ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:1

Color White, grayish or multi-color

Lusture Usually waxy

Streak White

Hardness 7.0

Specific gravity 2.60

Genesis Deposited from aqueous solution and often

lining or filling cavities in rock.

Association Agate

Name (CHALCEDONY) QUARTZ

Chemical composition Pure chemical compound of silicon and

oxygen.

Diagnostic property White streak, fracture conchoidal and

rhombohedral par bang.

Uses Some time may be use in gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan
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Sample number:2

Color White, blue, red, green, banded multicolor

Luster vitreous

Streak white

Hardness 6.5-7

Specific gravity 2.5 2.9

Genesis Found in massive from, but may also be

found static fracture formation.

Association Agate. chert

Name JASPER

Chemical composition siO2

Diagnostic property Each jasper has a unique color and pattern.

Uses Use in jewelry and gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan Las-Bela(Baluchistan)

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:3

Color Dark red , reddish brown , black

Luster vitreous

Streak Color less

Hardness 7.5 8.5

Specific gravity 4.3

Genesis Metamorphic and pematic rock

Association Spessartine, pyrone

Name ALMADINE GORNET

Chemical composition Fe3 Al2 SI3 O12

Diagnostic property Luster and color

Uses Jewelry and gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan Skardu district

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Sample number:4

Color Green, yellow

Lusture vitreous

Streak Color less (harder than streak plate)

Hardness 7,5 - 8

Specific gravity 2,6 2.8

Genesis Granite, pegmatite

Association Quartz and pyrite

Name BEYRL

Chemical composition Be3 Al2 Si8 O18

Diagnostic property Hardness and relatively low specific gravity

Uses Gemstone, aminor ore of beryllium

Distribution in Pakistan Skardu, district, gilgit Baltistan

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Sample number:5

Color Brown

Luster Vitreous to resinous

Streak White

Hardness 7

Specific gravity 3.86

Genesis Regional metamorphic rock (sedimentary

rock)

Association Almandine (garnet), spessartine

Name Andradite (garnet)

Chemical composition Ca3 F2 (SiO4)3

Diagnostic property Crystal form, color, hardness and luster

Uses Valued as gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan Mungo, shigar, valley, skardu, gilgit district

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Sample number:6

Color Grey or white

Luster Pearly to greasy

Streak White

Hardness 1

Specific gravity 2.7 to 2.8

Genesis From by hydration of non-aluminous

magnesium mineral.

Association Dolomite / calcite

Name TALC

Chemical composition Mg3 Si4 O10 (OH)2

Diagnostic property Hardness

Uses Ceramics, paints, papers, cosmetics, plastics

and insecticides industries

Distribution in Pakistan Parachinar area , kurram agency, kyber

agency
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Sample number:7

Color White to color less

Luster Vitreous to earthy

Streak White

Hardness 3

Specific gravity 2.71

Genesis Sedimentary (stalagmites and stalactites)

limestone cliffs

Association Aragonite, dolomite

Name CALCITE

Chemical composition CaCO3

Diagnostic property Perfect clearage, florescence, reactive to

HCL

Uses Primary ore of calcium used to from the base

of cement

Distribution in Pakistan Neelum valley, kalat district. Khuzdar

district, gilgit district
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Sample number;8

Color Light yellowish

Luster Resinous, greasy

Streak White

Hardness 1.5 2. 5

Specific gravity 2.0 2.1

Genesis Often a product of breakdown of sulfates

caused by certain bacteria production of
sublimation

Association Pyrite, galena, gypsum

Name SULPHUR

Chemical composition S

Diagnostic property Crack when exposed to heat, dissolves in

warm water

Uses Important raw industrial mineral,

manufacturing of ammonia

Distribution in Pakistan Kirthar foot hills, koh-e-sultan Sulphur

deposited
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Sample number:9

Color Color less, transparent

Luster Vitreous, waxy to dull

Streak White

Hardness 7

Specific gravity 2.65

Genesis Crystallizes from molten magma also

chemically precipitates from hot
hydrothermal veins as gangue.

Association Rose quartz, smoky quartz

Name ROCK CRYSTAL (PURE QUARTZ)

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Piezoelectric

Uses Semi-precious gemstone, jewelry, hardstone

carving

Distribution in Pakistan Swat,dir Waziristan, Khyber agency

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:10

Color White to grey, black and red banded

Luster Waxy

Streak White

Hardness 7

Specific gravity 2.6

Genesis Found lining or fillings in cavities

Association Chalcedony, opal

Name AGATE

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Highly polished surface finish and resistance

Uses Used in the making of mortars and pesttes

to crush and mix chemicals,

Distribution in Pakistan Nagar parker

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:11

Color Pale red rose or pink

Luster Vitreous to slightly greasy

Streak White

Hardness 7.0

Specific gravity 2.65

Genesis Found in quartz cores of pegmatites at high

temp found in hydrothermal veins.

