the rights that promote a position of social
and legal equality, of women to men.

They are the rights, claimed for the women, equal to those of men, as regards to suffrage and
right to vote, as regards to property, etc.
The start of mankind was from Adam and Eve (May peace be upon them). Eve is the first
woman and mother of the human race; God created Eve from Adam's rib and placed Adam and
Eve in the Garden of Eden. Women have been given the equal status from the day start. But
women in the developing countries have been suffering from many issues and problem in the
past, though this sticky situation in the society has not been fully rooted out, but almost melt
down. Women are still yearning to get their equal rights in the society in almost all the
developed counties. Women had to go through many aches from the day of the birth till they
die. In Third world countries people had been very much conservative and narrow minded
towards giving equal status to their women. However, in Muslim society women remained
impregnable in contrast to other societies and religions. History has seen many changes and
one of those changes was the restoration of the rights of the women in the society. Only in the
last hundred years, women have been seen rightfully as equals to men. History, however, is not
recent, and there are numerous examples to how the female gender was given inferior status to
males. Surprisingly, the evolutions of women's rights were not particularly in chronological
order. In different times and different societies, the status of females advanced or retrogressed
depending on a variety of reasons. Women have seen some good days where they ruled and
run over the states like Razia Sultana, Jhansi Ki Raani, who were brave and courageous as
well. Women have seen rise and fall in the war of getting their rights and got success majorly
yet it needs more to be improved. Because in recent times woman of developing countries is
facing suchlike issues from the birthday to the day of death. Though todays woman is not like
the ancient one. But still she needs more awareness, education and moral as well as real legal
support to stand up side by side to contribute in such a festinating time. This fact should be
acknowledge that females have excessive ability to face the critical situations and challenges as
they have the quality to resist with greater patience then that of males.
What do we mean by Inequality?
In a world of increasing inequality, the legitimacy of institutions that give precedence to the
property rights of "the Haves" over the human rights of "the Have Nots" is inevitably called into
serious question.
(David Korten)
When the gap between the rich and the poor is so huge that you cant help pointing it out
thats when you risk being labeled a pervert.
(Benson Bruno)
The disposition to admire, and almost to worship, the rich and the powerful, and to despise, or,
at least, to neglect persons of poor and mean condition is the great and most universal cause of
the corruption of our moral sentiments.
Adam Smith
Scottish political economist (1723-1790)
Inequality is basically a difference between the realization and provision of rights. Ineauality
means shortage, limitization, difference in power, status, value, importance, say, affairs,
dealings, consultancy, share and work etc.
Historical background of women status in developing countries:
As of today, we do not need expert reports by the authoritative analytical institutions to realize
that the reasons for such a situation in our community lie in global inequality, poverty and
illiteracy.
(Nursultan Nazarbayev)
Our inequality materializes our upper class, vulgarizes our middle class, brutalizes our lower
class.
Matthew Arnold
English essayist (1822-1888)
In ancient times, before Islam women were treated in worst manners, their rights were
shattered, they were not given any respect in the society, and female infants were lively buried
as they were considered as a symbol of disgrace in ones family. They were considered as
slaves, property or just autoerotic objects. But in Islam women were given equal rights in the
society. And awarded more respect that in any other religion or society. Muhammad (PBUH) put
the example by giving respect to his own daughter Hazrat Fatima (A.S) by standing up and
stretching his own cloak for her honor signifying the high status of a daughter. In other
civilizations like Egyptian civilization, women had the equal rights in all necessary parts of life.
Yet there had been some discrimination prevailed in all the times of the history to deprive the
women from their rights. They had to abide by many restrictions which were physically and
morally awful to them. As time passed and society modernized, many changes took place
which brought several positive moves in favor of women rights.
Women is South Asia
Can one preach at home inequality of races and nations and advocate abroad good-will
towards all men?

(Dorothy Thompson)
Culturally and historically, South Asia is remained bleak in terms of women rights. In Hindustan
woman was presented as the root cause of all misdeeds and was burnt alive with the death of
her husband. In Pakistan and Bangladesh she has always been remained the victim of so-
called mullahs and tribal leaders as well as in villages she is exploited in the hands of feudal
lords. Same is the case with the other countries of the South Asian states. Member countries of
the SAARC have remained at their lowest ebb in empowering the woman but in the current era
a ray of hope is hoping the hopes of hope hoppers.
Women in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal
Being the similar culture, rites, rituals and traditions in the South Asian countries especially the
India and Pakistan, the treatment of women both at household and offices is similar up to a
greater extent. Same type of laws and traditions are found here and there. Hindustan where
once the woman was burnt alive with the demise of her husband and considered the source of
all evils is still struggling for her rights. Situation of woman in Pakistan is also not hidden. Tribal
belts and villages of all the provinces show the hot and hard lined treatment of the women in the
hands of ever dominating men. But the situation differs in the metropolitan cities where writ and
rule of the law is strong and awareness is every where like a forest fire. Women are never
considered women in the history of Afghanistan. They are always remained there confined to
the house walls. Bangladesh being the former part of Hindustan, then Pakistan and then being
the separate entity is not differ from the parent countries. Women have same fate there. Nepal
being the immediate neighbor depicts the unequal treatments of women in her society.
Woman in Arab world

Arab world, a world of cruel and illiterate people, who used to burry their daughters alive before
the advent of Islam are still dominant in terms of women rights. Arab countries from Yemen to
Egypt and Palestine to Libya do not differ in the treatment of women. In real sense the mindset
of the Arabs is not changed. It is almost same as it was centuries ago. Basically it is the
mindset, a set of beliefs which shows the practices of the people. Mindset of a person truly
depicts the personality of the keeper. Recent Arab uprising is one of the major examples of this
uproar.
Women Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, where the Islam was ad vented, and women due rights were first propagated, is
still denying rights to women. Women are still fighting for their rights. Issue of driving for woman
is a hot issue of the day. Women are not allowed to drive or ride on bike and men are not
allowed to drive other than the closely relatives. The kingdom is facing a dilemma of how to get
367000 girls to school on buses that can only be driven by men. If any movement is started in
this regard in the kingdom, it is forcefully shut down by the authorities.
Women and UN
The form of law which I propose would be as follows: In a state which is desirous of being
saved from the greatest of all plaguesnot faction, but rather distractionthere should exist
among the citizens neither extreme poverty nor, again, excessive wealth, for both are productive
of great evil . . . Now the legislator should determine what is to be the limit of poverty or of
wealth.
Plato
Greek philosopher (427-347 B.C.)

Sidelined once, women of the rejected and denied world are now gaining momentum within the
UN system. If there were no UN, it may take more a century for woman to get her rights.
Milestones at UN: A Glance
Women of the world have always fought to defend their rights within the global decision-making
body to be there in the United Nations since it came into being.. These are given some
milestones of the movement for equality within the womens savior, the UN:
1946
Commission on the Status of Women created; independent entity in 1947.
1947
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
adopted.
1975
First UN Conference on Women in Mexico City; annual meeting as of 1987.
1976
UN Development for Women is created; becomes UNIFEM in 1984.
1979
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination (CEDAW) adopted.
1994
UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women appointed.
2000
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 mandates gender lens on conflicts.
2006
High level panel on coherence named to study gender reform of UN.
2010
UN approves creation of UN Women as new agency.
God and Social stratification
God touches and moves, warns and desires all equally, and He wants one quite as much as
another. The inequality lies in the way in which His touch, His warnings, and His gifts are
received.
(Johannes Tauler)
If it is as evil to do lechery as the Bible and the Lord Himself tell us, then who is the more
blameworthy: the one who instigates it, or the one who doesn't so much do it as suffer what
men do to her? You know very well that it is the male who does it, and whoever says otherwise
is wrong and is lying through his teeth, unless he has no teeth -- and would to God he hadn't.
(Anonymous, the Southern Passion)
Gender inequality or Social stratification gender stratification is basically the structured form of
social inequality in which a ranked group of people who brings about unequal financial rewards,
such as a persons income, and power or property, that is normally brought upon by money in a
society. This system comes in many different ways and forms. They may be slavery; castes,
social class, race, and gender are just few of the issues that are afflicted by this system. Gender
inequality or also known as gender stratification, is actually the unequal distribution of a
societys wealth, power, and privilege between the tow basic genders females and males. it is
crystal cleared from the reported reports that the majority of the women are the oppressed as in
turn the men being the oppressor. The idea of the oppressed and the oppressor is against the
justice of God. He created all the human beings on equal grounds with same importance and
status. That is why none of the divine religion denies the women rights and status but the
followers of that religion do being the part of their beliefs but not of actions. Therefore, in the
sight of God, all people whether male or female, black or white are equal. No one has greater
importance but those who practice piety. Al-Quran
There are we men who practice this impractical but it is not the commandment of God. God is
just and preaches just and equity.
Inequality of women is just a roar or real?
Inequality of women is about the deprivation of fundamental rights not being properly dedicated
to the women. It is real to some extent but there has been a rapid change since past few years
in most of the developing countries. The problem is that once we compare the so called women
right in western countries with eastern countries we come to know that the western talk of
womens liberation is actually a disguise from the exploitation of her body, deprivation of her
honor and degradation of her soul. The Western society has actually reduced women status to
concubines, to mistresses, to society butterflies, which are mere tools in the hands of sex
marketers and pleasure seekers, which are disguised behind the colorful screen of art and
culture. West is the trend setter of this abuse. Once we talk about the developing countries.
Every country adopts and catches the ideas and practices being done by any developed nation.
This evil has also been transformed from the developed countries those are now penetrated in
the society of developing countries. Women in underdeveloped countries are awarded with
more safety and social respect as compare to the developed countries, which a women
deserves to have but still they are desperate to get their rights which should be equal to men.
But the brutal cases are now a days going to be reported about the womens in equality. That is
why human rights activists are more active now days regarding the women rights.
Mukhtar Mai: A Case Study
Women have served all these centuries as looking glasses possessing the magic and delicious
power of reflecting the figure of man at twice its natural size.
( Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own)
Mukhtar Mai, 30 years divorced women, belonging to Gujar family from a Village in Jatoi,
Muzaffar Garh being the district in the Southern Punjab, Pakistan, was one day in mid 2002,
caught, trapped and gang raped by four men named Abdul Khaliq, Allah Ditta, Fayyaz Hussain
and Ghulam Farid, on the issue of her 12 years brother, Abdul Shakoor who was alleged in a
matter. The decision was taken to the local Punhcayat and it made the traditional conservative
decision justifying the Mais rape as good. But thanks to the media which highlighted the issue
and the roar was roared in the deaf ears of the respective areas bureaucrats as well as the
upper courts and politicians. As a result a so motto action was taken, case if was exploited by
the local police station but she was granted justice by the court and the culprits were caught
and punished. Although they are recently released in December, 2011 fulfilling there time in the
Jail. Actually this was the issue that was highlighted by the media and as result a victim got
justice otherwise there a countless incidents in the jurisdiction of South Asia that are hardly
reported and justified. Countless such incidents are exploited by the local Punchayats, feudal
lords and politicians, deciding against the wishes of women creating inequality not only in
Pakistan but the whole South Asia.
.
Naseem Bibi: A Case Study
Eyes glimmering with worry, Tasleem Bibi peered through the slits of her pitch-black veil.
Seventeen years earlier, her father ad struck a devilish deal to stay out of the Jail. A rival family
was demanding that Tasleem marry to their son. Her hand in marriage had been promised
when she was just five years old. Her father was accused of killing another man in a bitter land
dispute. To keep the case out of court, her family agreed to high price and five women.
She is the victim of Vani, an ugly tradition where young women are traded between the rival
families in resolution of their disputes. Although, it was outlawed a few years back, vani is still
prevalent in the conservative pockets across Pakistan.
The woman is traded like an animal. Once married, she is little better than a slave. A vani wife
is treated like dirt; the men wear her like a pair of shoes. Most of the defenders of this bleak
custom, being the pessimistic tribal elders, say, this way prevent bloodshed between the
warring clans.
Gender Inequality and Its Types
Everyone has an equal right to inequality.
(John Ralston Saul)
Women inequality has many faces and manifestations from region to region, customs to custom
and country to country. Normally there are counted seven types of inequality.
1) Mortality inequality:
Mortality in equality which is based on the matters of life and death and shows the
predominance of the male sex is going to be common especially in developing world. It is
mostly found in the regions of Africa, china and south Asia.

