CHAPTER 2

ENGINEERING AND
ORGANIZATION

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 OBJECTIVE

To differentiates responsibilities of engineer in

different sector.
To identify the roles and tasks of engineer.
To respond engineers role for future development.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
The responsibilities of engineer
in public and private sector

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ENGINEERS QUALIFICATION

The purpose of accreditation is to ensure that the

accredited engineering programme satisfies the
minimum academic requirements for registration as
a graduate engineer with the Board of Engineers,
Malaysia (BEM).
Registered engineer are qualified to enter the
engineering profession as an ENGINEER.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROGRAMME OUTCOME

Programme Outcomes are statements that describe

what students are expected to know and be able to
perform or attain by the time of graduation. These
relate to the skills, knowledge, and behaviour that
students acquire through the programme.
Students of an engineering programme are
expected to attain the following:

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROGRAMME OUTCOME (continued)

ability to acquire and apply knowledge of science

and engineering fundamentals;
acquired indepth technical competence in a
specific engineering discipline;
ability to undertake problem identification,
formulation and solution;
ability to utilise systems approach to design and
evaluate operational performance;

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROGRAMME OUTCOME (continued)

understanding of the principles of design for

sustainable development;
understanding of professional and ethical
responsibilities and commitment to them;
ability to communicate effectively, not only with
engineers but also with the community at large;

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROGRAMME OUTCOME (continued)

ability to function effectively as an individual and

in a group with the capacity to be a leader or
manager ;
understanding of the social, cultural, global and
environmental responsibilities of a professional
engineer; and
recognising the need to undertake lifelong
learning, and possessing/acquiring the capacity to
do so.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Engineer in all branches possess a

common core of math, science and
basic engineering knowledge that
prepares them for the advance
course work in their specific
disciplines.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Major engineering branches of engineering are:

Civil engineering
Aeronautics and astronautics
Biological engineering
Chemical engineering
Computer science & engineering
Electrical & electronic engineering
Mechanical engineering

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING (continued)

Major engineering branches of engineering are:

Agricultural engineering
Automotive engineering
Environmental engineering
Industrial engineering
Manufacturing engineering
Marine engineering
Nuclear engineering

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is a professional engineering

discipline that deals with the design, construction
and maintenance of the physical and naturally
built environment, including works such as
bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
CIVIL ENGINEERING SUB -DISCIPLINES

Sub-disciplines of civil engineering including:

Environmental engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Structural engineering
Transportation engineering
Water resources engineering
Materials engineering
Coastal engineering
Surveying
Construction engineering

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Concerned on air quality, land use and water

quality
Environmental engineer are involve in air
pollution, water pollution, solid waste
management and water supply.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Geotechnical engineering is
an area of civil engineering
concerned with the rock and
soil.
Knowledge from the fields of
geology, material science and
testing, mechanics and
hydraulics are applied to
design foundations, retaining
wall and similar structures
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Concerned in structural
design and structural
analysis of structure.
Identifying the loads
which act upon a
structure and the forces
and stresses which arise
within that structure due
to those loads, and then
designing the structure
to successfully support
and resist those loads.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Includes area such as

transportation design,
transportation planning,
traffic engineering,
pavement engineering and
infrastructure engineering.
Involves, specifying,
designing, constructing
and maintaining
transportation
infrastructure.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Concerned in total water

cycle including
precipitation, runoff and
ground water resources.
Combines hydrology,
meteorology and resource
management.
Relates in quality and
quantity of water.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Deals with material

that been used in civil
engineering
construction.
Consist of protection
and prevention of
materials.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 COASTAL ENGINEERING

Managing
coastal area
to protect
flooding
and
erosion.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 SURVEYING

Surveying is the process by which a surveyor

measures certain dimensions that generally occur
on the surface of the Earth.
This information is crucial to convert the data into
a graphical representation.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

Involve planning and

execution of the design from
transportation, site
development, hydraulic,
environmental, structural
and geotechnical engineers.
Construction engineer are
managers of construction
and usually do not handle
design work.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ENGINEER IN PUBLIC SECTOR

Job description - Perform maintenance and repairs

on all buildings and public facilities, and overseeing
the engineering aspects.
Civil engineering are related to :
Ministry of Work
Ministry of Housing and Local Goverment
Ministry of National Resources and Environment (NRE)
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water
Ministry of Transport Malaysia

