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FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

11, 117 42 , T.: 210 92 11 200-10, Fax: 210 92 33 977, www.iobe.gr


11 Tsami Karatassou, 117 42 Athens, Greece, Tel.: +30 210-9211 200-10, Fax: +30210-9233 977

2013

Navios Maritime
Holdings . ,
.

Copyright 2013

(IOBE)
11, 117 42
T.: (210 9211200-10), Fax: (210 9228130 & 210 9233977)
E-mail: iobe@iobe.gr - URL: http://www.iobe.gr

.......................................................................................... 5
1. ........................................................................................ 13
1.1. ...................................................................................... 14
2. ................................... 15
2.1. ...................................... 16
2.2. : ....................... 22
2.3. ............................................................................................... 26
3.
............................................................................................................ 27
3.1. ............................................................................................. 28
3.1.1. .......................................................... 28
3.1.2. - ........................................................................ 29
3.2. ............................................................... 33
3.2.1. .............................................................................................. 33
3.2.2. ...................................... 38
3.3. ........................................... 41
3.3.1. ..................................................................................... 42
3.3.2. ................................................ 44
3.3.3. ................................................................. 46
3.4. .................................................................................................... 50
3.5. ............................................................................................... 51
4. ............................................ 53
4.1. .................................................................................................. 54
4.2. /........................................................ 54
4.2.1. ..................................................... 55
4.2.2. .................................................... 57
4.3. .............................................. 58
4.3.1. .............................................................................................. 58
4.3.2. ............................................................................... 62
4.3.3. ..................................................................................... 64
4.3.4. .............................................................................. 66
4.4. .................................................................................................... 67
4.5. ............................................................................................... 68
5. ....................................................................................... 69
5.1. ........................................................... 70
5.2. ................................................................................... 70
5.2.1. .......................... 71
5.2.2. ..... 71
5.2.3. ......... 71
5.2.4. .............................. 73
5.2.5. ........................................................................ 74
...................................................................................................... 77


2.1: , 1994-2010..................................................... 17
2.2: Baltic Dry Index 2000-2011 ............................................................. 18
2.3: HARPEX 2001-2011............................................................... 18
2.4: 2011 .................................... 19
2.5: , 2011 ...................... 19
2.6: - ( ) .... 21
2.7: ........................................................ 22
2.8: 2010 ................................................... 23
2.9: 1987-2010 ..................... 24
2.10: , 2011 25
3.1: 10
............................................................................................................................. 31
3.2: ................................ 32
3.3: / .......... 35
3.4: / ...... 37
3.5: ,2008 ...................................... 38
3.6:
2009 ( .) ............................................................................................... 39
3.7: , 2009 ........................................................................... 40
3.8: ................................................................... 40
3.9: .......... 43
3.10: (
) .................................... 43
3.11:
( ) ............................................................................................... 44
3.12: ............ 44
3.13: ( ),
, .......................................................... 45
3.14:
( ) ....................................................................... 46
3.15: ....................................................................... 47
4.1:
........................................................................................................................... 55
4.2: ................... 59
4.3:
................................................................................................................................................ 59
4.4:
, . ....................................... 60
4.5: ........... 61
4.6: ......................................... 62
4.7: ,
. ..................................................................................................................................... 63
4.8: ......................... 63
4.9: .............................................. 64
4.10:
............................................................................................................. 65
4.11:
( ) ................................... 65
4.12: / .... 66
5.1: ......... 76

.
4.065 , 3.760
, IHS Fairplay World Shipping
Encyclopedia 2012. ,
184 . (dwt),
( 1). ,
, .
52%
( )
NYSE NASDAQ - .

1: 2010

200
. dwt

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

dwt dwt

(8)
:

, .
8,4 1. 2009
( 4% ). , 5,4 .
, 2,2 . 680 . .

, 93%

1
/ Eurostat.
&
5

.
- urostat,
( 12,7 .
2009 14,5 . 2010), 46,9%
2011 ().
,

, .