(2) Natality inequality:
Under this type of inequality boys being neo-Nate is given more importance than the girls.
People wish to have their children more as boys and special focus is given on the first child born
to any couple. It is seen that women are delivered divorced it they fail to give birth to a mail
child. For this purpose selective and coercive abortion is forced compelling a woman to please
the wishes of males.
(3) Basic facility inequality:
In this form of inequality women especially girls are denied the basic necessities of life.
Education being the prime need and demand of the time is fully conferred on male child but
Toto denied to a female child. Afghanistan is on top in this matter.
(4) Special opportunity inequality:
In this type of inequality women are denied the opportunities e.g. of higher education and high
job trainings.
(5) Professional inequality:
Professional inequality is based on denying the due job and work promotions and job benefits.
(6) Ownership inequality:
It comprises the inequality in the inheritance and properties. Islam granted this right to woman
but the followers of Islam are not fully inclined to give due share to woman except the Shia
Muslim Sect. Hinduism and some other religions also do not grant this right to woman.
(7) Household inequality:
In houses biasness is found among the members of the family and a male child in any
perspective is given more preference than a female child.

Types of Women Rights
It is a wise man who said that there is no greater inequality than the equal treatment of
unequals.
Felix Frankfurter
Women must have their basic spiritual rights so that they can easily practice their religion with
their own will and freedom. Women must have their economical rights they can share the
burden of their family and contribute to the countrys economy. Women should have their social
rights because the equal members of the society and they should the equal freedom and
availability of the opportunities which are available to men. Women should have the equal
educational rights so that they can get the similar educational facilities available to their
opposite gender. Likely women must have the legal rights which can protect them from all social
evils. Women should have the right to vote with their own will and should have reasonable
representation in the politics.
Modes of Violation of women Rights in the Developing World
The worst form of inequality is to try to make unequal things equal.
(Aristotle)
Women in developing countries have been facing with severe challenges. There are a lot of
social abuses and customary restrictions imposed on them even in todays society as we are in
21st century. Problems as, female genital mutilation which is a custom in Somali), killing for the
sake of honor is common in developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India (case is
quoted where Shafilea Ahmed was the victim of a suspected honor killing. The 17-year-old's
body was found months after she had returned from a trip to Pakistan in 2003. On the trip she
drank bleach. The coroner said he saw it as a 'desperate measure' to avoid a forced marriage).
Force prostitution is different countries is very common, where parents or husband forces the
women to sell the body unwillingly. Selling of women (case is quoted where: In 1983, Zana
Muhsen and her sister Nadia, from Birmingham, were pushed by their father to visit Yemen and
forced to marry. Zana, now 35, escaped eight years later. Her father had sold her for a few
thousand dollars. The experience is recounted in her book; 'Sold' Slavery is also common in
Arab countries where women are treated as the slaves of her husband. Same is the case in
some of Pakistan rural areas where women are treated as property, forced marriage (case is
quoted where Narina Anwar, 29, and her two sisters claim they were tricked by their parents into
going on a family holiday to a remote village in Pakistan, where they were held captive for five
months in an attempt to force them to marry three illiterate villagers. These girls were later
rescued as they contact the police and media). Karo Kari is also a customary tradition in the
tribal areas of Pakistan; Karo Kari is the form of honor killings. Every year several women are
murdered in the name of honor by the male family members (and these are only the registered
cases. On 11th June 2000, four women and one man were killed in the Dera Jamali village in
Sindh. Last year on the same dates a 13 year old girl, Sara, was subjected to this honor killing
in Goth Khosa. Two young boys Imtiaz and Arshad were also killed in the same case. The boys
had never met the young girl in their lives. But the brother of Sara declared it an honor killing to
get less punishment in law. This law also gives some leniency to the killers in such cases. He
actually wanted to grab the land of these boys and used this accusation to kill the boys along
with his sister. Secondly In the village of Moratha there was a case of Karo Kari (honor killing).
The motive of the killing was that the murderer wanted to marry a married woman. He killed the
husband of that woman and his own innocent sister and he was released from jail after a few
months). In the underdeveloped countries, forced abortion, restricted freedom of movement
outside the house, harassment by morality squads, infanticide, rape (Mukhtaran Mai scandal),
health problems, Acid dropping on the faces, verbal abuse, less emphasis on women education
and the discrimination of being women in most of the social matters is common in very
common. Political killings/imprisonment is also very common (Dr. Afia Siddiqi, who was
sentenced to jail for 86 years , on an accusation of attempt to murder) and the women in
Jammu and Kashmir have been the worst victims of Indian state terrorism during the past 22
years where approximately 15000 women have been martyred due to the state terrorism.
(Report on Women's Day on March 08). The common reason being found is that the most of
developing countries have the male dominated society and the women being lower in power
have always been victimized in all the aspects.
Is there any brighter side of women rights in the developing world?
Despites of the deprivation and pains of getting the equal status, todays women are cherishing
and enjoying their life more than their status which few are fighting for. Women have got the
equal rights in all sectors and parts of the life in most of the developed countries which were not
vested to them in past. They have become the symbols of the society; they have got the equal
rights in every walk of life. They are being given special quota in jobs which confirms their
selection beyond the merit. They have been facilitated with separate and Co-educational
institutions in most of the developing countries, where they can study according to their own
choice without any restrictions being imposed on them. Women have got the right to vote and
not only this they have got the facility to join the politics and represent their gender too. We have
the example of Benazir Bhutto, who was the first youngest lady P.M of Pakistan; Bangladesh
had his lady prime minister too. Suu kui and Sonia Gandhi are also the other prime examples
while discussing the bright side.
Women have participated in Showbiz and become the modern and liberal due to their freedom
they have got. In recent days we have a scandal of Veena Malik, who has probably done an act
of giving a nude photo shoot which is against her religion but she has done that due to the
freedom she has got and society has accepted in silently either she committed that act or not.
Furthermore, Women have been educated than the past, this is not the case in all the
developing countries but in most. In Pakistan literacy rate is already very low, but still women
are much efficient in contributing the literacy rate by getting more education. The trend to get
women educated is changing positively then the past.
How to Eradicate This Inequality:
Under-representation of women and other inequality among researchers is a problem that will
not solve itself as women acquire competence.
(Tarja Halonen)
It is the belief that extremes and excesses of inequality must be reduced so that each person is
free to fully develop his or her full potential. This is why we take precious time out of our lives
and give it to politics.
(Paul Wellstone)
Inequality of women rights has been consistently under consideration in all the society in the
past century and has got maximum results, Women rights have been protected in the Charter of
United Nations 1948. Where it is stated, the charter of United Nations forbids discrimination on
the basis of race, sex, language or religion. Furthermore there are several human rights
organizations which are actively working and fighting to protect the women rights especially in
the underdeveloped countries. Moreover educational programs for women have been ongoing
for last many years which have got success in creating awareness in women towards getting
their fundamental rights. Several health reforms have been in action to fights with the
dangerous diseases especially breast cancer. Gender inequality in education may hamper
growth through its impact on child health. Better educated females have healthier children,
which have been found to increase growth in the long run as said by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Media has played a vital role by providing a bridge to pass on the actual information and facts of
the society where women were deprived of their rights. Media has contributed a lot by plays T.V
dramas, films, talk shows, which has created awareness in the society about the rights of the
women.
Provision of Education to Masses
Eradication of socio economic constraints
Awareness about the hazard of sex abuses in literature
Community based programmed
Overcoming the issue of poverty by giving due share to women in the production
Safeguarding women at work place
Enacting strict laws and their full enforcement
Providing jobs to women to overcome the issue of inequality by making the women
economically strong
Making the customs, rites and rituals women friendly

Giving women a due political representation in local, provincial and national
Bodies/Assemblies
Giving women a due share in national decision making process
Equal representation of women at each and every forum to negate the concept of inequality
Protection of women rights through Police and Vigilant teams
Making the best health care centers for mother and neo-Nate
Recruitment of women as judges, bureaucrats, land registration officers, and police officers.
Giving due share to women in inheritance and properties
Using media as an instrument and propagator of women rights
Due role of civil society
Due role of the Religious leaders of any religion
Government special loans to empower the women
Conclusion:
There is always inequality in life. Some men are killed in a war and some men are wounded
and some men never leave the country. Life is unfair.
(John F. Kennedy)
Women rights have been infringed and victimized in different orders and in different periods.
Today Woman is much securer then it was in the past. Still the need is to improve the areas
where the developing countries should concentrate, like the education of the women, steps to
eradicate poverty from the society so that the basic needs should be fulfilled. Women should be
encouraged to come ahead in all the field of life, because the only key to success is that there
should be no discrimination between male and female, so that the society may prosper and
develop in smooth ways. Otherwise no country would be able to stand in the row of developed
nations.
1. References:
i. Daily Dawn.com
ii. Brainqoute.com
iii. Un.org
iv. Any Faces of Gender Inequality, an essay by Amartya Sen.
20. GSA
Books:
i. Everyday Science by Dr. Akram Kashmiri
ii. Encyclopedic Manual of Everyday Science by Dr. Rab Nawaz Samo
iii. Any other good book (s)
Strategies for preparation:
i. It is very scoring subject comprises of 50% Objective/MCQs and 50% Subjective. Reasonable
time is required to prepare this subject and pays you a lot.
ii. MCQs should be solved by formulas: a) Surety formula, b) exclusion formula, c) logical guess
of answers
iii. Solve all available past papers.
iv. Practice making diagrams. Diagrams can help in getting good marks in this paper.
GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY(100)
A)-Revise Maths & General Science books of Class 6,7 & 8.
B)-Read Matric,F.Sc,O & A Levels books of Maths,Biology,Physics,Chemistery And Computer
Science.
C)-Solve more and more MCQ's, solve past papers at least last ten years.
D)-watch more and more videos of geography, biology and various other topics
on https://www.youtube.com/,https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy,https://www.khanac
ademy.org/ and other educational websites.
GSA from net (howstuffworks.com)+ Imtiaz Shahid Book + Akram Kashmiri + Encarta +
Wikipedia.
In my opinion, consult howstuffworks.com as it is a good website for GSA.
E)- Draw Diagrams, Charts, try and give answers in bullets form in GSA paper.
Mostly mistreated part of CSS business. Yes it is true; aspirants generally overlook this paper
and give very modest time to this paper.In fact, they are not absolutely wrong but little less
smart. Our objective for this paper will be entirely different from rest of our papers.
A close analysis reveals us that GSA papers consist of following pattern based 3 papers (2004,
05 and 06):
Question having Only 1 Marks = 60 questions (6 x questions with 10 parts)
Questions having only 2 Marks =17 Questions (3 questions with average of 5 parts)
Questions having 5 Marks = 5 Question (2 x questions with 2.5 average parts)

Questions having 10 Marks = 3 questions (You have to write a descriptive note on a single
topic)
And there are following broad categories
1. Physics = 35 % contribution
2. Chemistry= 20% Contribution
3. Biosciences = 15%
4. Space = 9%
5. Computers = 11%
6. Misc = Rest
So our main area of deliberations should be the MCQs having only one mark and it is advised
that attempt all 60 MCQs and since 1 wrong MCQ will only charge you a single mark. If there is
tie between 2 question, for example there is a descriptive question about Pollution having total
of 10 marks and an MCQ question in you which you only know 5 questions and the rest you
dont know, please go for the sure 5 marks whether you know every thing about pollution.
Rationale in the wake of this advice carries the weight of certitude of 5 marks which you will
definitely gain and in descriptive questions you can not get beyond 7 marks how exquisitely you
have written your answers, and still that is unsure. Then you must go for the questions having 2
marks and then 5 and in the end resort for 10 mark question. Reason yourself in skeptical
questions, think cool and never go for blind and wild guess, you are an erudite and smart
person and must have an educated guess .It works.
Now we have to prepare for the test, very simple. Go to the library and get hold of handbooks of
Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and a good detailed book on everyday science they have an
Index ordered in alphabetically and try to memories and understand them daily every term since
you never know which might be in paper.
You should be knowing:
All Scientific Abbreviations from A to Z
All Units from A to Z
All Human parts from A to Z
All big inventions from A to Z
And please never rely on your skills and background knowledge since this is the only paper in
which you can make a lot of difference with others. And never plan half but always prepare full.
And one thing you must be doing in next hour is the installation of Encarta Encyclopedia in your
pc. Pick a subject and discover each and every facet of that topic.
A- (General Science) 60 Marks
I. Physical Sciences: Constituents and Structure:-Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System,
Sun,
II. Process of Nature: - Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, WeatherEarth,
Astronomical System of Units. Variables (Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation,
Precipitation, Humidity) and
III. Natural Hazards and Disasters: - Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami,Weather
Variations. Floods, Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone
IV. Energy Resources: - Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solarand Tornadoes),
Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management. Energy, Wind Energy and Non-
Renewable Energy conservation and its sustainable

V. Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations. use. Vaccines,
Fertilizers, Pesticides.
VI. Modern Materials/Chemicals: - Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines,
B-. Biological Sciences
The Basis of Life: - Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Plant and
Animal Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities and
diversities in nature.
* Biomolecules: - Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes. Nucleus, Mitochondria and
Ribosomes). Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue
* A Brief Account of Human Physiology. Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea,
Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and Prevention.
* New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method
C- Environmental Science
Environment: -
The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water Cycle, Major Water
Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and Rocks, Rock Types,
Plate Tectonics).
Atmospheric Pollution: - Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx,
Particulate Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins).
Regional and Global air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and
Global Warming). International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto
Protocol).
Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic
Organic Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious
Agents, Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and
standards.
Land Pollution: - Solid waste management and disposal.
Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
Population Planning.
D-Food Science
Concept of Balance Diet: - Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed
and Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
Food Deterioration and its Control: - Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food
Preservation.
E- Information Technology
Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage, Networking
& Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites. Information
Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
Telecommunications: - Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and
GPS and Fiber Optic etc.
Part-II (General Ability) 40 Marks
F- Quantitative Ability/Reasoning Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve

problems in a Basic Mathematical Skills. Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average,
Ratios, Rates, Percentage,quantitative setting. Angles, Triangles, Sets, Remainders,
Equations, Symbols, Rounding of Numbers Random Sampling VII. Logical Reasoning and
Analytical Reasoning/Ability Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational,
systematic series of steps based on sound mathematical procedures and given statements to
arrive at a conclusion Analytical Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving
both complex and uncomplicated problems and concepts and making decisions that are
sensible based on available information, including demonstration of the ability to apply logical
thinking to gathering and analyzing information. VIII. Mental Abilities Mental Abilities Scales that
measures specific constructs such as verbal,mechanical, numerical and social ability.
GENERAL SCIENCE & ABILITY(100)
A)-Revise Maths & General Science books of Class 6,7 & 8.
B)-Read Matric,F.Sc,O & A Levels books of Maths,Biology,Physics,Chemistery And Computer
Science.
C)-Solve more and more MCQ's, solve past papers at least last ten years.
D)-watch more and more videos of geography, biology and various other topics
on https://www.youtube.com/,https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy,https://www.khan
academ
rg/ and other educational websites.

