Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topic 1-Aggregate SG, Gradation, Blending, Batching-Week 5-6
Topic 1-Aggregate SG, Gradation, Blending, Batching-Week 5-6
Topic 1-Aggregate SG, Gradation, Blending, Batching-Week 5-6
ECG 524
Topic 2
Mass Solid
Volume
G=
Mass Water
Volume
Apparent Specific Gravity
SGapparent = The ratio of weight oven dry aggregates to the volume of
aggregates plus volume of impermeable voids, at stated
temperature
Absorbed asphalt
Phase Diagram
Phase: a change in state (e.g. solid, liquid, gas)
Oven dry weight of agg = Ws
Unit weight of water, w = 1 g/cm3
Vap Water
Vpp permeable
Vpp - Vap pores
Gsa = Ws / (Vs x w )
Aggregate
Gsb = Ws / (Vs + Vpp) w
Vs Solids
Gse = Ws / (Vs + Vpp -Vap) w
Coarse Aggregate Specific
Gravity
ASTM C127
1. Dry aggregate
2. Soak in water for 24 hours
3. Decant water
4. Use pre-dampened towel to get SSD condition
5. Determine mass of SSD aggregate
6. Determine mass under water
7. Dry to constant mass
8. Determine oven dry mass
Coarse Aggregate Specific
Gravity
Gsa = A / (A - C)
Water absorption, %
Absorption % = [(B - A) / A] * 100
Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
ASTM C128
1. Dry aggregate
2. Soak in water for 24 hours
3. Spread out and dry to SSD
4. Add 500 g of SSD aggregate to pycnometer of known
volume
Pre-filled with some water
5. Add more water and agitate until air bubble have been
removed
6. Fill to line and determine the mass of the pycnometer,
aggregate and water
7. Empty aggregate into pan and dry to constant mass
8. Determine oven dry mass
Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
An area is cleared in the center of the work area and the cone is filled to
overflowing with the aggregate. The aggregate is then tamped down.
Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
Gsa = A / (B + A - C)
Water absorption, %
Absorption % = [(D - A) / A] * 100
80
60 Example:
0
0 1 2 3 4
Sieve Size (mm) Raised to 0.45 Power
0.45 Power Grading Chart
Percent Passing
100
80
max
60
size
40
20
maximum density line
0
0 .075 .15 .425 1.18 3.35 5.0 10.0 14.0 20.0
0
.075 .3 2.36 12.5 19.0
0
.075 .3 2.36 12.5 19.0
Sieve Size (mm) Raised to 0.45 Power
Gradation Limits for Asphalt Concrete
(JKR/SPJ/2008)
AC14 For HMA pavements these are the definitions for gradations AC10
20
14 Nominal Maximum 14
10 10
Aggregate Size
5 5
3.35 one size larger than the first 3.35
sieve to retain more than 10%
1.18 1.18
0.425 Maximum Aggregate Size 0.425
0.150 one size larger than nominal 0.150
0.075 maximum size 0.075
Mix Type Wearing Wearing Binder Course
Course Course
Mix AC10 AC14 AC28
Designation
BS Sieve Size Percentage Passing by Weight
28.0 100
20.0 100 72-90
14.0 100 90-100 58-76
10.0 90-100 76-86 48-64
5.0 58-72 50-62 30-46
3.35 48-64 40-54 24-40
1.18 22-40 18-34 14-28
0.425 12-26 12-24 8-20
0.150 6-14 6-14 4-10
0.075 4-8 4-8 3-7
Superpave Mix Size
Designations
Superpave Nom Max Size Max Size
Designation (mm) (mm)
37.5 mm 37.5 50
25 mm 25 37.5
19 mm 19 25
12.5 mm 12.5 19
9.5 mm 9.5 12.5
Gradations Considerations
- Max. size < 1/2 AC lift thickness
- Larger max size
+ Increases strength
+ Improves skid resistance
+ Increases volume and surface area of aggregate
which decreases required AC content
+ Improves rut resistance
+ Increases problem with segregation of particles
p = Aa + Bb + Cc + .
where:
p = percent of material passing given sieve size
A, B, C, .. = percent passing given sieve for each agg.
a, b, c, = decimal fraction of A, B, C, to be used
Blending Stockpiles
Plot individual gradations
Plot specification limits
Can be used for initial assessment
Can blend be made from available
materials?
Identification of critical sieves
Est. trial proportions
Gradation of Combined aggregate (grading A)
120.00
100.00
80.00
% Passing
Grading A
60.00
JMF
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size
RUBBERIZED ASPHALT TEST SECTION, ROUTE FT2, SECTION NO. 340 - 344, KUANTAN
HOT BIN COMBINATION :
GRADING A
Numerical Method
Trial and Error
Basic Formula
Blending of Aggregates
P = Aa + Bb + Cc + .
Where:
P = % of material passing a given sieve
for the blended aggregates A, B, C,
A, B, C, = % material passing a given sieve
for each aggregate A, B, C, ..
a, b, c, . = Proportions (decimal fractions)
of aggregates A, B, C, to be
used in Blend
Blending of Aggregates
P = Aa + Bb +
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2
% Used Blend Target
% % % %
U.S. Sieve
Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8 (A)100 (B)100
No. 4 90 100
No. 8 30 100
No. 16 7 88
No. 30 3 47
No. 50 1 32
No. 100 0 24
No. 200 0 10
Blending of Aggregates
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2 First Try
(remember trial & error)
% Used 50 % 50 % Blend Target
% % % %
U.S. Sieve
Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8 100 50 100 100 * 0.5 = 50 100
No. 4 90 45 100 90 * 0.5 = 45 80 - 100
No. 8 30 15 100 30 * 0.5 = 15 65 - 100
No. 16 7 3.5 88 7 * 0.5 = 3.5 40 - 80
No. 30 3 1.5 47 3 * 0.5 = 1.5 20 - 65
No. 50 1 0.5 32 1 * 0.5 = 0.5 7 - 40
No. 100 0 0 24 0 * 0.5 = 50 3 - 20
No. 200 0 0 10 0 * 0.5 = 0 2 - 10
Blending of Aggregates
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2
% Used 50 % 50 % Blend Target
% % % %
U.S. Sieve
Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8 100 50 100 50 100 100
No. 4 90 45 100 50 95 80 - 100
No. 8 30 15 100 50 65 65 - 100
No. 16 7 3.5 88 44 47.5 40 - 80
No. 30 3 1.5 47 23.5 25 20 - 65
No. 50 1 0.5 32 16 16.5 7 - 40
No. 100 0 0 24 12 12 3 - 20
No. 200 0 0 10 5 5 2 - 10
Blending of Aggregates
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2
% Used 50 % 50 % Blend Target
% % % %
U.S. Sieve
Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8 100 50 100Lets Try 50 100 100
No. 4 90 45 100 and get 50 95 80 - 100
No. 8 30 15 100a little closer
50 65 65 - 100
No. 16 7 3.5 to
88the middle44 of 47.5 40 - 80
the target values.
No. 30 3 1.5 47 23.5 25 20 - 65
No. 50 1 0.5 32 16 16.5 7 - 40
No. 100 0 0 24 12 12 3 - 20
No. 200 0 0 10 5 5 2 - 10
Blending of Aggregates
Material Agg. #1 Agg. #2
% Used 30 % 70 % Blend Target
% % % %
U.S. Sieve
Passing Batch Passing Batch
3/8 100 30 100 70 100 100
No. 4 90 27 100 70 97 80 - 100
No. 8 30 9 100 70 79 65 - 100
No. 16 7 2.1 88 61.6 63.7 40 - 80
No. 30 3 0.9 47 32.9 33.8 20 - 65
No. 50 1 0.3 32 22.4 22.7 7 - 40
No. 100 0 0 24 16.8 16.8 3 - 20
No. 200 0 0 10 7 7 2 - 10
4. Batching of Aggregates
Why Batch?
We want to reproduce the desired
gradation for Mix Design
1
G=
P1 + P2 + . Pn
100 G1 100 G2 100 Gn
Questions - ?
Exercise 1
The volume of external pores is equal to the volume of absorbed water when the
aggregate is in SSD (saturated surface dry) condition.
Also, volume of water (ml) = weight of water (grams) since the specific gravity of water is
1.0.
Assume for this example that the weight of dry aggregate is 100 grams.
Gsa = dry weight of aggregate/vol
of aggregate (excluding external
pores)
TIPS: