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DSR PDF
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Abstract-- The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a assumptions this protocol is implemented is explained below
simple and efficient Routing protocol designed specifically for use
in multi-hop wireless mobile nodes networks called Ad hoc 1.1 Mobil AD Hoc networks
networks. DSR allows the network to be completely self-
organizing and self-configuring, without the need for any existing
network infrastructure or administration. This paper describe Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are future wireless
the design of our own implementation of DSR protocol using networks consisting entirely of mobile nodes that
DSR MANET draft in NS2 simulator environment and provide a communicate on-the-move without base stations. Nodes in
summary of some the simulation and testbed implementation these networks will both generate user and application traffic
results for the protocol. and carry out network control and routing protocols. Rapidly
changing connectivity, network partitions, higher error rates,
Keywords: Ad Hoc networks, DSR, node, MANET,NS2
collision interference, and bandwidth and power constraints
INTRODUCTION together pose new problems in network controlparticularly
in the design of higher level protocols such as routing and in
T he routing protocols meant for wired networks can not be
used for mobile ad hoc networks because of the mobility
of networks. In contrast to infrastructure based networks, in ad
implementing applications with Quality of Service
requirements
hoc networks all nodes are mobile and can be connected
dynamically in an arbitrary manner. All nodes of these 1.2 NS2 Simulator
networks behave as routers and take part in discovery and NS-2 is extensively used by the networking research
maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network. Ad hoc community. It provides substantial support for simulation of
networks are very useful in emergency search-and-rescue TCP, routing, multicast protocols over wired and wireless
operations, meetings or conventions in which persons wish to (local and satellite) networks, etc. The simulator is event-
quickly share information, and data acquisition operations in driven and runs in a non real-time fashion. It consists of C++
inhospitable terrain. core methods and uses Tcl and Object Tcl shell as interface
Using DSR, the network is completely self-organizing and allowing the input file (simulation script) to describe the
self-configuring, requiring no existing network infrastructure model to simulate.Users can define arbitrary network
or administration. Network nodes cooperate to forward topologies composed of nodes, routers, links and shared
packets for each other to allow communication over multiple media. A rich set of protocol objects can then be attached to
"hops" between nodes not directly within wireless nodes, usually as agents. The simulator suite also includes a
transmission range of one another. As nodes in the network graphical visualiser called network animator (nam) to assist
move about or join or leave the network, and as wireless the users get more insights about their simulation by
visualising packet trace data.
transmission conditions such as sources of interference
change, all routing protocol is automatically determined and
maintained by the DSR routing protocol. Since the number or 1.3 DSR Protocol
sequence of intermediate hops needed to reach any destination
may change at any time, the resulting network topology may The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol is a source-routed
be quite rich and rapidly changing. on-demand routing protocol. A node maintains route caches
NS-2 is an object-oriented simulator developed as part of containing the source routes that it is aware of. The node
the VINT project at the University of California in Berkeley. updates entries in the route cache as and when it learns about
Using which new protocol (Agent) implementations can be new routes.DSR does not rely on functions like periodic
tested efficiently. routing advertisement, link status sensing or neighbor
detection packets and because of the entirely on demand
1 BASIC TECHNOLOGY behavior, the number of overhead packets caused by DSR
The basic features of these type of non administrative scales down to zero.
network, and the information about how this source-routed
on-demand routing protocol(DSR) works and under what
This work was done for the laboratory class Mobile communication and
wireless networking lab University of Bonn , Informatik Department IV
Communication Systems ,Operating Systems and Stochastic modeling
1.4 Basic mechanism initiated the copy of the original packet is saved in a local
buffer called Send Buffer. The Send Buffer contains
Route Discovery and Route Maintenance, which are the copies of each packet that cannot be transmitted by the
main mechanisms of the DSR protocol, allows the discovery sending node. The packets are kept until a source route is
and maintenance of source routes in the ad hoc networks available or a timeout or Send Buffer overflow occurs. As
works entirely on an on-demand basis. As DSR works entirely long as a packet is in the Send Buffer, the node should initiate
on demand and as nodes begin to move continuously, the new Route Discovery until time out occurs or overflow of
Routing packet overhead automatically scales to only that Buffer occurs. An exponential Back off algorithm is designed
needed to react to changes in the route currently in use. In to limit the rate at which new ROUTE Discoveries may be
response to a single Route Discovery if a node learns and initiated by any node for the same target. [1]
caches multiple routes to a destination, it can try another route
if the one it uses fails. The overhead incurred by performing a 1.4.2 DSR Route Maintenance
new Route Discovery can be avoided when the caching of
multiple routes to a destination occurs. and Mobile IP routing When a packet with a source route is forwarded, each node
and supports internetworking between different types of in the source route makes sure that the packet has been
wireless networks. [1] received by the next hop in the source route. The confirmation
of receipt will be received only by re-transmitting the packet
1.4.1 DSR Route Discovery for a number of times. [1]
Node A is the originator of a packet to the desired
The header of the packet, which originates from a source destination E. The packet has a source route through
node S to a destination node D, contains the source route, intermediate nodes B, C and D. Node A is responsible for
which gives the sequence of hops that the packet should
traverse. A suitable source route is found normally when
searching the Route Cache of routes obtained previously but if
no route is found then the Route Discovery protocol is
initiated to find a new route to D. Here S is the initiator and D Figure 2: Node C is unable to forward a packet from A to E over the next
the target. [1] Node A transmits a ROUTE REQUEST node D
3 Simulation results
3 Code Documentation
node which originated the data packet
When a data packet arrives the ttl( ) is checked if it is
greater then one then the packet is taken for processing if not
it is dropped
Figure 7: Flow chart describing the data flow if the packet type is DSR10
Figure 6: Flow chart describing the data flow if the packet type is DSR10
4 Future development
The DSR10 packet is processed according to its type
which is determined be switch case, if it a This implementation of DSR Source routing protocol
ROUTE_REQUEST packet then the data in the option header includes most of the basic facilities described in DSR
is used for updating the route cache, and then the MANET IEEE draft, but some optimization measures like
ROUTE_REPLY packet is send to the source which initiated cached route request, and flow control are not implemented in
the ROUTE_REQUEST . If it is a ROUTE_REPLY packet this implementation.
then it updates the route cache and then starts to send the data
packet, which are stored in the send buffer. else if it is a error Packet salvaging, automatic route shortening (Gratuitous
packet then the route is deleted using the data in the option Route Reply), caching negative information, caching over
header of the ROUTE_ERROR packet and then the packet is head routing information and increased spreading of route
forwarded or dropped. This flow is clearly explained in the error packets are the other options available in draft which can
figure.6, it also contains the handlers used in the code for each be implemented in this implementation The DSR protocol
and every purpose. allows multiple routes to any destination and allows each
sender to select and control the routes used in routing its
If the packet is a normal data packet which carries the packets (in this implementation the best route is determined by
option header containing the route form the source to Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm) for example for use in load
destination, it is handled as shown in the figure.7 , when the balancing or for increased robustness. Other advantages of the
node receives the packet it checks the link of the next location DSR protocol include easily guaranteed loop-free routing,
if exists then sends the packet normally , if the link is broken support for use in networks containing unidirectional links,
use of only "soft state" in routing, and very rapid recovery
then the a ROUTE_ERROR packet is created and send to the when routes in the network change. The DSR protocol is
designed mainly for mobile ad hoc networks of up to about
two hundred nodes, and is designed to work well with even
very high rates of mobility.
5 Conclusion
6 Reference