Association Amethyst, moonstone and jade

Name ROSE QUARTZ

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Red color due to small amounts of titanium

Uses Arnamertal material and gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan Swat, kpk, Waziristan, panjgur

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:12

Color Brown, black

Luster vitreous

Streak Color less

Hardness 7

Specific gravity 2.65

Genesis Found in quartz veins and pegmatite dikes

that cut across igneous and metamorphic
rocks

Association Gernet , obsidian, and quartz

Name SMOOKY QUARTZ

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Brownish color, hardness

Uses Important gemstone, used in jewelry

Distribution in Pakistan Man sehra, kpk,chaggi,balochistan

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Sample number:13

Color Shades of violet

Luster Crystalline

Streak White

Hardness 7.0

Specific gravity 2.65

Genesis Occur in cavities lining volcanic rocks

Association Citrine, cornelian

Name AMETHYST (QUARTZ)

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Birthstone for februry

Uses In ornament and semi-precious stone

Distribution in Pakistan Himalayan crystalline belt,skardu,gilgit

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:14

Color Grey and white

Luster Vitreous

Streak White

Hardness 7

Specific gravity 2.60

Genesis Widespread in bedded

Association Jasper and radiolarites

Name CHERT

Chemical composition SIO2

Diagnostic property Resembles flint but more splintery fracture

Uses Stone tods of all kinds

Distribution in Pakistan Lasbella (Baluchistan)

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Sample number:15

Color White when pure, grey, black,brown,red

Luster Vitreous

Streak White

Hardness 2.5

Specific gravity 2

Genesis Sedimentary salt beds and salt domes

Association Gypsum, dolomite

Name HALITE

Chemical composition NACL

Diagnostic property Luster, color, edible (when refined)

Uses Food preservation, winter road treatment

Distribution in Pakistan Khewra mine, kalabagh

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Sample number:16

Color Reddish brawn

Luster Silky dull

Streak Dark brown

Hardness 6

Specific gravity 5.2

Genesis In folded strata

Association Oolitic limestone, limonite

Name HEAMATITE

Chemical composition Fe2 O3

Diagnostic property Granubur structure, paramagnetic presence

of oolibic texture

Uses Iron ore

Distribution in Pakistan Dilband mine, kalat, balochitan

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Sample number:17

Color Re, brown, or black

Luster Metallic to earthy luster

Streak Red

Hardness 5- 6

Specific gravity 4.9 5.3

Genesis Some sandstone, banded iron formation,

granitic intrusive, felsic volcanic and in
various rocks

Association Iron, pyrite and blood stone

Name HEMATITE

Chemical composition Fe2 O3

Diagnostic property Color metallic to earthy luster, solely

dissolves in hydrochloric acid, may be
iridescent

Uses Use for extraction of iron

Distribution in Pakistan Dil band (kalat district) chagi district

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:18

Color Dark grey -black

Luster Shiny, dull

Streak Grey-black

Hardness 6

Specific gravity 4.9 5.3

Genesis Igneous sedimentary, metamorphic crystal

occurs in small micaceous plate

Association Limonite

Name HEMATITE (MICACEOUS)