GSA from net (howstuffworks.com)+ Imtiaz Shahid Book + Akram Kashmiri + Encarta +
Wikipedia.
In my opinion, consult howstuffworks.com as it is a good website for GSA.
E)- Draw Diagrams, Charts, try and give answers in bullets form in GSA paper.
Mostly mistreated part of CSS business. Yes it is true; aspirants generally overlook this paper and
give very modest time to this paper.In fact, they are not absolutely wrong but little less smart. Our
objective for this paper will be entirely different from rest of our papers.
A close analysis reveals us that GSA papers consist of following pattern based 3 papers (2004, 05
and 06):
Question having Only 1 Marks = 60 questions (6 x questions with 10 parts)
Questions having only 2 Marks =17 Questions (3 questions with average of 5 parts)
Questions having 5 Marks = 5 Question (2 x questions with 2.5 average parts)
Questions having 10 Marks = 3 questions (You have to write a descriptive note on a single topic)
And there are following broad categories
1. Physics = 35 % contribution
2. Chemistry= 20% Contribution
3. Biosciences = 15%
4. Space = 9%
5. Computers = 11%
6. Misc = Rest
So our main area of deliberations should be the MCQs having only one mark and it is advised that
attempt all 60 MCQs and since 1 wrong MCQ will only charge you a single mark. If there is tie
between 2 question, for example there is a descriptive question about Pollution having total of 10
marks and an MCQ question in you which you only know 5 questions and the rest you dont know,
please go for the sure 5 marks whether you know every thing about pollution. Rationale in the wake
of this advice carries the weight of certitude of 5 marks which you will definitely gain and in
descriptive questions you can not get beyond 7 marks how exquisitely you have written your
answers, and still that is unsure. Then you must go for the questions having 2 marks and then 5 and
in the end resort for 10 mark question. Reason yourself in skeptical questions, think cool and never
go for blind and wild guess, you are an erudite and smart person and must have an educated guess
.It works.
Now we have to prepare for the test, very simple. Go to the library and get hold of handbooks of
Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, and a good detailed book on everyday science they have an Index
ordered in alphabetically and try to memories and understand them daily every term since you never
know which might be in paper.
You should be knowing:
All Scientific Abbreviations from A to Z
All Units from A to Z
All Human parts from A to Z
All big inventions from A to Z
And please never rely on your skills and background knowledge since this is the only paper in which
you can make a lot of difference with others. And never plan half but always prepare full. And one
thing you must be doing in next hour is the installation of Encarta Encyclopedia in your pc. Pick a
subject and discover each and every facet of that topic.
A- (General Science) 60 Marks
I. Physical Sciences: Constituents and Structure:-Universe, Galaxy, Light Year, Solar System, Sun,
II. Process of Nature: - Solar and Lunar Eclipses, Rotation and Revolution, WeatherEarth,
Astronomical System of Units. Variables (Global Temperature, Pressure, Circulation, Precipitation,
Humidity) and
III. Natural Hazards and Disasters: - Earth Quake, Volcanic Eruption, Tsunami,Weather Variations.
Floods, Avalanche, Travelling Cyclone (Tropical Cyclone, Middle Latitude Cyclone
IV. Energy Resources: - Sources of Energy (Renewable i.e. LED Energy, Solarand Tornadoes),
Drought, Wildfire, Urban Fire. Disaster Risk Management. Energy, Wind Energy and Non-Renewable
Energy conservation and its sustainable
V. Atomic Structure, Chemical Bonding, Electromagnetic Radiations. use. Vaccines, Fertilizers,
Pesticides.
VI. Modern Materials/Chemicals: - Ceramics, Plastics, Semiconductors. Antibiotics, Vaccines,
B-. Biological Sciences
The Basis of Life: - Cell Structures and Functions (Subcellular Organelles such as Plant and Animal
Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities and diversities in
nature.
* Biomolecules: - Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates and Enzymes. Nucleus, Mitochondria and
Ribosomes). Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea, Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue
* A Brief Account of Human Physiology. Common Diseases and Epidemics: - Polio, Diarrhea,
Malaria, Hepatitis, Dengue their Causes and Prevention.
* New Model Concept of Producing BIO Fuel Method
C- Environmental Science
Environment: -
The Atmosphere (Layered Structure and Composition), Hydrosphere (Water Cycle, Major Water
Compartments), Biosphere (Major Biomes) and Lithosphere (Minerals and Rocks, Rock Types, Plate
Tectonics).
Atmospheric Pollution: - Types, Sources, Causes and effects of major air pollutants (COx, Particulate
Matter, NOx, SOx, Tropospheric Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, Dioxins). Regional and Global
air pollution issues (Acid-rain, Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming).
International agreements on air pollution control (Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol).
Water Pollution:- Types, sources, causes and effects of major water pollutants (Synthetic Organic
Chemicals, Oxygen Demanding Wastes, Plant Nutrients, Thermal Pollution, Infectious Agents,
Sediments, Radioactivity, Heavy Metals and Acids). Drinking water quality and standards.
Land Pollution: - Solid waste management and disposal.
Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Science.
Population Planning.
D-Food Science
Concept of Balance Diet: - Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats and oil, Minerals, Fiber.
Quality of Food:- Bioavailability of Nutrients, Appearance, Texture, Flavor, Quality of Packed and
Frozen Food, Food Additives, Preservatives and Antioxidants
Food Deterioration and its Control: - Causes of Food Deterioration, Adulteration, Food Preservation.
E- Information Technology
Computer (Hardware & Software Fundamentals); I/O Processing and data storage, Networking &
Internet Standards, Application and business Software, Social Media Websites. Information
Systems. Fundamentals of artificial intelligence.
Telecommunications: - Basics of Wireless Communication (Mobile, Satellite, Surveillance and GPS
and Fiber Optic etc.
Part-II (General Ability) 40 Marks
F- Quantitative Ability/Reasoning Concepts and ability to reasons quantitatively and solve problems
in a Basic Mathematical Skills. Basic Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry (Average, Ratios, Rates,
Percentage,quantitative setting. Angles, Triangles, Sets, Remainders, Equations, Symbols,
Rounding of Numbers Random Sampling VII. Logical Reasoning and Analytical Reasoning/Ability
Logical Reasoning includes the process of using a rational, systematic series of steps based on
sound mathematical procedures and given statements to arrive at a conclusion Analytical
Reasoning/Ability includes visualizing, articulating and solving both complex and uncomplicated
problems and concepts and making decisions that are sensible based on available information,
including demonstration of the ability to apply logical thinking to gathering and analyzing information.
VIII. Mental Abilities Mental Abilities Scales that measures specific constructs such as
verbal,mechanical, numerical and social ability.
21.Pakistan Affairs:
Books:
i. Pakistan Affairs by Ikram Rabbani (Caravan Publishers)
ii. Top 20 questions of Pakistan Affairs (Jahangir Publishers)
iii. Any other good book.
Strategies for preparation with reference to important topics:
i. Pakistan Affairs paper can be divided into two major portions i.e. Pre-Partition and Post-Partition
periods. In pre-partition period following questions should be prepared in best manner:
a. Evolution/Establishment of Muslim society in Sub-Continent/India
b. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi (Mujadid Alf Sani R.A) and his movement/role
c. Shaha Wali Ullah and his movement
d. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement (Every aspect)
e. Khilafat Movement/Faraizi Movement
f. Comparison among Aligarh, Deoband & Nadwatul Ulema Educational Movements
g. Two Nation Theory/Ideology of Pakistan
Post-Partition period may prepared with reference to contemporary affairs of Pakistan which will help
you in Current Affairs paper. Following are the important topics for post partition period:
a. Lahore Resolution
b. Objective Resolution
c. Nehru Report vs. Fourteen Points
d. Lucknow Pact and Hindu Muslim Unity
e. Constitution of Pakistan/Constitutional Crisis in Pakistan
f. Contemporary Issues: Kashmir issue, Balochistan Issue, Water Issues/Crisis, Corruption,
Unemployment, Increasing Population, Terrorism & Insurgency, Militancy & Extremism, Educational
Problems, Economic Issues, Energy Crisis etc.
g. Foreign Policy of Pakistan
h. Geo-political and geostrategic importance/significance of Pakistan
i. Other contemporary/current affairs of Pakistan
a. One may attempt two questions from above mentioned portion and the remaining two questions
may be attempted from Post-Partition period or Current/Contemporary Affairs of Pakistan.
b. The questions may be attempted with headings and sub-headings.
c. Give Critical Analysis and Conclusion (wherever possible)
Pakistan Affairs: solve past papers, quote various authors, learn quotations, draw maps and give fact
and figures in your paper. Divide your Subject in various parts
In Pak Affairs,start with a quote then introductory paragraph + few more quotes then flow chart or
table(if any) then conclusion and critical analysis plus quote at the end. For objective you can buy
any good objective book.
For Pak Affairs: I.H Qureshi book is good. You can memorize some paragraphs from there and book
of Pak Affairs by Star book depot is also helpful. Also quote from some other books in Quaid-e-Azam
library Pak history section. Ikram Rabbani is another book I'd recommend.
You can not make difference without diligence. A simple word for any success is diligence. But
diligence can never out class smart work. So always think beyond the normal expectations of a
common human being, plan everything in your life even if it is the Pakistan Affair paper, and then
develop a strategy to accomplish that goal going all out for it.
A close analysis of course content and papers of last 5 years of Pak Affair shows that examiner has
emphasized more on post independence era than pre partition events. Mode of paper was usually
creative and you wont find such questions in the course books. So a different strategy needs for Pak
Affair paper. General categories of Pak affair paper are as follow with respect to frequency on the
basis of last 5 years:
Personalities = 12%
Ideology = 8%
Pre Partition events = 35%
Constitutional Developments + Problems = 30%
Current Issues i.e Water = 7%
Misc = 8%
So to embark on homework one must avoid selective study since this is a competition and half
prepared aspirant cant win the game.That s for sure. Organize a consolidated catalog of all
questions, segregate them in different categories and read them thoroughly. Since most of the
questions apart from few exceptions are tricky and need serious thought and a thought searching
answer. An irrational answer will not serve the purpose and we will not achieve our objective.
Main emphasis should be laid on Pre Partition events and then so on with other categories. Select
recommended books by the commission and read them in time frames. Such as when you are
preparing 1900-1906 era, read from apiece book, more than ever Formative Phase by KBS,
Emergence of Pakistan by CH M Ali etc Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanely Walpert or any useful book
you hit upon appropriate, never read in disconnect sessions but in single session. Dont make notes
but note important points. You should extract important lines in exact words, make a separate
register and write quotations of different authors. [Since in paper you have to write these quotations
as Pakistan, said Ziring in his book about Pakistan, is a state of idealogy..] Read at least
two to three recent but decent books on Pakistan and you should be au fait with the contemporary
issues. Please dont skip any topic how unimportant it may be. And remember when you are
preparing Pakistan Affair, dont prepare extraneous paper alongwith. Choose a related subject that
may provide you an extra help and vice versa. If possible study in group, and hold group discussions
on each topic since a thing you learn through discussion will have a deep dent on your memory
rather you read alone. And share out sections to each member of your group and ask him to give you
lecture about that section or topic in a fully prepared class room style, black board, cross
questioning, reasoning and understanding the motives and consequences of a particular event.
Think what if this event happened in a different way what would be the situation. But that needs
dedication and commitment and honesty among the group members otherwise that will be a mere
waste of time.
For MCQs, do consult a good book but if you have planned for 20 out of 20 marks in this section,
then you have to create your own database from books and from current affairs otherwise you will
not be going to achieve your goal. Be positive and dont take CSS as a very big achievement in your
life, it is just a test for job, Thats it. Say your prayers five times a day and be down to earth always.
I. Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-
Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other
educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawae. Ideology of Pakistan
in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
II. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry
and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
III. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
IV. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
V. Regional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
VI. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan VII. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
VIII. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
IX. Pakistans Role in the Region X. Palestine Issue
XI. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
XII. Political Evolution Since 1971 XIII. Pakistan and US War on Terror
XIV. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
XV. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
XVI. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
XVII. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
XVIII. Pakistans National Interest
XIX. Challenges to Sovereignty XX. Pakistans Energy Problems and their Effects
XXI. Pakistans Relations with Neighbors excluding India
XXII. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
XXIII. Kashmir Issue
XXIV. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan, in the Post
2014 era.
XXV. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
XXVI. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
XXVII. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
XXVIII. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty,
Education, Health and Sanitation.
SUGGESTED READINGS::
1. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. Adeney, Katharine. , New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
2. Labor, Democratization and Development in India and Pakistan. Candland, Christopher, New York:
Routledge, 2007.
3. Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990. Chari, P.R. at al,
New York: Routledge, 2003.
4. The Future of Pakistan. Cohen Stephen P. et al. Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 2011.
5. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam. Hussian, Zahid. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2007.
6. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Jalal, Aisha and Bose, Sugata. New York:
Routledge, 1998.
7. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia. Jalal, Aisha, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995.
8. Conflict Between India and Pakistan: an Encyclopedia. Lyon, Peter. California: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
9. Back to Pakistan: A Fifty Year Journey. Mass, Leslie Noyes. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, 2011.
10. Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Newberg, Paula R. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995.
11. Pakistan: Manifest Destiny. Qureshi, Atiff. London: Epic Press, 2009.
12. Pakistan, America, and the Future of Global Jihad. Riedel, Bruce. Deadly Embrace: Washington:
Brookings Institute Press, 2011.
13. Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. Schofield, Victoria. New York:
I.B.Tauria, 2003.
14. Islamic Law and the Law of Armed Conflict: The Armed Conflict in Pakistan. Shah, Niaz A. New
York: Routledge, 2011.
15. Making Sense of Pakistan. Shaikh, Farzana. New York: Colombia University Press, 2009.
16. A Brief History of Pakistan. Wynbrandt, James. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009.
17. Powering Pakistan: Meetings Pakistan Energy Needs in 21st Century Robert M. Hathaway and
Michael Gugelman
18. Pakistans Energy Sector: From Crisis to Crisis-Breaking the Chain Zaid Alahdad
Also read & make points on the following topics::
A. Ancient History (712-1857)
B. Pre Partition (1857-1947)
C. Post Partition (1947- till current Era)
D. Current Scenario (Current issues, relations, problems and politics)
Current Affairs: Read news paper daily. Dawn and Express Tribune are best.
Go extensively through Jehangir World Time Monthly Magazine.
Solve Past Papers.
Draw Maps
Give fact and figures and charts in your papers.
Economic Survey ov Pakistan which can be downloaded from Pak govt website should be on your
Finger Tips.
Also divide Current affairs in various parts such as National Issues, International issues, Relations,
Personalities and Events that laid impact on World politics (i.e World Wars, cold war, era of
Colonizations and Noe-Colonization).
Pakistan Affairs: solve past papers, quote various authors, learn quotations, draw maps and give fact
and figures in your paper. Divide your Subject in various parts
In Pak Affairs,start with a quote then introductory paragraph + few more quotes then flow chart or
table(if any) then conclusion and critical analysis plus quote at the end. For objective you can buy
any good objective book.
For Pak Affairs: I.H Qureshi book is good. You can memorize some paragraphs from there and book
of Pak Affairs by Star book depot is also helpful. Also quote from some other books in Quaid-e-Azam
library Pak history section. Ikram Rabbani is another book I'd recommend.
You can not make difference without diligence. A simple word for any success is diligence. But
diligence can never out class smart work. So always think beyond the normal expectations of a
common human being, plan everything in your life even if it is the Pakistan Affair paper, and then
develop a strategy to accomplish that goal going all out for it.
A close analysis of course content and papers of last 5 years of Pak Affair shows that examiner has
emphasized more on post independence era than pre partition events. Mode of paper was usually
creative and you wont find such questions in the course books. So a different strategy needs for Pak
Affair paper. General categories of Pak affair paper are as follow with respect to frequency on the
basis of last 5 years:
Personalities = 12%
Ideology = 8%
Pre Partition events = 35%
Constitutional Developments + Problems = 30%
Current Issues i.e Water = 7%
Misc = 8%
So to embark on homework one must avoid selective study since this is a competition and half
prepared aspirant cant win the game.That s for sure. Organize a consolidated catalog of all
questions, segregate them in different categories and read them thoroughly. Since most of the
questions apart from few exceptions are tricky and need serious thought and a thought searching
answer. An irrational answer will not serve the purpose and we will not achieve our objective.
Main emphasis should be laid on Pre Partition events and then so on with other categories. Select
recommended books by the commission and read them in time frames. Such as when you are
preparing 1900-1906 era, read from apiece book, more than ever Formative Phase by KBS,
Emergence of Pakistan by CH M Ali etc Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanely Walpert or any useful book
you hit upon appropriate, never read in disconnect sessions but in single session. Dont make notes
but note important points. You should extract important lines in exact words, make a separate
register and write quotations of different authors. [Since in paper you have to write these quotations
as Pakistan, said Ziring in his book about Pakistan, is a state of idealogy..] Read at least
two to three recent but decent books on Pakistan and you should be au fait with the contemporary
issues. Please dont skip any topic how unimportant it may be. And remember when you are
preparing Pakistan Affair, dont prepare extraneous paper alongwith. Choose a related subject that
may provide you an extra help and vice versa. If possible study in group, and hold group discussions
on each topic since a thing you learn through discussion will have a deep dent on your memory
rather you read alone. And share out sections to each member of your group and ask him to give you
lecture about that section or topic in a fully prepared class room style, black board, cross
questioning, reasoning and understanding the motives and consequences of a particular event.
Think what if this event happened in a different way what would be the situation. But that needs
dedication and commitment and honesty among the group members otherwise that will be a mere
waste of time.
For MCQs, do consult a good book but if you have planned for 20 out of 20 marks in this section,
then you have to create your own database from books and from current affairs otherwise you will
not be going to achieve your goal. Be positive and dont take CSS as a very big achievement in your
life, it is just a test for job, Thats it. Say your prayers five times a day and be down to earth always.
I. Ideology of Pakistan-----definition and elucidation, historical aspects: Muslim rule in the Sub-
Continent, its downfall and efforts for Renaissance. Movements for reforms-- Shaikh Ahmad
Sarhindi, Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed, Aligarh, Deoband, Nadwah, and other
educational institutions-------Sindh Madrassah and Islamia College Peshawae. Ideology of Pakistan
in the light of Speeches and statements of Allama Iqbal and Quaid- i Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
II. Land and people of Pakistan------- Geography, Society, Natural resources, Agriculture, Industry
and education with reference to characteristics, trends and problems.
III. Pakistan and Changing Regional Apparatus
IV. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, its Safety and Security; International Concerns
V. Regional Economic Cooperation (SAARC,ECO,SCO) and the Role of Pakistan
VI. Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan VII. Economic Challenges in Pakistan
VIII. Non-Traditional Security Threats in Pakistan: Role of Non-State Actors
IX. Pakistans Role in the Region X. Palestine Issue
XI. Changing Security Dynamics for Pakistan: Challenges to National Security of Pakistan
XII. Political Evolution Since 1971 XIII. Pakistan and US War on Terror
XIV. Foreign Policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
XV. Evolution of Democratic System in Pakistan
XVI. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
XVII. Hydro Politics ; Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context
XVIII. Pakistans National Interest
XIX. Challenges to Sovereignty XX. Pakistans Energy Problems and their Effects
XXI. Pakistans Relations with Neighbors excluding India
XXII. Pakistan and India Relations Since 1947
XXIII. Kashmir Issue
XXIV. The war in Afghanistan since 1979 and its impact on, and challenges to Pakistan, in the Post
2014 era.
XXV. Proxy Wars: Role of External Elements
XXVI. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and
Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy.
XXVII. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts.
XXVIII. The Prevailing Social Problems of Pakistan and the Strategies to Deal with Them, Poverty,
Education, Health and Sanitation.
1. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. Adeney, Katharine. , New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
2. Labor, Democratization and Development in India and Pakistan. Candland, Christopher, New York:
Routledge, 2007.
3. Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis in 1990. Chari, P.R. at al,
New York: Routledge, 2003.
4. The Future of Pakistan. Cohen Stephen P. et al. Washington: Brookings Institute Press, 2011.
5. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam. Hussian, Zahid. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2007.
6. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Jalal, Aisha and Bose, Sugata. New York:
Routledge, 1998.
7. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia. Jalal, Aisha, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995.
8. Conflict Between India and Pakistan: an Encyclopedia. Lyon, Peter. California: ABC-CLIO, 2008.
9. Back to Pakistan: A Fifty Year Journey. Mass, Leslie Noyes. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, 2011.
10. Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan. Newberg, Paula R. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995.
11. Pakistan: Manifest Destiny. Qureshi, Atiff. London: Epic Press, 2009.
12. Pakistan, America, and the Future of Global Jihad. Riedel, Bruce. Deadly Embrace: Washington:
Brookings Institute Press, 2011.
13. Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. Schofield, Victoria. New York:
I.B.Tauria, 2003.
14. Islamic Law and the Law of Armed Conflict: The Armed Conflict in Pakistan. Shah, Niaz A. New
York: Routledge, 2011.
15. Making Sense of Pakistan. Shaikh, Farzana. New York: Colombia University Press, 2009.
16. A Brief History of Pakistan. Wynbrandt, James. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009.
17. Powering Pakistan: Meetings Pakistan Energy Needs in 21st Century Robert M. Hathaway and
Michael Gugelman
18. Pakistans Energy Sector: From Crisis to Crisis-Breaking the Chain Zaid Alahdad
Also read & make points on the following topics::
A. Ancient History (712-1857)
B. Pre Partition (1857-1947)
C. Post Partition (1947- till current Era)
D. Current Scenario (Current issues, relations, problems and politics)
22.Current Affairs:
Introduction:
Current Affair paper can be generally divided into following segments:
A. Domestic/National Affairs: Good governance, Democracy in Pakistan, Political & Administrative

Issues/matters, Militancy & Extremism, Unemployment, Illiteracy and Lack of Education, Economic
Issues, Energy Crisis, Water Crisis/Issues, Corruption, Increasing Population, Poverty etc. Different
Scandals, Ethnic & Sectarian violence, Lack of National integration, Role of Media (Conventional &
Social), Pakistan Protection Ordinance 2013 and current domestics issues/matters
B. International Affairs: Foreign Policy of Pakistan, Pakistans relations with China, India,
Afghanistan, Iran, USA, Central Asian Countries and the Muslim World, US-India relations &
implications for Pakistan, US-China relations, India-China relations & implications for Pakistan, India-
Afghanistan relations & implications for Pakistan, Withdrawal of NATO forces & implications for
Pakistan, IP gas pipeline, Geo-political and geostrategic significance of Pakistan
C. International Issues: Kashmir issue, Palestine issue, Muslim Ummahs issues, Global
Warming/Climate Change
D. Organizations: UNO & its organs (every aspect), OIC, SAARC, ASEAN, SCO, EU etc
Books/Magazines/Digests/Newspapers:
i. Jahangir World Time Magazine
ii. Contemporary Affairs by Imtiaz Shahid
iii. Dawn or any other English Newspaper
i. Read the articles/columns on above mentioned issues and develop your own opinion based on
arguments & critical analysis.
ii. Practice is Key to success.
i. Attempt the questions which you have prepared very well.
ii. Give suitable headings/sub-headings wherever possible.
iii. Give critical analysis and conclusion.
iv. Time management is very important so take care of time while attempting long questions.
.PAPER: CURRENT AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)