2:
2009 ( . )


5.489

A 8.422
5.431


2.176


679

: 13.853

: ESA tables, Eurostat,


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/introduction


/,

( ) 13,3 .
2009, 6,1% 2. ,
( )

(, cargo handling, ,

2
2009-2012,

.
&
6

, , )


( -, ,
, - ). ,
-
.

,
2009, 34 . .

2008 42%
() . ,


,
.

,
-

-
, -
2009 192 . .
2,7 .


.
(tonnage tax),
(
),
.
,
.
,
. ,

&
7

,

. ,
( )
,
.

,
,
,
, ,
.
,
790 . 2009 ( 1).

1: , 2009

8.422 4.847 13.269

732 1.949 2.681

559 231 790

( .) 34 158 192

: ., Eurostat, / model


,

. ,

, /
.

&
8

3: /


25

20

15
.

10

: /,


26 ., 12,7 .
,
5,8% ( 3). ,
.


,
.

, 86%

(, , , ..)
(, -
, , - ..).

&
9

. ,
,
.

,
,
(Maritime Cluster)
.

,

.


,
,
. ,
2014 ( 4).

,

2015, .

,
,
,

, .
(,
, ),
,
. ,


,

&
10


, .

4:

07/12 01/13 07/13 01/14 07/14 01/15 07/15 01/16 07/1

&
11

1.



.

,
.


,
( )
. , ,
.


, ,
,

,
, ,

.

,

.
, :

.


.
,

.
&
13

1.1.


. 2008
,
.
.

,
Eurostat . ,
.
/
,
.

,

, 4.
,
(, Lloyds, ..)
,
.

,
.

&
14

2.

, 90%
.

(-4,2% 2009).
,
,
.

2012
.
,
2010.

, 52% .
O
1990 2008, .
2011
LNG .

&
15

2.1.

, 90%
(1)
,
. ,
,
, 2008.


.
( , ) ,
,
.

, ,
.

,
.
, ,
, ,
(
2.1). ( world order book) 2007-
2009, 2010 .
(bulk carriers)
(containers).
(, , ) ,
.



,
.

&
16


DI3 2008,
,
. , 2012 703
32% ,
1000 ,
1986 (3).

2.1: , 1994-2010

1.600 160.000

1.400 140.000

1.200 120.000

1.000 100.000

800 80.000

600 60.000

400 40.000

200 20.000

0 0
1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

DW ( ) GT ( ) ( )

: Registered World Fleet, Lloyds 2010

,
HARPEX
BDI,
( 2.2
2.3).

3
O Baltic Dry Index
(, , .) .
&
17

2.2: Baltic Dry Index 2000-2011

:Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/cbuilder?ticker1=BDIY%3AIND, 2011

2.3: HARPEX 2001-2011

: Harper Petersen & Co,2011


,


(. 2.4). , 2011 $96,3
. 1.354 54,4
(3)
, .
,
(. 2.5) .

&
18

2.4: 2011

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

(3)
:

2.5: , 2011

(2)
:

, ,

,
( , , )
.
2012(2),

&
19

( ) 20,6 ,
16
(4).




(2009). , 2011
(demolition sales) 1078 , 25,6
1,5% (3).


. ,

3
. Moore
Stephens (5),
( 2009).
,
( ),
.
, 2010
,
.

,
.
2012
( 2.6) .

&
20

2.6: - ( )

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10


( )

-27

2011 2012 2013

*: Middle East and North Africa


: European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2012, European Commission

45%
(, )(6),
. ,
2008, 2009 -11,0%.
, (2012-2013)
4%
( 2.7).

&
21

2.7:

15%

10%

5%

0%

-5%

-10%

-15%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
: World Economic Outlook, IMF (2010-2012)

2.2. :


,
(3)
. 4.065 ,
3.760 ,
( 2.8).
,
52% ,
. O
1990 2008,
( 2.1 ). 2008
20 (4.161
), (2009-).
,
.

&
22

2.8: 2010

200
. dwt

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20


dwt dwt

:(8)

,
, .
1990, 83% (
- 47%) ,
. ,
, 2010 28%
,
( 2.9 ).

&
23

2.9: 1987-2010

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010
% () % ()

: , 2012

,
,
.
2011, World Fleet Monitor Clarksons,

(9.215 ), $13 .
(3)
, ,
(general cargo -
).
(.. LNG .)
.


,
, 16 ,
,
(4).

&
24

2.10: , 2011

(3)
:

&
25

2.3.
2.1: 1990 - 2011


%
DWT %
(DWT)
(
)
1990 2,426 84.439.159
1991 2,454 87.102.785 1,2% 3,2%
1992 2,688 98.218.176 9,5% 12,8%
1993 2,749 103.958.104 2,3% 5,8%
1994 3,019 120.650.373 9,8% 16,1%
1995 3,142 126.128.352 4,1% 4,5%
1996 3,246 129.737.336 3,3% 2,9%
1997 3,204 127.782.567 -1,3% -1,5%
1998 3,358 133.646.831 4,8% 4,6%
1999 3,424 139.255.184 2,0% 4,2%
2000 3,584 150.966.324 4,7% 8,4%
2001 3,618 168.434.370 0,9% 11,6%
2002 3,48 164.613.935 -3,8% -2,3%
2003 3,355 171.593.487 -3,6% 4,2%
2004 3,379 180.140.898 0,7% 5,0%
2005 3,338 182.540.868 -1,2% 1,3%
2006 3,397 190.058.534 1,8% 4,1%
2007 3,699 218.229.552 8,9% 14,8%
2008 4,173 260.929.221 12,8% 19,6%
2009 4,161 263.560.741 -0,3% 1,0%
2010 3,996 258.121.898 -4,0% -2,1%
2011 3,848 261.675.981 -3,7% 1,4%
: , 2011

&
26

3.

,
8,4 . 2009.
o - urostat,

( 12,7 .
2009 14,5 . 2010).
o 46,9% 2011
.

, ,
2008 17,018 :
o 15,414 (91%)
.
o 44% (7,527 ) .
o .

,
:
o
( ) 13,3 . 2009.
o 6,1% 2009
.
o 192
. 2009.

&
27

3.1.


, Eurostat.
/
.

3.1.1.


,
-
. ,
. 2223/96 ,
( 1995),
,
,

.

(.
, , ) 4 (
)

. ,
,
[ ]
, . ,


.

,
,

, ,

4

&
28

1995 , . ,

,
,
.

,
5 50.2
. ,
. ,
, .

,
,
.
- Eurostat 2010 95%
2010 ,
.

3.1.2. -

/
.
,
,
. 20
Wassily Leontief,
1973,
/ .


.

. ,
,

5
NACE Rev2.2
&
29

,
.
() ,

, , ,

. , , , .,
,
( ),
( ) (
).

-
Eurostat 2005-2009,
59 . ,
-

, .

, 100
, 53 ,
(47) . , 21 100

, 3,48 .
22,55
,
,
( 3.1).

, 100 , 95,42
( ), 2,91
() 1,67
( ).

(27%) (21%).

&
30

3.1: 10

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

: Eurostat


,
.
- Leontief,

,
.
,


.

,
,
,

, , . ,
&
31


(
3.2).

3.2:

-,

( ),
,
(direct effect).

(indirect effect) .


(induced effect).

-
( ) ,

.
,

&
32

,
.

3.2.


, , ,
, .

(1,7%),
,

.

3.2.1.

,
, .
,
,

.


. ,

. ,
,
,
.

,

.

/,
.

&
33

,
,
.
.


, 2008
Eurostat 34
, 21 59
. ,
1,4% (
2008), 2010 6,5%.


100 GRT.
2008,

26.893.6 35%
/ (. 3.1 ),

(31,3% 31,7% ).

6
()
.
&
34

3.3: /

30.000

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

: . ( )

.,
( )
17.000. ,
,
.
,
(11% ) 2.594 ,
,
(. 3.3).

(52,5%
2010)

35.600 , .
10%,
3.560.
( 7
)
6.103 .

&
35


(14.779)

(10.556)
31.438.

,
20 , (18 )
,
60 . . , ,

95
.

, ,

.

,
. 2008, 15.721
( ) 11.172
( ).
61%
(. 3.3 3.4).

&
36

3.4: /

: . ( )

, , 64%
. ,

. , 98%
, ,
,
.

.
(
) (. 3.5).
,
20-39 .
:
40 60 , 45%
20-39 .
,
,

.

&
37

3.5: ,2008

690 67 239
2.870 498
22 2.980 3.135
2.785

5.114 3.865
4.628

<20 20 - 29 30 -39 40 -49 50 -59 >60 <20 20 - 29 30 -39 40 -49 50 -59 >60

: .

3.2.2.


. ,
1995
2009 13,9 .,
- Eurostat. , 5,4
.
( 3.6). , 8,4
., 5,5 . , 2,2 .
, 679 . , 53 . 25 .
.

&
38

3.6:
2009 ( .)


5.489
A 8.422
5.431

2.176

679

: 13.853

: ESA tables, Eurostat


http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/esa95_supply_use_input_tables/introduction

9
.
,
(
), ,
( )
(4 ).

,
3 .
, - Eurostat
,
( 3.7). ,
( ,
),
.

(3 4 ),
. , ,
&
39


(
)
.
3.7: , 2009


, ,


,


,

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
.
: urostat :


7. , -
urostat, 12,7 .,
.
(. 3.8).
,
-.

3.8:

. .

100 200 300 400 500

: Supply and use tables, urostat 2009

7
= - , . ,
, .
&
40

,

(. 3.1). (95%
) 48%
( 2009-
2011), .
(2000-2008)
23% (
).

3.1: 2009-2011

-
.
2009 2010 2011
12.640 13.249 14.639
26.983 28.478 28.624
10.400 9.611 10.520
13.552 15.418 14.097
3.031 3.448 4.008
14.343 15.229 13.985
2.425 2.156 2.274
7.073 8.155 7.233
4.845 4.918 4.479

51,3% 54,8% 46,9%

: , 2012

3.3.


.

,
,

.
. ,


(
/ .

&
41

,

.
-,
, ,
, .

3.3.1.


13,2 ., 29,3% ( 3,9 .)
. (
) 7,2% (950 .),

(. 3.9).

( ),
. ,

( , )
636 . ,
39% ( 3.10).
/ (179 . 3,4% )
,
(166 . 0,7%).

&
42

3.9:

14.000

12.000

10.000

8.000
.

6.000

4.000

2.000

( ) ( )

: I/O model, IOBE


( ),

, (
), , (.
3.11).

3.10: (
)

635,9

, 179,2

165,8

158,4

141,7

112,6

105,2

82,0

81,1

69,1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700


.

: I/O model, IOBE

&
43

3.11:
( )

728,6

474,3

356,9

294,8

240,8

, 195,9

148,7

145,1

131,7

119,1

118,7

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


.

: I/O model, IOBE

3.3.2.

,
.
, ,
190 . (. 3.12).
3.12:

200
Thousands

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

( ) ( )

: I/O model, IOBE


( )
(
).
&
44

(26,6 .
), (10,4 . ),
(5,0 .), (1,2 .),
(1,1 .) (1,1 . -
3.13).
3.13: ( ),
,

26,6

, 10,4

5,1

5,0

2,7

1,5

1,2

1,2

1,1

, 1,1

0 10 20 30
.

: I/O model, IOBE

,
,

. ,

.


,
.
17 . , (13,5 .)
(11,7 . - . 3.14).

&
45

3.14:
( )

17,0
13,5
11,7
4,7
4,5
4,1
4,0
, 3,8
3,6
3,2
2,2

0 5 10 15 20
.
: I/O model, IOBE


. ,
2,7 ., 45,6%
.

3.3.3.

/,
546 .,
14 . tonnage tax
. ,
560 .
, 231
.,
121 .. ,
790 . (. 3.15).

&
46

3.15:

900
800
700
600
500
.

400
300
200
100
0
( ) ( )

: I/O model, IOBE


,
.

(tonnage tax). tonnage tax
:
, . ,
(
).

, tonnage tax
. ,
tonnage tax, ,
, o
.

19518 tonnage tax,


. ,
, .
2010

8
1880/1951, 465/1968.
&
47

,
14,7 .

tonnage tax,
,
, ,
( 500GRT), ,
,
.

,
,
.

,
( )
, .

,
.
, .
.

&
48

: tonnage tax


20.000 dwt, 5 ,
. tonnage tax
2012
( ),
.
tonnage tax
,
.



- ...

100-10.000 1,2 0-4 0,382
10.001-20.000 1,1 5-9 0,684
20.001-40.000 1 10-19 0,670
40.001-80.000 0,45 20-29 0,634
80.001 0,2 30 0,490


: 10.000 x 1.2 + 10.000 x 1.1 = 23.000.
, ,
: 23.000 x $0.684 = $15.732 12.000.
tonnage tax

. :


( )

1-1.000 0,91

1.001-10.000 0,67

10.001-25.000 0,46

25.001-40.000 0,23

40.001-50.000 0,23

50.001 0,05
, :
1 x 9.10 + 9 x 6.70 +10 x 4.60 = 115.4, ,
42.121 .
30%, tonnage tax
12.636.

&
49

3.4.



(, ),
.
, ,
13 . 192 (. 3.2).

3.2: , 2009

8.422 4.847 13.269


732 1.949 2.681
559 231 790
( .) 34 158 192
: ., Eurostat, / model


,

( )
.

&
50

3.5.
3.4: , 2008
-


8.577 8.441 9.451 424 26.893
7.714 7.700 8.483 402 24.299
3.488 3.494 7.395 402 14.779
32 0 105 0 137
3.449 3.413 357 0 7.219
13 86 0 0 99
49 17 96 0 162
2 9 11 0 22
10 0 0 0 10
1 0 0 0 1
35 96 5 0 136
5 77 0 0 82
11 18 28 0 57
10 0 1 0 11
91 0 84 0 175
36 0 45 0 81
170 107 152 0 429
312 383 204 0 899
863 741 968 22 2.594
331 214 387 10 942
6 3 5 0 14
427 458 138 11 1.034
12 0 0 0 12
0 0 133 0 133
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 3 0 3
0 0 33 0 33
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 2 0 2
2 0 2 0 4
0 0 12 0 12
22 28 61 1 112
0 0 62 0 62
63 37 129 0 229
: .

&
51

&
52

4.



,
( ):
o

.
o
.
o
.
:
o
26 .
o .

&
53

4.1.

,
, .
,
,
,

.

,
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
,

.

4.2. /

,
per se,
. M
(
),
. ,

. ,

, ,
,
/ ( 4.1)

&
54

,
.

4.1:

4.2.1.

,

, ,
, . ,
,
.
,

( )
. ,
.


,
. 3 , 2010,
52,5% ( 1974 )
&
55

.
,
( ) 3.760
, 9.
20 ,
75.200 6,1% (3)
.
,
.

4.1: 15 ,
2009

()
( . )
823 238
16.251 26.803
807 2.839
5.178 11.870
43 455
148 1.602
3 60
4.651 9.908
354 694
70 807
49 195
1.401 3.793
2.340 6.719
11.470 15.349
249 753
43.837 82.085

: Eurostat

,
( ),
15
( 4.1). ,
( )
( ).

9
Clarkson Research Services, World Fleet Monitor, Vol. 3, No. 3, March 2012.
&
56


( ).

,
43,8 . 82.085 ,
534 . .
(.. , ,
, )
.

,
,
.
, 40,2 . (534 .
75.200 ).
,
( ),
-
.

4.2.2.

- ,
.


- ,

, .. .


Eurostat,
,
.
,
. ,

&
57

,
.

( 4.3).
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07/12 01/13 07/13 01/14 07/14 01/15 07/15 01/16 07/16

&
76

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