Chemical composition Fe2 O3

Diagnostic property Paramagnetic

Uses Principle ore of iron,90 % of hematite

Distribution in Pakistan Not present in pakistan

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:19

Color Black

Luster Metallic luster

Streak Black to brownish red but not as red as

hematite

Hardness 5-6

Specific gravity 5.2

Genesis Various igneous and metamorphic rocks

banded iron formation beach black

Association Biotite, amphibole and pyroxene

Name MAGNETITE

Chemical composition Fe 3 O4

Diagnostic property Black strongly magnetic opaque slowly

soluble in hydrochloric acid

Uses Use for extraction of iron

Distribution in Pakistan Dammer nisar (chitral district ),chagi district

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:20

Color Blue

Luster vitreous

Streak Blue

Hardness 3.5 -4

Specific gravity 3.77 -3.89

Genesis Action of carbonate water or copper

compound or action of copper solution or
limestone

Association Malachite and other copper ore

Name AZURITE

Chemical composition Cupric carbonate 2Cu CO3 Ca(OH)2

Diagnostic property Differentiated by it blue color /effer vescence

of nitric acid

Uses For extraction of copper

Distribution in Pakistan Lasbella, Baluchistan/Kohistan magmatic arc

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:21

Color Fresh surface fracture is brownish bronze

Luster Metallic color

Streak Black

Hardness 3.0

Specific gravity 5.06 5.08

Genesis Found disseminated in basic rocks, in

contact metamorphic deposit in replacement
zone

Association Associated with sulfides

Name BORNITE

Chemical composition CU5 Fe SO4

Diagnostic property Under blow pipe flame-test on charcoal

bornite gives off dour of SO2 and becomes
magnetite

Uses Widely uses as copper ore

Distribution in Pakistan Jijal layered ultramafic complex

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Sample number:22

Color Green to greenish-blue

Luster Vitreous to earthy

Streak Very light blue

Hardness 2 -4

Specific gravity 2.0 -2.4

Genesis From in oxidized zones of copper deposit

Association Deposits are associated with ultramafic

mafic +carbonate rocks, volcanogenic
deposits including massive sulfide

Name CHRYSOCOLLA

Chemical composition Cu4 H4 Si 4 O10 (OH)8

Diagnostic property Color, vitreous to earthy luster, decomposes

in hydrochloric acid to produce silica gel,
produce green flame and conchoidal fracture

Uses Sometimes cut as a gemstone

Distribution in Pakistan Epigenetic, polymetakkic and metamorphic

deposit in chitral, kuroko type, ann dhora
 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415
deposite in lasbela

Sample number:23

Color Bright green

Luster Adamantine to vitreous in crystals

Streak Pale green

Hardness 3.5 -4

Specific gravity 3.9 4.03

Genesis Found in oxidized portion of copper veins

Association Often associated with azurite

Name MALACHITE

Chemical composition Malachite is a copper carbonate hydro oxide

Diagnostic property Distinguished from other green copper

mineral by its effervescence in HCL

Uses Used extensively as an ornamental and

gemstone
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Distribution in Pakistan Copper deposit talaruk, contact

metamorphic type, small deposite e.g kundi
baluchap and maki ahah in chagi area

Sample number:24

Color Pale brass yellow

Luster Metallic, splendent

Streak Greenish or brownish black

Hardness 6 6.5

Specific gravity 5.02

Genesis Common in many lithologies including

intrusive igneous rocks limestone, shales
metamorphic rocks and hydrothermal
deposite

Association Associated with chalcopyrite sphalerite and

galena

Name PYRITE

Chemical composition Iron sulfide (fe s2)

Diagnostic property Color, hardness, brittle, greenish black

streak

Uses Pyrite use to be an important ore for

production of Sulphur and Sulphur acid. The
 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415
most important use of pyrite is an ore of
gold

Distribution in Pakistan Chagai

Sample number:25

Color

Luster Metallic

Streak Metallic, shiny brown

Hardness 2.5 - 3

Specific gravity 8.8 8.9

Genesis Sedimentary origin precipitation of copper

solution

Association Chalcopyrite / chalcocite

Name NATIVE COPPER

Chemical composition Cu

Diagnostic property Dissolve readily in nitric acid

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Uses Electricity wires is a good example of copper

use

Distribution in Pakistan Ophiolitic belts/ Waziristan igneous sandak

Sample number:26

Color White, gray,yellowred

Luster Dull to earthy

Streak White

Hardness 1-3

Specific gravity 2 - 2.5

Genesis They were found by lateritic weathering and

residual accumulation of intercalated clay
layers

Association Gibbsite (Al(OH)3 boehmite and diaspore

Name BAUXITE

Chemical composition Bauxite is mixture of hydros aluminum

oxide

Diagnostic property Often recognized by its pisolitic character

 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Uses Bauxite is used for aluminum production

Distribution in Pakistan Found in Muzaffarabad and kotle azad

Kashmir,centralsalt rangeloralaidistrict in
Baluchistan

Sample number:27

Color Yellow to brown

Luster Greasy or earthy luster

Streak Yellowish brown

Hardness 5 5 1/2

Specific gravity 4.3

Genesis Warding product of serpentine hematite and

other iron bearing minerals

Association Marcasite, pyrite

Name GOETHITE

Chemical composition FeO (OH)

Diagnostic property Color yellowish brown streak nonmagnetic,

parabally soluble
 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415

Uses Used for extraction of iron

Distribution in Pakistan Kala Bagh/chichall, makawal area(mianwali

district)

Sample number:28

Color Bronze, dark brown

Luster Metallic luster

Streak Dark grey -black

Hardness 3 -41/2

Specific gravity 4.6

Genesis Occur in pegmatite and contact

metamorphism zone
Trace constituent of mafic igneous rocks

Association Associated with pentlandite chalcopyrite and

other sulfides

Name PYRRHOTITE

Chemical composition Iron sulfide mineral

Diagnostic property Color metallic luster magnetite character

and upon heating 320 c pyrrhotite loses it
magnetism and start de composing to
 ECNOMIC GEOLOGY LAB GEO 415
magnetite

Uses Ore of iron

Prismatic crystals are treasured

Distribution in Pakistan Muzaffarabad ,azad Kashmir,chaghi