For current affairs ,read Dawn + The Nation + The News + Current Affairs Digest + Newsweek +
Times + Economist + World times (Jehangir book depot) + Contemporary Affairs by Imtiaz Shahid
(read at least 3 latest editions) + The Khaleej Times + The Washington Post + The New York times.
For current affairs read some good columnists for example in Dawn read Tariq Fatemi, Sultan Khan
in The Nation Shamshad Ali Khan in The News Shirin Mazari ,Ayaz Amir,Farrukh Saleem in The
Daily Times read Hasan Askari Rizvi and Ejaz Haider(You can find these papers online)
Read columns and editorials in a newspaper.A great website for those people who want to read
different columnists all in one place it is:http://www.pkcolumnist.com/
Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and International
Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.
1. Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
A-Economic
B-Political
C-Social
2. Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
A- Pakistans relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
B- Pakistans relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
C- Pakistans relations with the United States
D- Pakistans relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO,
CW)
3. Global Issues (40 marks)
International Security International Political Economy Human Rights Environment: Global
Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord Population: world population trends, world
population policies Terrorism and Counter Terrorism Global Energy Politics Nuclear Proliferation
and Nuclear Security Nuclear Politics in South Asia GlobalizationMillennium Development Goals,
Current Status, Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package) Middle East Crisis Kashmir
Issue Palestine Issue
1. Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History, 2011 Abdul Sattar,
2. Issue in Pakistans Economy, 2010 Akbar S. Zaidi
3. Pakistan: A Hard Country, 2012 Anatol Lieven
4. Government & Politics in South Asia, 6th ed., 2009 Baxter, Malik, Kennedy & Oberst,
5. Introduction to International Political Economy, 2010 David Balaam & Bradford Dillman
6. International Organization (Second Edition) 2012 Volker Rittberger, Bernhard Zangl and Andress
Kruck
7. The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times (2011) Mohamed Elbaradei
8. International Relations, 2012 Joshua Goldstein
9. World Politics: Trends & Transformation, 2011 Kegley & Blanton
10. Pakistan Beyond the Crisis, 2011 Maleeha Lodhi
11. Globalization in Question, 2009 Paul Hirst
12. International Political Economy: Interests & Institutions in the Global Economy, 2010 Thomas
Oatley 13. Politics and Change in the Middle East, 10th Ed., Pearson, 2012 Andersen, Seibert, and
Wagner
14. Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb, (2012) Feroz Khan
23.Islamiat:
Books:
i. Islamiat by Hafeeza Bano Butt (Caravan Publishers)
ii. Top 20 questions (Jahangir Publishers)
iii. Islami Nazria-e-Hayat by Khursheed Ahmad
i. This paper can be divided into two major segments. First segment deals with pure Islamic
matters/teachings (Quran, Revelation,Toheed, Akhirat, Prayer, Zakat,Hajj, Fasting, Jihad, Ijtehad,
Ijma etc) and second segment deals with contemporary affairs with respect to Islamic perspective.
ii. Prepare segment one with respect to Verses and Hadiths.
iii. Prepare segment two with respect to Islamic interpretation of contemporary issues.
i. Quote Verses and Hadiths wherever possible.
ii. Make headings and sub-headings.
iii. Positive approach should be adopted in second segment.
iv. Give argumentative analysis of contemporary affairs in the light of Islamic principles.
Islamic Studies OR Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) (100): Avoid
Stereotyped way of Studying and rather going through crammed material utilize your time by
studying Friday Features. Watch more and more lectures of Zakir Naik and Javed Ahmed Ghamdi
Sahb as they will be of best use when it will come to day of exam. Try and understand complex
issues of religion as problem ov humanity, Muslim Ummah and their solution, Ijma and Qiyas, Islam
being complete code of life. Solve Past papers at least 5 to 7 years. Learn Ahadith and Quranic
Ayats (at least last 10 Surah of The Holy Quran).
Opt Islamiat in Urdu because it is more scoring and quot in Arabic. The length of answer should be
about 4-7 pages.
For Islamiat there are many good books available in market. Try to read Islamic editions of various
newspapers like Dawn and The Nation
Course content simply reveals that there must be questions about General teachings, beliefs, and
Last ten Surahs of The Holy Quran. ( Last two years papers tell otherwise.A commanding
answer about certain critical issues.FPSC is now thinking to discover the latent knowledge from
Aspirants, and they are discouraging rote learning and simple questioning and every question will
demand a very creative and logical answer ). So we have to face the music of creative thinking and
logical reasoning. Be ready for that.
As everyone of you is aware of the pattern paper of Islamic studies it is a good idea to study
thoroughly and completely with a petite concentration on facts and figures of Islamic teachings .Solve
past papers but never rely on last years paper since there is only one thing is certain in CSS
business and that is uncertainty. Get a good book on Islamic Encyclopedia and read that book at
least once.
As for as mode of writing is concerned, it depends on your previous education, in either mode you
can go.
Smart working lies in the preparation well in advance.
Read some good books (Of good Scholars) on these issues and just clear your concepts about
Islamic point of view. There may be controversial issues and you may not be able to judge in
between them. Then dont try to pull the strings in one direction, just remain neutral and you can
quote your incompetency since you are not supposed to give an authoritative judgment about issues.
And please set aside your sect for a while, and be a humble and logically reasoned muslim. Islami
Nazria-e-Hayyat by Porf Khurshid Ahamd is strongly recommended book for clear concepts about
Islamic systems. Make a habit to learn one Verse (Ayah) daily, and write it in your register dedicated
to Islamic study under definite heading. Like you learn a verse about Woman, so write in Woman
portion, try to remember it by Surah No and Verse No alongwith translation. Do study Friday feature
in Jang urdu, and cut the useful articles and segregate them accordingly.
24::.Journalism & Mass Communication: (100)

For journalism , consult past papers and make a list of important topics. Another book which I have
found useful is journalism by Abid Tahami. Its very concise and Emporium's Journalism book is also
good. Journalism is quite an easy subject to prepare. First make a list of all those questions that
have been asked in previous CSS exams.In journalism all topics of Imtiaz Shahid book + Abid
Tahami book + Mehdi Hassan book + past papers. Give headings and sub headings and make flow
charts and diagrams.Then prepare your own notes, my suggestions for books are:
1.Mass communication by Imtiaz Shahid
2.Emporium Journalism book as well as objective
3.Journalism by Abid Tahami
4.I've forgotten the title of this book but Its written by Dr Mehdi Hassan
In paper, give headings and make flowcharts and diagrams.
25.History of Pakistan & India: (100)

1.For general guidance 3 books are good:
1:K Ali
2:Tariq Awan(by Feroze sons)
3:Sohail Bhatti
But plz dont rely on them and make your own good notes. For making notes on Babar, read Tuzk-e-
Babri too.
2: Use quotations of important Historians (you can find quotes even In K Ali) like Elphinstone in your
question. The number of quotations depends upon memory and availability with an average of 5-6
pages.
3: In almost every question which you attempt draw maps of subcontinent and indicate the relevant
king's battles on that map.
4. Dont forget to write critical analysis at the end. Critical analysis in Indo-Pak should be about half
to one page long (a lot depends on the size of writing; the criterion I've mentioned is for medium
sized).
5. For Indo-Pak history maps, use book of Tariq Awan. Even K. Ali has given maps of subcontinent
during each king's era
6:Answered questions with a pointer. You can find maps in K ALI just draw them roughly ;you dont
need to be very accurate.
7: Critical analysis can fetch you good marks and it also shows that you possess a good analytical
mind. You can also quote from good books in critical analysis.
8.A similar approach can work wonders in Indo-Pak History and Pak Affairs.
9: As far as maps are concerned just draw them with pen or marker.Copy maps from K Ali and then
indicate on maps where different battles were fought on map using pen.
26.Constitutional Law: (100)

For Constitutional Law, consult books of Mazar ul Haq + Bhatti's How states are Governed + VD
Mahajan. Write in simple but effective language.
First prepare a list of previous questions. Try to up to date your constitution by visiting wikipedia.
Make headings ,quote some famous Jurists like Blackwell or Dicey and give references of some
important cases like Marbury vs Madison.
A good website for Pakistans Constitution is:
http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/Wikipedia is the best for updates regarding constitutions.For
example, there are some amendments in French constitution which are not found in other books. For
Pakistans constitution consult Hamid Khan's book, it will help you in understanding its history also.
27.Urdu: (100)1.First of all choose Urdu only if you are really good at it otherwise its not scoring.
2.Read Adabi sections of different newspapers.
3.Before attempting such questions in Urdu A( like comments on style of Mushtaq Yousafi) give a
brief introduction of author and his/her works.
4. Also use quotations, for example, in the question (comments on style of Mushtaq Yousafi?) give
quotation of Zameer Jafari, Mushtaq Yousafi Urdu ka Mangla dam hain.
5. Buy MA Urdu master guide kits very relevant. Anwar Sadeed Urdu Adab ki Thareekh is another
good book.
6.For Iqbal and Ghalib MA Urdu has separate books like Ghalib aur Iqbal get them too.
7.Try to memorize lot of Asha'ars.
8. For Tashreeh you can buy Bang-e-Dara ki tashreeh, Bal-e-Jibraeel ki tashreeh, Diwan-e-Ghalib ki
tashreeh from Urdu Bazaar. Write relevant ashaars of good poets in tashreeh.
9. The number of asha'ar depends on your memory. Write explanation of about 3-5 pages and quote
10 to 15 asha'ar. Develop a great interest in Urdu literature and read all novels of CSS syllabus. I'll
recommend you to go through all novels. Explanation should be (depending on your writing) 2-4
pages long. You should give brief introduction of writer before hiting main material.Put 7-8 quotations
of different historian in every question.
9: For Urdu: Shakir Ali +Anwar Sadeed book + Saleem Akhtar's book
Amjad Ali Shakir is better for Urdu.
28.Psychological Test:
Some great websites for psychological tests are:
www.iqtest.com
www.2h.com/iqtests.html
www.intelligencetests.com
www.highiqsociety.orgThey are really helpful!
29.Total score in written: should be between 750-800

Interview: 160-200
Grand total: 900-1000
Merit order. must be somewhere among TOP 10::: 1-10
30.Doctors and CSS:

There is no special criterion for doctors. However ,as a doctor youmust not take any technical subject
rather you should go for general subjects like Indo Pak history, British History ,Political science and
Journalism. You have an edge in everyday science because most of the subjective is based on
Biology. However, MCQs in paper might be unpredictable as they might be mostly on physics, space
physics, geology and chemistry.Take subjects which interest you the most or develop interest in
them.
Break between two papers, suggested food.
31.To avoid mid day energy slump which is due to low glucose level. Take some sugary thing for
example dates, biscuits, banana milkshake or sweetened oats porridge. It will keep you active and
fresh.
32.Flow charts and graphs:
Flow charts are like chart of Maslow's theory of needs in Journalism. Graphs could include GDP
growth charts,literacy rate chart,contribution of different industries in economic growth(in Pakistan
Affairs and Current Affairs)
33.English Skills:
English skills are certainly necessary for CSS but you could improve them by extensive reading.
Read different articles from well reputed newspapers like the Nation, Dawn, and The Times (find
them on internet) and try to write at least one paragraph daily. Get your tests checked by a good
teacher. Itll help you a lot. For English tutoring you can contact any well reputed teacher.
34::
CSS Preparation
37::Current Affairs: Read news paper daily. Dawn and Express Tribune are best.
Go extensively through Jehangir World Time Monthly Magazine.
Solve Past Papers.
Draw Maps
Give fact and figures and charts in your papers.
Economic Survey ov Pakistan which can be downloaded from Pak govt website should be on your
Finger Tips.
Also divide Current affairs in various parts such as National Issues, International issues, Relations,
Personalities and Events that laid impact on World politics (i.e World Wars, cold war, era of
Colonizations and Noe-Colonization).
PAPER: CURRENT AFFAIRS (100 MARKS)
For current affairs ,read Dawn + The Nation + The News + Current Affairs Digest + Newsweek +
Times + Economist + World times (Jehangir book depot) + Contemporary Affairs by Imtiaz Shahid
(read at least 3 latest editions) + The Khaleej Times + The Washington Post + The New York times.
For current affairs read some good columnists for example in Dawn read Tariq Fatemi, Sultan Khan
in The Nation Shamshad Ali Khan in The News Shirin Mazari ,Ayaz Amir,Farrukh Saleem in The
Daily Times read Hasan Askari Rizvi and Ejaz Haider(You can find these papers online)
Read columns and editorials in a newspaper.A great website for those people who want to read
different columnists all in one place it is:http://www.pkcolumnist.com/
Candidates will be expected to display such general knowledge of history, politics and International
Affairs, as deemed necessary to interpret current affairs.
1. Pakistan's Domestic Affairs (20 marks)
A-Economic
B-Political
C-Social
2. Pakistan's External Affairs (40 marks)
A- Pakistans relations with its Neighbors (India, China, Afghanistan, Russia)
B- Pakistans relations with the Muslim World (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey)
C- Pakistans relations with the United States
D- Pakistans relations with Regional and International Organizations (UN, SAARC, ECO, OIC, WTO,
CW)
3. Global Issues (40 marks)
International Security International Political Economy Human Rights Environment: Global
Warming, Kyoto Protocol, Copenhagen Accord Population: world population trends, world
population policies Terrorism and Counter Terrorism Global Energy Politics Nuclear Proliferation
and Nuclear Security Nuclear Politics in South Asia GlobalizationMillennium Development Goals,
Current Status, Cooperation and Competition in Arabian Sea, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
International Trade (Doha Development Round and Bali Package) Middle East Crisis Kashmir
Issue Palestine Issue
1. Pakistan Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History, 2011 Abdul Sattar,
2. Issue in Pakistans Economy, 2010 Akbar S. Zaidi
3. Pakistan: A Hard Country, 2012 Anatol Lieven
4. Government & Politics in South Asia, 6th ed., 2009 Baxter, Malik, Kennedy & Oberst,
5. Introduction to International Political Economy, 2010 David Balaam & Bradford Dillman
6. International Organization (Second Edition) 2012 Volker Rittberger, Bernhard Zangl and Andress
Kruck
7. The Age of Deception: Nuclear Diplomacy in Treacherous Times (2011) Mohamed Elbaradei
8. International Relations, 2012 Joshua Goldstein
9. World Politics: Trends & Transformation, 2011 Kegley & Blanton
10. Pakistan Beyond the Crisis, 2011 Maleeha Lodhi
11. Globalization in Question, 2009 Paul Hirst
12. International Political Economy: Interests & Institutions in the Global Economy, 2010 Thomas
Oatley 13. Politics and Change in the Middle East, 10th Ed., Pearson, 2012 Andersen, Seibert, and
Wagner
14. Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb, (2012) Feroz Khan
CSS Exam Preparation

38::Islamic Studies OR Comparative Study of Major Religions (For Non Muslims) (100): Avoid
Stereotyped way of Studying and rather going through crammed material utilize your time by
studying Friday Features. Watch more and more lectures of Zakir Naik and Javed Ahmed Ghamdi
Sahb as they will be of best use when it will come to day of exam. Try and understand complex
issues of religion as problem of humanity, Muslim Ummah and their solution, Ijma and Qiyas, Islam
being complete code of life. Solve Past papers at least 5 to 7 years. Learn Ahadith and Quranic
Ayats (at least last 10 Surah of The Holy Quran).
Opt Islamiat in Urdu because it is more scoring and quot in Arabic. The length of answer should be
about 4-7 pages.
For Islamiat there are many good books available in market. Try to read Islamic editions of various
newspapers like Dawn and The Nation
Course content simply reveals that there must be questions about General teachings, beliefs, and
Last ten Surahs of The Holy Quran. ( Last two years papers tell otherwise.A commanding
answer about certain critical issues.FPSC is now thinking to discover the latent knowledge from
Aspirants, and they are discouraging rote learning and simple questioning and every question will
demand a very creative and logical answer ). So we have to face the music of creative thinking and
logical reasoning. Be ready for that.
As everyone of you is aware of the pattern paper of Islamic studies it is a good idea to study
thoroughly and completely with a petite concentration on facts and figures of Islamic teachings .Solve
past papers but never rely on last years paper since there is only one thing is certain in CSS
business and that is uncertainty. Get a good book on Islamic Encyclopedia and read that book at
least once.
As for as mode of writing is concerned, it depends on your previous education, in either mode you
can go.
Smart working lies in the preparation well in advance.
Read some good books (Of good Scholars) on these issues and just clear your concepts about
Islamic point of view. There may be controversial issues and you may not be able to judge in
between them. Then dont try to pull the strings in one direction, just remain neutral and you can
quote your incompetency since you are not supposed to give an authoritative judgment about issues.
And please set aside your sect for a while, and be a humble and logically reasoned muslim. Islami
Nazria-e-Hayyat by Porf Khurshid Ahamd is strongly recommended book for clear concepts about
Islamic systems. Make a habit to learn one Verse (Ayah) daily, and write it in your register dedicated
to Islamic study under definite heading. Like you learn a verse about Woman, so write in Woman
portion, try to remember it by Surah No and Verse No alongwith translation. Do study Friday feature
in Jang urdu, and cut the useful articles and segregate them accordingly.
CSS Preparation
39::Journalism & Mass Communication: (100)
For journalism , consult past papers and make a list of important topics. Another book which I have
found useful is journalism by Abid Tahami. Its very concise and Emporium's Journalism book is also
good. Journalism is quite an easy subject to prepare. First make a list of all those questions that
have been asked in previous CSS exams.In journalism all topics of Imtiaz Shahid book + Abid
Tahami book + Mehdi Hassan book + past papers. Give headings and sub headings and make flow
charts and diagrams.Then prepare your own notes, my suggestions for books are:
1.Mass communication by Imtiaz Shahid
2.Emporium Journalism book as well as objective
3.Journalism by Abid Tahami
4.I've forgotten the title of this book but Its written by Dr Mehdi Hassan
In paper, give headings and make flowcharts and diagrams.
CSS Preparation
40::History of Pakistan & India: (100)
1.For general guidance 3 books are good:
1:K Ali
2:Tariq Awan(by Feroze sons)
3:Sohail Bhatti
But plz dont rely on them and make your own good notes. For making notes on Babar, read Tuzk-e-
Babri too.
2: Use quotations of important Historians (you can find quotes even In K Ali) like Elphinstone in your
question. The number of quotations depends upon memory and availability with an average of 5-6
pages.
3: In almost every question which you attempt draw maps of subcontinent and indicate the relevant
king's battles on that map.
4. Dont forget to write critical analysis at the end. Critical analysis in Indo-Pak should be about half
to one page long (a lot depends on the size of writing; the criterion I've mentioned is for medium
sized).
5. For Indo-Pak history maps, use book of Tariq Awan. Even K. Ali has given maps of subcontinent
during each king's era
6:Answered questions with a pointer. You can find maps in K ALI just draw them roughly ;you dont
need to be very accurate.
7: Critical analysis can fetch you good marks and it also shows that you possess a good analytical
mind. You can also quote from good books in critical analysis.
8.A similar approach can work wonders in Indo-Pak History and Pak Affairs.
9: As far as maps are concerned just draw them with pen or marker.Copy maps from K Ali and then
indicate on maps where different battles were fought on map using pen.
CSS Preparation
41::Urdu: (100)1.First of all choose Urdu only if you are really good at it otherwise its not scoring.
2.Read Adabi sections of different newspapers.
3.Before attempting such questions in Urdu A( like comments on style of Mushtaq Yousafi) give a
brief introduction of author and his/her works.
4. Also use quotations, for example, in the question (comments on style of Mushtaq Yousafi?) give
quotation of Zameer Jafari, Mushtaq Yousafi Urdu ka Mangla dam hain.
5. Buy MA Urdu master guide kits very relevant. Anwar Sadeed Urdu Adab ki Thareekh is another
good book.
6.For Iqbal and Ghalib MA Urdu has separate books like Ghalib aur Iqbal get them too.
7.Try to memorize lot of Asha'ars.
8. For Tashreeh you can buy Bang-e-Dara ki tashreeh, Bal-e-Jibraeel ki tashreeh, Diwan-e-Ghalib ki
tashreeh from Urdu Bazaar. Write relevant ashaars of good poets in tashreeh.
9. The number of asha'ar depends on your memory. Write explanation of about 3-5 pages and quote
10 to 15 asha'ar. Develop a great interest in Urdu literature and read all novels of CSS syllabus. I'll
recommend you to go through all novels. Explanation should be (depending on your writing) 2-4
pages long. You should give brief introduction of writer before hiting main material.Put 7-8 quotations
of different historian in every question.
9: For Urdu: Shakir Ali +Anwar Sadeed book + Saleem Akhtar's book
Amjad Ali Shakir is better for Urdu.
42.Constitutional Law: (100)

For Constitutional Law, consult books of Mazar ul Haq + Bhatti's How states are Governed + VD
Mahajan. Write in simple but effective language.
First prepare a list of previous questions. Try to up to date your constitution by visiting wikipedia.
Make headings ,quote some famous Jurists like Blackwell or Dicey and give references of some
important cases like Marbury vs Madison.
A good website for Pakistans Constitution is:
http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/Wikipedia is the best for updates regarding constitutions.For
example, there are some amendments in French constitution which are not found in other books. For
Pakistans constitution consult Hamid Khan's book, it will help you in understanding its history also.
43::Psychological Test:
Some great websites for psychological tests are:
www.iqtest.com
www.2h.com/iqtests.html
www.intelligencetests.com
www.highiqsociety.orgThey are really helpful!
Total score in written: should be between 750-800
Interview: 160-200
Grand total: 900-1000
Merit order. must be somewhere among TOP 10::: 1-10
Reply to some queries.
Doctors and CSS:
There is no special criterion for doctors. However ,as a doctor youmust not take any technical subject
rather you should go for general subjects like Indo Pak history, British History ,Political science and
Journalism. You have an edge in everyday science because most of the subjective is based on
Biology. However, MCQs in paper might be unpredictable as they might be mostly on physics, space
physics, geology and chemistry.Take subjects which interest you the most or develop interest in
them.
Break between two papers, suggested food.
To avoid mid day energy slump which is due to low glucose level. Take some sugary thing for
example dates, biscuits, banana milkshake or sweetened oats porridge. It will keep you active and
fresh.
Flow charts and graphs:
Flow charts are like chart of Maslow's theory of needs in Journalism. Graphs could include GDP
growth charts,literacy rate chart,contribution of different industries in economic growth(in Pakistan
Affairs and Current Affairs)
44::English Skills:
English skills are certainly necessary for CSS but you could improve them by extensive reading.
Read different articles from well reputed newspapers like the Nation, Dawn, and The Times (find
them on internet) and try to write at least one paragraph daily. Get your tests checked by a good
teacher. Itll help you a lot. For English tutoring you can contact any well reputed teacher.
45::Joining Academy:
A)-As far as academy is concerned I think that you must join a good one. Though you have to make
effort yourself and no academy could spoon-feed you. The only benefit is that you can streamline
your knowledge and you can interact with a lot of people to gain from their knowledge and
experience. Do consult a good library for your CSS preparation. Your success doesnt depend only
on your academy so it doesnt matter which academy you have joined. Just concentrate on your
work.
B)-How to start Preparation:
Just start preparing Compulsory subjects. First, make a list of questions from previous papers,
prepare these questions first and then other question.....
46. Develop a fairly good command of English.You must be able to write in flawless english.NO
grammatical error!!!
47.BENEFITS OF GROUP STUDIES:

Normally we have seen that the students prepare their CSS examinations along with other friends as well. In this way
they can clearly identify their weakness and main faults and can even get the help for solving the complicated queries
as well. There are many websites as well that offer the students with the material and suggest out some book names
that are imperative for the complete preparation of the CSS test.
48.Provincial Offices
Lahore: (For Address Map, Click here)31-Civic Centre, Mustafa Town,

Wahdat Road,Lahore
Ph:042-99260201
Karachi: H.M.2 Bath Island,Karachi
Ph: 021-9250926
Peshawar: Plot No.29, Behind Rehman Medical Complex,
Sector B-2, Phase-V, Hayatabad, Peshawar
Ph: 091-9217337
Quetta:
No.758/A/A-2, Sharah Samungli,
Jinnah Town, Quetta.
Ph:081-9202955
49.FPSC::
Contact Information
Secretary
Address: F-5/1 Aga Khan road, Islamabad.
Tel:+92-51-9205075
Fax: +92-51-9203410
UAN: +92-51-111-000-248
Email: fpsc@fpsc.gov.pk
http://fpsc.gov.pk/icms/user/page.php?page_id=473
50.Joining Academy:
As far as academy is concerned I think that you must join a good one. Though you have to make
effort yourself and no academy could spoon-feed you. The only benefit is that you can streamline
your knowledge and you can interact with a lot of people to gain from their knowledge and
experience. Do consult a good library for your CSS preparation. Your success doesnt depend
only on your academy so it doesnt matter which academy you have joined. Just concentrate on
your work.
If you want to join classes ,Excellence is one of the best :::

CSS Preparatory Classes
Timings:- 5.30 pm to 9.00 pm &amp:Flexible
Duration=3 months.
Fee Structure:Total Fee:Rs.50,000/-(For the whole course including compulsory & optional subjects)
Note:This fee includes Fee for English Papers Rs.20,000/-Fee for English (2
papers:1.Essay&2.Comprehension &Prcis) , Registration Fee,Material Cost , Mock Exam Fee
&Tuition Fee
Special FOCUS on:Prepare for CSS/PMS with our team of skilled, qualified, diligent &dedicated
professionals.
*Psychological test and interview preparation with senior CSP officers
*All compulsory subjects+ a wide range of optional subjects
*Exhaustive lectures
*Group discussions
*Assignments,quizzes and projects
*Special FOCUS on Essay Writing and English
Language(Grammar,vocabulary,usage,comprehension &prcis)
* Ideally located campus
* Public transport available from all parts of the twin cities
Subjects Offered:::All Compulsory::English Essay and Comprehension
Everyday Science,Islamiyat.Pakistan Affairs,Current Affairs
Optional Subjects::IR,Psychology,Political Science,Sociology,Journalism,Punjabi,Gender Studies
Faculty:English Paper 1 & 2: Riaz Laghari
& his carefully Scanned team of exceptional professionals for other subjects!!!
# Excellence,
House No#1, Street# 35, Sector G-6/2,Islamabad, Email:hrexcellence@hotmail.com,
Twitter:@ExcellenceHR, Skype:excellencehr,Ph: +92-51-262-38-39,Vfone:+92-51-430-20-42, Cell:
+92-333-570-47-66

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(B) COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION (CSS) WING

:STRATEGIES FOR BEGINNERS

3.BEGINNINGS/HESITATIONS INTO THE UNCHARTERED WATERS::

5.SELECTING OPTIONAL SUBJECTS::

CSS 2016 New Revised Compulsory Optional Subjects Syllabi

B: OPTIONAL SUBJECTS (600 MARKS)

What optional subjects should I opt?

REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARATION

PREPARATION FOR OPTIONAL SUBJECTS

7. SHARING & LEARNING::

HOW TO SELECT OPTIONAL SUBJECTS

1. Every subject is good.

9.KNOWING YOURSELF IS THE SECRET::SELF ANALYSIS:PEEP INTO YOURSELF::

Am I competent enough to take CSS exams?

Can I offer what this endeavor demands?

10.A)-What is sufficient time span for preparation?

B)-How much should I study?

16:::Winning Strategy in CSS/PMS

Go through the syllabus and past year question papers

D)-A Balanced Approach

Develop Writing Skills

Candidates should follow them and put them into practice.

Draw Maps and Charts in Pak and Currents Affairs Papers

Draw Diagrams in GSA.

Exercise 1-------Smart Working

18-ENGLISH (PRECIS & COMPOSITION) (Marks 100)

English Prcis & Composition:

How to attempt paper:

English Essay(100 Marks)

Objective : To get through English Essay paper

Essay Topics:Write essays on these topics for practice.

Essay Topics for CSS English Essay Paper:

CSS Essays Outlines

1300-1400 fall of Khilafat

Muslims enjoyed victories

They had strong military

They were at peak in education, justice and culture

56-57 total Muslim states

2010 based on political rights and civil liberties in member countries.

ranging from noticeable problems to very serious situation.

particular concern where religious freedom is severely violated.

accelerated by the contribution of OIC.

Challenges faced by Muslim Ummah

Far behind in Science and Technology

Redefining the role of women

Internal and international conspiracies

Regionalism (Arab, Non Arab or Arab, African)

Illiteracy, poverty and conservatism

Leaving Jihad and spirituality

Acting off beam philosophies including deen-eIlahi, Wahdat-ul-Wujood, Mootazilla

o 1757, Battle Palassi, Nawab Siraj-ud-Dola

o 177, saranga Patam, Tipu Sultan

o 1857, dehli, Bahadur Shah Zafar

o 1739, meisoor, Sultan Nizam-ul-Mulk

Understanding, implementation and preaching of shariah

Establishment of Khilafat shariah

Jihad and Ijtehad

Suggestions for future development: