International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of
Dynamic Drainage Consolidation in Soft Foundation
Treatment
DING Jihui, Duan QingSong, Xiong Wei
AbstractBased on the field measuring on dynamic
characteristics of vibration used by dynamic compaction
measuring with 2500kN.m energy-level for reinforced soft soil
subgrade in ShanTou is carried out by using the combined
method of surcharging and dewatering preloading and dynamic
consolidation. The settlement of the rammer, Vibration action
time, vibration main frequency, peak acceleration and peak
velocity are analyzed. The soil resistance is defined as the unit
settlement of the rammer to complete is required single
compaction energy on the unit area, which can be reflected the
characteristics of the soil layer under the hammer. The
cumulative settlement of the point compaction is increased as
hyperbolic function with the increase of the number of
compaction, and its limit value is equal to the maximum
settlement. The acting time of vertical vibration is at
0.19~0.6Sec, and that of horizontal vibration is 0.252~0.854Sec.
The horizontal vibration main frequency is at 5.76~14.5Hz, and
the vertical vibration frequency is at 7.51~19.26Hz. The vertical
peak acceleration is greater than the horizontal peak
acceleration, the ratio between the vertical peak acceleration to
the horizontal peak acceleration is 1.3~5.0.
Index TermsDynamic characteristics; Soft soil subgrade;
The combined method of surcharging and dewatering
preloading and dynamic consolidation; Vibration effects
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the combined application of the technology
of improving the soil water drainage, setting the vertical
drainage body and the vacuum preloading or surcharge
preloading or precipitation preloading with dynamic
consolidation (method combined by static and dynamic
drainage consolidation method) in the soft soil and dredger
fill soft soil foundation, made the application scope of the
dynamic compaction method extended. Combination of static
and dynamic drainage consolidation method is by improving
the drainage conditions of foundation soil and combined with
dynamic compaction method and static drainage
consolidation method, which can solve the dredger fill uneven
settlement, the settlement amount, the time limit for a strict,
the high requirements of the bearing capacity of the
foundation. Combination of static and dynamic drainage
consolidation method is by improving the drainage conditions
of foundation soil and combined with dynamic compaction
method and static drainage consolidation method, which can
solve the dredger fill uneven settlement, the settlement
DING Jihui, College of Civil Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding
Hebei, China, 13831259783.
Duan QingSong, CCCC Road & Bridge Special Engineering Co., Ltd.,
Wuhan Hubei, China, 18062565085.
Xiong Wei, CCCC Road & Bridge Special Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan
Hubei, China, 18771009619.
194
amount, the time limit for a strict, the high requirements of
the bearing capacity of the foundation. The sdudies about
dynamic consolidation reinforcement mechanism of the
combination of static and dynamic consolidation method
belong to qualitative analysis, and lack of objective
quantitative analysis. The pore water pressure in the soil,
empirical equation of the of stress, strain and seepage are
established by Qian Jiahuan, and contact surface stress
formula of Scott was revised in the indoor test[1]. Through the
improved three axis test, the static and dynamic combination
of drainage consolidation of the laboratory test, the pore water
pressure and the re-consolidation of the strain has a unique
relationship by Bai Bing etc. [2] .The dynamic response of
pore water pressure in dynamic compaction process was
studied by the large scale test device developed by Wang
Shanshan etc. [3]. Zhao Jianhua etc. established the
experimental model of silt soft soil reinforcement by using
dynamic drainage consolidation method by used a similar
ratio of 1:2 indoor experimental apparatus, put forward the
determination method of the effective reinforcement depth of
the soft soil foundation and evaluation method of the effect of
reinforcement of the effective reinforcement depth of the soft
soil foundation[4]. Based a dynamic drainage consolidation
method for soft soil foundation treatment engineering in
Guangzhou indoor model test is designed by Wang AnMing
etc., the saturated soft clay pore pressure responses were
obtained during inserting plastic drain plate process, dynamic
compaction and compaction hit after the completion[5]. The
shock stess, soil deformation and pore water pressure during
dynamic compaction were studed by really triaxial test by Li
Dedi, and the combination of indoor compression shear test,
the strength changes of the samples of the samples before and
after dynamic consolidation is analysed[6].The action and its
dynamic characteristics of the dynamic compaction in the soft
foundation treatment process were studed by Ma Na, Ding
Jihui and etc. through dynamic compaction combined with
preloading dynamic drainage consolidation method the
indoor experiment[7]. through of construction site of the
dynamic compaction measured data of finishing, analysis of
of surface vibration, the tamping pit depth, click tamping is
able to hit and dynamic consolidation depth of the
relationship between the statistical law. Through the
arrangement of measured data to construction site of the
dynamic compaction, the dynamic compaction dynamic
responses of the dynamic compaction was analysed, and the
surface vibration, the tamping pit depth, the relationship of
the statistical law between tamping energy and compaction
strengthening depth by Zhang JiChao, P. W. Manyne etc.
[8]-[9]
.The results by J.H.Wang etc. show that the duration of
vertical vibration in the vibration caused by dynamic
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 Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Dynamic Drainage Consolidation in Soft Foundation Treatment