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 AGENCIES IN MINISTRY OF WORKS

Public Work Department

Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia
Construction Industry Development Board
Lembaga Jurutera Malaysia
Lembaga Juruukur Bahan Malaysia
Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DEPARTMENT IN NRE

Department of Director General of Lands and Mines (JKPTG)

Department of Survey & Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM)
National Institute of Land and Survey (INSTUN)
Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM)
Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM)
Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia (JMG)
Department of Environment (JAS)
Department of Wildlife & National Parks Peninsular Malaysia
(PERHILITAN)
Department of Irrigation and Drainage (JPS)
National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 QUIZ

List two (2) responsibilities of government agencies as

listed below :
Public Work Department (PWD)
Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM)
Department of Survey & Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM)

Identify type of job offered in government agencies.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ENGINEER IN PRIVATE SECTOR

Construction- is a professional discipline that deals with

the designing, planning, construction and management of
infrastructure or building
Manufacturing- for research and engineering division
many engineer held position as vice president, research
engineer, design engineer, quality control engineer and
related support activities including reliability and
maintainability works.
At plant - maintenance, manufacturing and quality
engineer are most popular position.
Technically complex project- more engineer involves
in technical sales, field service engineer, and logistic
support. Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CAREER FIELD FOR ENGINEER

1.Operational careers: Engineers are involved at

operating area e.g. manufacturing, purchasing, planning,
customer service, and sales.
2.Research & design careers: This needs engineers to
exert continuous effort to be on top of technology.
3.Engineering management careers: Engineers are
also have management responsibilities.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CAREER FIELD FOR ENGINEER

4.Entrepreneurial careers: This means that the engineer

had set up his own company.
5.Consulting careers: Consultants might be asked to provide
designs, give advice, solve problem, or provide expert
testimony.
6.Academic careers: It means either in school, college or
university teaching. A university teaching needs effective
combination of research, consulting and writing tasks.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
Roles of Engineer

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ROLES OF ENGINEER

Engineer must perform the basic functions of

management :
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
Forecasting
Managing

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PLANNING

Planning provides a method of identifying

objectives and designing a sequence of program &
activities to achieve objectives.
Engineers role in planning
Develop planning focused on the work to be performed
Establish project objectives and performance requirements
early so everyone involved knows what is required
Establish clear and well defined milestones in project
Build contingencies into plan
Communicate the project plan to clearly define individual
responsibilities, schedule and budget.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ORGANIZING

Organizing is the act of rearranging elements

following one or more rules.
Engineers role in organizing :
Organize the project around the work to be accomplish
Develop a work breakdown structure that divides the project
into definable and measurable units of works
Establish project organization chart to clearly shows the
appropriate communication channels between people involve
Define clearly the authority and responsibility for all members.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 STAFFING

Staffing involves manning the organization structure

through proper and effective selection, appraisal and
development of the personnel to fill the roles
assigned to the employers/workforce.
Engineers role in staffing:
Recruitment, selection, placement, training and
development for team members
Define clearly work to be performed
Explain to team members the expectations and how their
works can fit into project

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DIRECTING

Directing is a process in which the managers

instruct, guide and oversee the performance of the
workers to achieve predetermined goals.
Engineers role in directing:
Serve as an effective leader in coordinating all important
aspects into projects
providing guidance to workers is doing work
guiding, inspiring, overseeing and instructing people towards
accomplishment of organizational goals.
Analyze and investigate problem early to found solution
earlier.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CONTROLLING

Controlling is compelling events to conform to plan

Engineers role in controlling:
Maintain a record of planned and actual work
accomplished to measure project performances
Keep record of meetings, telephone conversation, etc.

Use the effective control system

Having a solutions to the problems.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 FORECASTING

meaning to foresee and prepare for action.

Engineers role in planning :
The production level( determine how many people
must hire & train, if production decline)
Needs for new facilities & equipments
Size of sales force & adverting budget
New funding for investment
Investment in inventory & accounts receivable.
future market and technology will be like.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 MANAGING

Management is the act of getting people together to

accomplish desired goals and objectives using
available resources efficiently and effectively.
Management comprises planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and controlling an organization
or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
WHAT DO CIVIL ENGINEERS REALLY DO?

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
WHAT DO CIVIL ENGINEERS REALLY DO?

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 CIVIL ENGINEER

A civil engineer is responsible for using their civil

engineering background to plan and oversee
various construction efforts in many different
areas of this field. They will apply civil engineering
principles to ensure that structures are
constructed in the safest, sturdiest manner.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 ENGINEERING ROLE

A civil engineer requires not only a high standard

of engineering knowledge but also supervisory and
administrative skills. The planning part of their
work involves site investigation, feasibility studies,
creating solutions to complications that may occur
and the actual designing of structures.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
Engineers in Construction Field

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PARTIES INVOLVED IN PROJECT

Promoter (Client) initiates the project and is

responsible for providing funds for its execution.
Engineer (Consultant) appointed by the
Promoter and responsible for producing design
alternatives, computations, drawing, specifications
that meet needs of the client and supervise the
construction work.
Contractor responsible for the performance of all
work in accordance with the contract documents
that have been prepared by engineer.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PARTIES INVOLVED IN PROJECT

Superintending Officer (SO)

Represent Client (normally for government works at
Msia)
Responsible for the overall supervision and direction of
the works
Resident Engineer ( Engineer Representative/ RE)
represents the Engineer on the site of the works.
Appoint by promoter (client)
Responsible for the overall supervision and direction of
the works

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROJECT ENGINEER

to design in detail, amplifying the tender drawings

by further drawings, which are instructions to the
Contractor under the Contract
to redesign if there are varied requirements of the
Promoter or changed site conditions, and to
estimate the effect which each of these variations
will have on the programme and cost of the Works;
these variations must be valued in accordance with
the Contract
to supervise the Engineer's Representative
(Resident Engineer)
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PROJECT ENGINEER

to prepare forecasts of expenditure and regular and

special progress reports
to check the monthly measurement of work done
preparatory to the issue by the Engineer of interim
payment certificates; it is desirable that agreement
on payments remains as far as possible with the
Engineer's Representative and the Agent
to issue the Engineer's certificates for interim
payment to the Contractor
to settle claims and disputes and to issue
completion and maintenance certificates.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 RESIDENT ENGINEER

to watch and supervise on a day to day basis the

construction and maintenance of the project.
Depending on the size of the project, they may
have assistant staff under him.
must plan ahead and discuss future parts of the
Works with the Agent of the Contractor (Project
Engineer) to ensure that the phasing of the Works
is properly planned to suit the approved
programme.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 RESIDENT ENGINEER

The principal duties of the Consultant's

Representative are
to organize his work to suit the approved programme
to co-operate closely with the Contractor on matters of
safety
to supervise the Works to check that they are executed to
correct line and level and that the materials and
workmanship comply with the Specification
to examine the methods proposed by the Contractor for
the execution of the Works, the primary object being to
ensure the safe and satisfactory execution of the
permanent work
to execute and/or supervise tests carried out on the site,
and to inspect materials and manufacture at source
where this is not done by the Engineer's head office staff
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 RESIDENT ENGINEER

to keep a diary constituting a detailed history of the work

done and of all happenings at the site, and to submit
periodic progress reports to the Engineer
to measure in agreement with the Contractor's staff the
quantities of work executed, and to check daywork and
other accounts so that the interim and final payments due
to the Contractor may be certified by the Engineer
in the case of any work for which the Contractor may
claim payment as additional work, to agree with the
Contractor and record all relevant circumstances so as to
ensure that agreement exists on matters of fact before
any question of principle has to be decided by the
Engineer

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 RESIDENT ENGINEER

to record the progress of the work in comparison with the

programme
to record on drawings the actual level and nature of all
foundations, the character of the strata encountered in
excavation and full details of any deviations from the
Drawings which may have been made during the
execution of the Works, i.e. to produce all record
drawings.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PRE CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Ensure that the Employer is aware that he carries the

financial risk for unforeseen events and of the financial
managerial and advisory resources required for the
Contract.
Warn the Employer of the decisions and actions required of
him, giving programme dates for the finalization of designs,
the provision of access, construction and taking over of the
Works.
Design and detail the Works and as far as possible prepare
clear working drawings and a concise Specification.
Prepare accurate Bills of Quantities, detailing the works
required and complying with the Standard Method of
Measurement where possible. Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PRE CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Ensure that the Employer and his staff understand the role of the
Engineer under the ICE Conditions of Contract in ensuring fair
dealings between the Contractor and the Employer
Adopt the ICE Conditions of Contract (or, for ancillary
works,national and well-understood conditions of contract) in
full, without any variations or deletions, and draw the
Employer's attention to the powers and duties of the Engineer
under the Contract.
Ensure that the Employer and his Auditors accept the
ICE/CIPFA joint statement on the relationship between
Engineers and Auditors' and accept that the Engineer has the
quasi-judicial powers to make decisions that are final and bind-
ing on the Employer and Contractor, subject only to reference to
arbitration.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 PRE CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

ensure that the Engineer has a defined and readily

understood method of selecting tenderers and recommend
that the number invited should be limited
Ensure that all tenderers receive the same tendering
information and are given a sufficient period for the
preparation of tenders.
Make all site and service information in the Employer's and
Engineer's possession available to those invited to tender.
Ensure that tenders are delivered in specifically marked
envelopes to the Employer or the Engineer by a fixed date
and time, and that they are opened in the presence of
witnesses at a declared fixed time.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 POST CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Check tenders carefully and correct any errors in the

extension of items, rates, times and quantity. Notify
tenderers of any resulting changes in the totals of the priced
Bills of Quantities and tender sums.
Review tenders received and make a tender evaluation
report
Advise the Employer to give tenderers the name of the
successful tenderer at the earliest opportunity and
recommend that the list of the values of the tenders
received be circulated.
On the appointment of the Contractor, confirm the appoint-
ment by letter.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
POST CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

State by letters to the Contractor and Engineer's

Representative details of the powers and responsibilities
which are to be delegated to the latter.
Agree the extent and methods of payment for variations
and extras.
Do not exceed the powers granted by the Employer
Make decisions on extensions of time at the stages and
times required under the Contract.
Ensure that a site diary and site records are properly kept
and agreed where appropriate with the Contractor, and
arrange for regular progress photographs to be taken.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
POST CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Ensure that site meetings are held at least once a month

and that minutes are kept and agreed.
Issue certificates for payments after interim measurements
promptly
Visit the site regularly - at least once a month. Inspect
works in progress and review compliance with the Contract
programme.
Ensure that nominated subcontractors are properly
appointed by the main contractor and that appropriate
Subcontract Conditions of Contract are applied
Agree measurements of quantities for completed work as
the work proceeds, and agree with the Contractor that they
are to be carried unaltered to the final account Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 POST CONTRACT DUTIES OF ENGINEER

Ensure that claims are properly detailed and that any sums due
thereon are settled as soon as possible
Ensure that Certificates of Maintenance and Completion are
issued to the Contractor on time
Ensure that the Employer is aware of his new insurance liability
when the Maintenance Certificate is issued
When preparing decisions under clause 66 of the ICE Conditions
of Contract, review all the evidence available and, if possible,
arrange for the Engineer's Representative to put the Employer's
case, and the Contractor his, to enable a clear judgment to be
made of the issues.
In the event of arbitration, try to keep the dispute within the
scope of the Engineer's decision given under clause 66 of the ICE
Conditions of Contract, and present evidence fairly and concisely
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
Engineers role for future
development

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DEVELOPMENT

Development-the transformation of traditional,

low productivity, subsistence societies into
modern, high productivity and high income
nations.
Why development?
To increase the availability and widen the distribution of
life sustaining goods (food, shelter, health, protection,
security)
To raise the standard of living (higher income, more
jobs, better education)
To expand the range of economic and social choices.
Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Over the years the development that have taken

place in Malaysia have amazed all of us.
We have built the tallest twin building in the world,
the longest bridge in Asia, super highway across
the length and breadth of Malaysia, the
breathtaking KL International Airport in Sepang
and the beautiful and well-planned Federal
Government Administration Centre in Putrajaya.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Malaysian Engineers have been contributing to the

nation building significantly since the early period
of 20th century.
Engineers have been playing a significant role in
this area and will continue to play similar if not a
bigger role in ensuring that the nation will also be a
developed country by 2020 and become a vibrant
and model country.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah
 DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

Engineers are called by various names based on their

expertise. Examples are civil, electrical, chemical,
mechanical, software and electronic engineers.
Engineers are largest in number in Malaysia. Therefore it
is not surprising that the engineers are assets of this
nation in ensuring emergence of Malaysia as a great
nation in the eyes of global society.
When the leaders generate the big vision for the country,
the engineers translate the vision into reality. The
engineers take up the challenge and delivers to the need
of the country.

Preparedby:sitikhalijah