compaction is shorter than that in the radial direction, and it is
pointed out that the higher the dynamic compaction energy
level, the greater the amplitude of vibration, the faster the
attenuation rate is[10].
However, due to the different engineering properties of
various types of foundation soil, domestic and international
research on the strengthening mechanism of dynamic
consolidation, has not yet achieved satisfactory results.
Through a soft foundation engineering reinforced soft soil
subgrade by using the combined method of surcharging and
dewatering preloading and dynamic consolidation, The
relationship between the amount of compaction and the
number of compaction, the attenuation law of dynamic
compaction energy, the law of dynamic response, evaluation
of the effect and influence of the reinforced earth fill
foundation with dynamic compaction are studied.
II. FIELD TEST ON DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DYNAMIC
DRAINAGE CONSOLIDATION
2.1 Engineering background
Table 1 Stratigraphic distribution in the test area
thickness
Name Formation characteristics
/m
Yellowish gray, wet~saturation,
loose~slightly dense, the poor grain and
2 fine sand 4.4~6.4 the bad gradation, containing a small
amount of clay in local, a small amount of
shell fragments, Partial area distribution.
4 silt
Gray, saturated, flow plastic, mixed more
mixed sand 0.19
fine sand, only local area revealed;
1 silt
mixed sand 0.22~0.37
Gray, saturated, flow plastic, mixed more
fine sand, only local area revealed;
Gray, saturated, flow plastic, the soil is
1 There is an acceleration sensor in horizontal and vertical
relatively pure, with a small amount of fine
silt~mucky 6.94~11.3
sand and shell broken, the formation of a
soil
wide range;
Gray, saturated, loose, the poor grain and
the bad gradation, with a small amount of
2fine sand 0.27~0.37
fine sand and shell broken, local area
distribution;
Gray, saturated, soft plastic~ plastic, the
soil is relatively pure, with more fine sand,
1 clay 1.56~5.66
the formation of a wide range of
distribution;
Grayish white, pale yellow, saturation,
plasticity, and local hard plastic, the soil is
2 clay ~
and dynamic consolidation, the soft soil subgrade was
reinforced soft soil subgrade. The main site of formation
treatment as shown in Table 1.
Site constructionFirst leveling, backfill sand; Then the
driving plastic drainage plate and the site layout of dewatering
wells along the center line and cut-off wells around the field;
Then the first stage preloading, two times of universal
compaction and two times of point compaction after the first
stage preloading, the second stage preloading, the third
universal compaction and point compaction and universal
compaction after the second stage preloading, finally
vibration rolling.
The dynamic characteristics test of dynamic compaction is
carried out after the construction of the first stage preloading
(surcharged 2.5m) of the site. Rammer diameter is 2.4m,
Rammer weight is18.76t. The falling distance is 13.35m. The
tamping energy is 2500kN.m. Rammer points are arranged by
square with spacing4.54.5m.
2.2 Dynamic performance test of dynamic drainage
consolidation
The test area is transformed into the grid of 4.5m4.5m
according to the dynamic compaction spacing, the grid node
is the tamping point, and the acceleration vibration pickups
are placed on the surface of the soil and the different depth of
the ground surface. Main contents of field test for dynamic
characteristic test are as followed:
(1) Test and law analysis of the settlement of the dynamic
compaction points during dynamic compaction.
(2) The measurement of the acceleration time history
curves: the vibration frequency is obtained by analysis of
spectra, the significant influence range of the horizontal and
vertical direction is obtained by time history curve analysis
during the period of dynamic consolidation.
2.3 Test implementation
direction, as shown in Fig. 8.3. According to the energy of
dynamic compaction method, measurement range of the
acceleration sensors is 20g and 50g, which is made in
Qinhuangdao science and technology limited company.
Signal gathering system G01USB32 is made in engineering
mechanics research institute of earthquake bureau.
2.4 Dynamic Measuring Results analyses of dynamic
compaction
2.4.1 The settlement of the rammer of the compaction
*4.5 13.0 s / cm
59.00

1.1~9.9 homogeneous, partially with a small 12.5 54.63

silty clay 50.25

amount of fine sand, stratigraphic 45.88

12.0 41.50

distribution over a wide range. 37.13

32.75

Gray, saturated, loose, poor particle size, 11.5

y/m

28.38

4 fine sand 0.33~1.9 24.00

mixed more muddy soil, local with a small

11.0
amount of humus, local area distribution;
Gray, saturated, slightly dense, well particle 10.5

6 medium size distribution, subangular, see a small

0.74~1.7 10.0
coarse sand amount of fine gravel, containing more 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
x/m
clay, local area distribution; No.1
*4.5 13.0 s / cm
Gray, gray, saturated, mediate-dense~
7 medium 86.00
1.4 dense, well particle size distribution, with 12.5 80.63
coarse sand
more local clay, widely distributed; 75.25

69.88

Yellow color, saturation, density, well 12.0 64.50

59.13

1 coarse particle size distribution, subangular, 11.5

53.75
y/m

48.38

gravel sand mixed a small amount of clay and a small 43.00

amount of fine gravel, reveal the local area. 11.0

In Shantou Municipal infrastructure construction projects 10.5

of soft ground treatment engineering test section using the

10.0
combined method of surcharging and dewatering preloading 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
x/m No.2

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
13.0 s / cm
103.0
function is a hyperbolic function through the origin:
12.5 97.75

92.50

87.25
P1 x (1)
12.0 82.00
s
P2 x
76.75

71.50

11.5
y/m

66.25

In where s is the accumulated settlement of the rammer

61.00

11.0

cm x is the number of compactionP1 P are the fitting

10.5 2

10.0
parameters.
6 7 8 9
x/m
10 11
No.3
12 13
The correlation coefficient of the fitting curve except for
13.0 s / cm the individual measurement points is greater than 0.99. The
12.5
117.0

111.6
fitting degree of the measured point and the fitting curve is
106.3

100.9 very good. The accumulated settlement of the measured point

12.0 95.50

90.13

84.75
is increased with the tamping number as the form of the
11.5
hyperbolic function. The limit value of fitting curve ( P1 ) of
y/m

79.38

74.00

11.0
each measuring point is between 158.8- 231.2, and P is
2
10.5
between 1.99- 6.82.
10.0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2.4.2 The resistance of soil layer
x/m No.4
The soil resistance is the ability of the soil layer to resist
*4.5 13.0 s / cm
124.0
deformation, which defined as the unit settlement of the
12.5 119.0

114.0 rammer to complete is required single compaction energy on

the unit area. Unit: kN/m2.
109.0

12.0 104.0

99.00

11.5
94.00

p
E (2)
y/m

89.00

84.00
AS
11.0
where p is resistance to deformation of soil layer,
10.5

kN/m2 E is single compaction energy, kN.m A is the

bottom area of Rammerm2S is the accumulated settlement
10.0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
x/m No.5
*4.5 13.0 s / cm of the rammer, m.
12.5
129.0

123.6
Fig. 3 is the Cloud Picture of the resistance of soil in the test
118.3

112.9
area. The greater the resistance value p of the soil layer, the
12.0 107.5

102.1

96.75
greater the ability of the soil layer to resist deformation; and
11.5
y/m

91.38

86.00 of the soil layer is compacted under the hammer, the ability to
11.0 resist deformation of the soil layer is strengthened. The
10.5 uniformity of the soil layer can be measured by using the soil
10.0
resistance parameters of the last hammering. is between
6 7 8 9
x/m
10 11
No.6
12 13
760.5-2123.2 in No. 1; p is between 1498.7- 2830.6 in No. 2;
Fig. 1 The Cloud Picture between the accumulated settlement of p is between 2123.142- 6369.427 in No. 3; p is between
the rammer s (cm) and the number of compaction(x) 2547.771- 6369.427 in No. 4; p is between 2316.155-
140

120 8492.5697 in No. 5; p is between 7279.345- 10191.087 in

accumulated settlement s/ cm

100
1-6-11
1-6-13
No. 6. The resistance of the soil layer increased gradually with
80 1-6-12
1-6-11
1-6-10
the increase of the number of compaction.
60 1-7-10 13.0 2
p / kN/m
1-7-13
1-7-11 2125
40 1-7-12
1-8-10 12.5 1954

1-8-11 1784
20 1-8-12 1613
1-9-12
1-9-11 12.0 1443
0
1-9-10 1272

1101
-20
4.5y/m

11.5 930.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
760.0
N
140 11.0

120
10.5
1-10-12
accumulated settlement s/ cm

100 1-8-13
1-9-13 10.0
1-10-13
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
80 1-10-11
1-10-10 4.5x / m No.1
1-12-10
60 1-11-11
13.0 2
1-11-12 p / kN/m
1-11-12
40 1-12-12 3000
1-13-10 12.5 2802
1-13-11
2604
20 1-13-11
2406
12.0 2208
0 2009
4.5y / m

1811
11.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1613

1415
N
11.0
Fig. 2 The Fitting Curve between the accumulated settlement of
the rammer s (cm) and the number of compaction(x) 10.5

Fig.1 is the Cloud Picture between the settlement of the 10.0

rammer s (cm) and the number of compaction(x), and Fig.2 is 6 7 8 9 10
4.5x / m
11 12 13 14

No.2
the Fitting Curve between the accumulated settlement of the
rammer s (cm) and the number of compaction(x). The fitting

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 Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Dynamic Drainage Consolidation in Soft Foundation Treatment

13.0 p / kN/m
2 r/m
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 2
1.020E4 0 axmax / m/s
12.5 9190
200.0
8180 2
175.0
7170
150.0
12.0 6160
4 125.0
5150
100.0
4140
4.5y /m

75.00
11.5 3130 6
50.00
2120

z/m
25.00
8
0
11.0

10

10.5
12

10.0 14
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4.5x / m No.3 No.4
2
13.0 p / kN/m Fig.4 The cloud images of the horizontal peak acceleration in the
6370

12.5 5891 test area (plane rz)

5413
r/m
4934
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 2
12.0 4455 0 azmax / m/s
3976

3498 550.0
4.5y / m

2
11.5 3019 481.3

2540 412.5

4 343.8

11.0 275.0

206.3
6
137.5

10.5

z/m
68.75

8 0

10.0
10
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
4.5x / m No.4 12

Fig. 3 The Cloud Picture of the resistance of soil in the test area 14

2.4.3 Vibration Acting Time and Main Frequency Caused No.1

by Dynamic Compaction r/m

When energy level is 2500kNm, the vibration caused by

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 2
0 azmax / m/s

the dynamic consolidation of soft ground is similar to the 2

562.0

491.8

421.5
blasting vibration. The vibration acting time lasts very short. 4 351.3

281.0

Vibration acting time depends on the distance between 6

210.8

140.5

rammer point and measuring point, soil properties. The

z/m
70.25

8 0

horizontal vibration acting time out of the individual 10

measuring points is greater than the vertical vibration. The

vibration acting time increases with distance between rammer
points and measuring, but the increasing amplitude is not
large. The acting time of vertical vibration is at 0.19-0.6Sec,
and that of horizontal vibration is 0.252-0.854Sec.
The frequency of vibration is mainly determined by the soil
property between the measuring point and the tamping point,
the horizontal vibration frequency and the vertical vibration
frequency have no obvious rule. The average frequency of
vertical vibration is greater than the average value of the
horizontal vibration frequency. When z=0m, the horizontal
vibration frequency is 8.74-14.503Hz and its mean value
is10.72Hz, the vertical vibration frequency is 7.51-19.17Hz
and its mean value is 12.81Hz measured, and the average
value of the vertical vibration is greater 19.5% than the
horizontal vibration. When z=3.0m, the horizontal vibration
frequency is 6.51-16.84Hz and its mean value is 9.96Hz, the
vertical vibration frequency is 5.85-13.73H and its mean
value is10.13Hz, and the average value of the vertical
vibration is greater1.7% than the horizontal vibration. When
z=9.0m, the vibration frequency is 6.77-19.5Hz and its mean
value is 12.61Hz. When z=14.5m, the vibration frequency is
8.22-14.5Hz and its mean value is 11.88Hz.
2.4.5 Peak Acceleration Results
r/m
0
-30 -20 -10
2 196.0
12
14
No.4
Fig.5 The cloud images of the vertical peak acceleration in the
test area (plane rz)
Fig.4 and Fig.5 are the cloud images of the peak
acceleration at the different depth in the test area. From Fig.4
and Fig.5, the vertical peak acceleration is greater than the
horizontal peak acceleration, the ratio between the vertical
peak acceleration to the horizontal peak acceleration is
1.3-5.0. Since the measuring point is not below the bottom of
the Rammer, the acceleration peak value of the ground
surface is not the maximum value, and the peak value at 3m of
the earth's surface reaches the maximum value. When the
distance between measuring point and tamping point is 7.4m,
the measured maximum horizontal acceleration is 199.9m/s2,
and vertical acceleration is 561.0 m/s2, the ratio of the vertical
acceleration to horizontal acceleration is for 2.81.When the
distance between measuring point and tamping point at 3m of
the earth's surface is 27m, the measured maximum horizontal
acceleration is less than1.9m/s2. When the distance between
measuring point and tamping point at 9m of the earth's surface
is 7.4m, the measured maximum horizontal acceleration is
2.0m/s2, and the distance is 27m, the measured maximum
0 10 20 30
axmax / m/s
2 horizontal acceleration is less than 2.0m/s2.When the distance
between measuring point and tamping point at 14.5m of the
171.5

4
147.0 earth's surface is 7.4m, the measured maximum horizontal
acceleration is 1.90m/s2, and the distance is 27m, the
122.5

98.00
6 73.50

49.00
measured maximum horizontal acceleration is less than
z/m

8 24.50

10
0
0.4m/s2.
12
From Fig.4 and Fig.5, it is clear that the attenuation of the
14
peak acceleration of the soil layer to the depth of the soil layer.
No.1
The effect of dynamic compaction is equivalent to that of a
large dynamic load produced in the soil layer, and the load is a

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-5, Issue-3, July 2016
body force, its value is the product of the density of the soil
mass and acceleration of the soil mass, the acting time of
dynamic loading is very short. Under the dynamic load, the
excess pore water pressure is generated in the soil layer, the
excess pore water pressure is dissipated, and the
consolidation of the soil layer is made.
III. CONCLUSION
The effect of dynamic compaction is equivalent to that of a
large instantaneous body force in the soil layer. Under the
dynamic load, the excess pore water pressure is generated in
the soil layer, the excess pore water pressure is dissipated, and
the consolidation of the soil layer is made. The dynamic
performance test of dynamic compaction is made in this field,
and the following conclusions are obtained.
(1) The cumulative settlement of the point compaction is
increased as hyperbolic function s P1 x / ( P2 x) with the
increase of the number of compaction, and its limit value is
equal to the maximum settlement. Fitting parameter P1 in the
test site is at 158.8-231.2, and P is at 1.99-6.82.
2 September 1979-July 1983, Engineering Mechanics, North China
(2) The soil resistance is defined as the unit settlement of
the rammer to complete is required single compaction energy
on the unit area. The greater the soil resist, the greater the
ability to resist deformation. With the increase of the tamping
number, the compaction of the soil layer under the hammer,
the ability to resist deformation of the soil layer is enhanced.
The uniformity of the soil layer can be measured by using the
soil resistance parameters of the last Rammer.
(3) When energy level is constant, vibration acting time
depends on the distance between rammer point and measuring
point, and soil properties. The horizontal vibration acting time
is greater than the vertical vibration. The acting time of
vertical vibration is at 0.19-0.6Sec, and that of horizontal
vibration is 0.252-0.854Sec.Vibration main frequency
depends on the soil properties between the measuring point
and the tamping point, the horizontal vibration main
frequency is less than the vertical vibration frequency. The
horizontal vibration main frequency is at 5.76-14.5Hz, and
the vertical vibration frequency is at 7.51-19.26Hz.
(4) The vertical peak acceleration is greater than the
horizontal peak acceleration, the ratio between the vertical
peak acceleration to the horizontal peak acceleration is
1.3-5.0. The peak value at 3m of the earth's surface reaches
the maximum value. When the distance between measuring
point and tamping point is 7.4m, the measured maximum
horizontal acceleration is 199.9m/s2, and vertical acceleration
is 561.0 m/s2, the ratio of the vertical acceleration to
horizontal acceleration is for 2.81.
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(submitted for publication)
Ding Jihui
Education
University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Undergraduate;
September 1985 - July 1988 Hydraulic Structure, North China University
of Water Resources and Electric Power, Postgraduate;
April 1994 - June 1997 Engineering Mechanics, China University of
Mining and Technology, Doctor.
Publication
Basic engineering design and utilityShallow foundation engineering and
programmingFoundation Engineering Design Theory and Application
Reliability
Achievement
Hosted and participated in fund Hebei Provincial Construction
Department, Department of Education and other longitudinal research
projectDepartment of Construction Project "Regeneration and utilization of
construction waste" in 2004 by the Department of Construction Science and
Technology Progress Award; 2005, 2007, "foundation engineering design
and application of reliability", "Design and Application of Composite
Foundation reliability research" Hebei Science and Technology progress
Award.
Duan Qingsong
Education
September 2008 - July 2012 College of Civil Engineering, Hebei
University.
Work experience:
July 2012 to dateJunior engineer CCCC Road & Bridge Special
Engineering Co., Ltd.
Xiong Wei
Education
September 2008 - July 2012 College of Civil Engineering, Hebei
University.
Work experience:
July 2012 to dateJunior engineer CCCC Road & Bridge Special
Engineering Co., Ltd.
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