Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Structurix Film Brochure English PDF
Structurix Film Brochure English PDF
Structurix Film Brochure English PDF
STRUCTURIX
Film
STRUCTURIX Film Systems
GE exclusively offers a solution with all components designed
to work together seamlessly, start to finish.
Our film systems are fully compliant with standards issued by the
independent German Federal Institute for Materials Research and
Testing, BAM. This designation proves STRUCTURIX capability to not
only produce consistently but also to invest in quality systems which
control and measure system parameters. This assures compliance
with the Industrial Film Systems Classification Standards.
2
STRUCTURIX Films Advantages
3
Technological Axis of Optimization of Contrast STRUCTURIX Quality
STRUCTURIX D family Rugged performance
Local Contrast
4 Split Anti-stress
Image Quality
3 Layer
2 Emulsion Layer
D2 D2
Theoretical Maximum 1 Base
D3
D4
for linear detection
D3 D5 2 Emulsion Layer
D7 D8
4 Split Anti-stress
3 Layer
Better
D4
Cubic Grain Plus
Matting Agent
Faster Speed
D5
D7
D8 Contrast (signal) of all films is optimized to approach The emulsion coatings are covered by two separate
the maximum contrast for a linear detector (industrial antistress layers (3 + 4). To achieve a rugged surface,
X-ray Film), thereby optimizing image quality and the top layer has received the matting agent.
perceptibility. An exception to the rule is D2, a super
Better
4
Image Quality and Film System Classifications
Every application and every object require a specific class As a result of being able to objectively determine the performance
of industrial radiographic film or film system class which of a specific Film System (Film + Chemistry + Processing), film
radiography remains the number one and most widely used NDT
includes complementary film and film processing. technique.
Technical Specifications
DOSE m
Image Quality & Film System Classes A/Automatic Gradient G D G/d ISO SPEED
Gy
CEN ASTM ISO JIS- ASTM ISO
Type Type CEN DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D =2
EN 584-1 E 1815-96 11699-1 K7627 E 1815-96 11699-1
D2 C1 special C1 T1 D2 C1 special C1 5.5 9.9 0.018 371 32 22.3
DOSE m
B/Manual Gradient G D G/d ISO SPEED
Gy
ASTM ISO
Type CEN DENS=2 DENS=4 DENS=2 DENS=2 S D =2
E 1815-96 11699-1
D2 C1 special C1 5.1 9.0 0.013 392 32 23.5
5
BAM Certification ISO Certification
Agfa was the first company in the world that can boast GEs approach to quality control in the NDT industry
certification by BAM, the German Federal Institute for
Materials Research and Testing. At GEs Inspection Technologies business, we contend that
obtaining an ISO certificate is only the beginning. Agfa was the first
In addition to semi-annual product testing (design approval) and radiographic film manufacturer to achieve ISO certification for its
round robin tests recognizing the competence of the Agfa film STRUCTURIX films in 1990. Since then, we have continued the legacy
lab, the certification process involves a quarterly production of quality, assuring you that our entire film system films, chemistry
monitoring and an annual audit at the Agfa plant. The results are and equipment is produced under a strict Quality Management
recorded in the corresponding certificates. System approved to ISO 9000. Its your guarantee of the superior
quality of GE Measurement & Control products.
The most commonly used STRUCTURIX film systems based on the
film types D4, D5 and D7 combined with G135 developer and
G335 fixer are BAM certified. The German Federal Institute BAM
conducted a thorough study and awarded the STRUCTURIX Eco
Film System (5 min. cycle) the certificate of compliance to
International Film System Classification Standards.
6
Characteristics and Applications
STRUCTURIX D5 Welding
Castings
Very fine grain film with high contrast. Excellent for visualization of Shipbuilding
discontinuities. This film is intended for use with lead screens, using Aerospace and aircraft industry
either X-ray or gamma rays. Multiple film techniques
STRUCTURIX D7 Welding
Castings
Fine grain film with high contrast and high speed. Designed for Shipbuilding
direct exposure or with lead screens. For exposure with lead Aerospace and aircraft industry
screens, using either X-ray or gamma rays. Multiple film techniques
STRUCTURIX D8
Welding and casting
Medium grain film with high contrast and very high speed. Suitable Defense industry
for a variety of applications. This film can be used for direct Aerospace and aircraft industry
exposure or with lead screens. It gives good image quality with Composite materials
short exposure times. If even higher speed is required, fluorescent Multiple film techniques
screens, in combination with F8 (not D8), should be used.
STRUCTURIX D4W
An extra fine grain film with medium contrast and very high speed.
The film can be used for direct exposure techniques or with lead Castings and other multi-thickness objects
screens. Ferrous and non ferrous castings
Non-critical welds
STRUCTURIX D6W All non-classified materials inspection
A high contrast, fine grain film with medium contrast combining
good image quality and wide latitude.
7
Performance Characteristics
Sensitometric Curves
Sensitometric Curves
D8 D5 D3 D3 s.c.
3.5
D7 D4 D2
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Blue-base
Density
STRUCTURIX D2, D3 s.c., D3, D4, D5, D7, D8 Exposure and processing parameters:
200 kV, Pb screens, autom. proc., 8 min. cycle, devel G 135, 28C
8
Exposure Diagrams
m.A.min
m.A.min
80 80
30 30 240
correct exposure will mainly depend
20 20
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
m.A.min
80 80
70 70
potential 60
50
60
50
40 260 40
Pb-screens 30 30
220
Density: 2 20 20 240
FFD: 1 m
260
Autom. proc.: 8 min. cycle,
10 10
9 9
8 8
G 135, 28C 7
6
7
6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
Structurix D4 Structurix D8
kV 100 120 140 160 180 200 kV 100 120 140 160 180
100 100
90 220 90
m.A.min
m.A.min
80 80 200
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
260
220
20 20
240
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
260
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
9
Structurix D2 Structurix D5
kV kV
50 70 90 110 130 50 70 90
100 100
90 90
m . A .m i n
80 80
70 70
60 60 110
m . A .m i n
50 50
40 40
30 30
130
20 20
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
kV
50 70 90 110 50 70 90
100 100
90 90
m. A .mi n
m. A .mi n
Type of X-ray tube: constant 80
70
80
70
60 130 60
potential 50 50
40 40
Density: 2 30 30
110
FFD: 1 m 20 20
G 135, 28C 10
9
8
10
9
8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
Structurix D4 Structurix D8
kV kV
50 70 90 110 50 70 90
100 100
90 90
m. A . mi n
m. A . mi n
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 130 50
40 40
30 30 110
20 20
10 10 130
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
mm mm
1 1
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
10
Exposure Diagrams
1000
GBq.h
Ci.h
10000
100
Pb Screens: Density 2, SFD 1m
D2
D3
Selenium 75
1000 D4
D5
D8
10 D7
100
1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
mm Fe
1000
GBq.h
Ci.h
10000
100 D2 D3
Pb Screens: Density 2, SFD 1m
Iridium 192 D4 D5
1000
D8
10 D7
100
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
mm Fe
1000
GBq.h
Ci.h
10000
100
Pb Screens: Density 2, SFD 1m
D2
D3
Cobalt 60 1000 D4
D5
10
D8
D7
100
1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
mm Fe
11
12
Special Applications
Density
product for rapid access radiography. emergency solution. 4.0
0.5
0.0
0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5
*D7 is considered not sensitive for fluorescent screens (no significant gain in exposure time)
STRUCTURIX F6
Medium speed, high contrast fine grain film, preferably suited Offshore
for use in combination with fluorometallic (RCF) or similar pipelines
fluorescent screens. To be preferably processed in short cycle Fast processing
(90 sec.). If needed standard 8 min. cycle can be used requirements
alternatively for:
13
Special Applications
Density
is insufficient or radiation safety is of prime reduce the exposure time by a factor of 3.5
importance. three to six compared to RCF screens. F8 + RCF
F8 is the ideal fast, high contrast, high 3.0
Sensitive to all UV and blue-emitting definition film for fluorescent screen D8 + Pb
2.5
screens. Calcium tungstate with lead or applications.
lead oxide backing, so called fluorometallic When higher sharpness is required we 2.0
screens (STRUCTURIX RCF Screens), are advise the use of D8 with Pb screens.
1.5
most suited for industrial applications.
1.0
F8 with fluorescent screens is used in a Blue base
variety of heavy construction applications, 0.5
STRUCTURIX F8
High system speed is main requirement
High speed, high contrast fine grain On stream corrosion/erosion
film, for exposures in combination with radiography
RCF fluorometallic screens or Concrete and heavy constructions
fluorescent screens. Low dosage output, e.g. microfocus
14
15
STRUCTURIX Intensifying Screens
16
STRUCTURIX Intensifying Screens
When making exposures with fluorescent With increasing energy, the absorption
400
screens, it is important to understand the of fluorescent screens is reduced and,
potential impact of variables such as as a result, the intensifying effect is uJ )
S = ( cm
200
temperature, exposure energy and diminished
exposure time: Due to the reciprocity effect with 100 100
80 80
Intensifying screens fluoresce more fluorescent screen systems, the gain in 60 60
brilliantly at low temperature. Therefore, exposure time compared to lead screen 40 40
the screen efficiency will drop with systems, diminishes with increasing
increasing temperature exposure length 20 20
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
Spectral sensitivity of
Agfa Structurix F6
(for density 1.0 above fog)
Relative Exposure F8 F6 D7
No screen 1.000
Pb 1.000
Pb 1.000
Pb 1.000
17
The Right Packaging for Every STRUCTURIX Film
Pb VACUPAC
Easy identification
Extra vacuum protection. Each pack of 100 sheets is supplied in vacuo to preserve the
The film type is clearly marked on all daylight film packages. Pb
vacuum well beyond the expiration date.
means the film is sandwiched between lead screens (0.027 mm).
Daylight packed sheets have a center cross on the envelope to
allow for easy positioning. Sheets are provided in a strong and
easy-to-use, flip-top box. Rolls come in a rigid dispenser box.
18
The Right Packaging for Every STRUCTURIX Film
This feature allows you to easily determine where to cut the film
and also to see how much film is left. The film can be cut to any
length. Cutting should be done in the darkroom.
Pb ROLLPAC
19
For testing at higher radiation energy levels (>100 kV), i.e., welding in boilers,
storage tanks and pipelines, Pb ROLLPAC is used.
20
The Right Packaging for Every STRUCTURIX Film
SHEET FILM IN DARKROOM PACKAGING Because of its low cost, darkroom packaging appears to be the
most economical solution for certain applications. However, the
These films are for use with reloadable metal or plastic total radiography cost must be considered. For example, film
cassettes and exposure holders. The high level of darkroom handling costs in the darkroom and the cost of reshoots are
lighting tolerated by STRUCTURIX D films allows more important factors in figuring your investment. The added expense
comfortable loading and unloading conditions. of cassettes and screens should also be taken into consideration.
Local conditions must be considered and, most importantly, the
cost of quality (the you get what you pay for theory). Simply put,
low cost does not always equate to your best decision or best value.
VACUPAC image quality cannot be obtained with the standard
cassette system.
This is the most economical way to buy sheet film. The intrinsic film Each film is wrapped in a paper folder to prevent handling faults in
quality is the same as that of pre-packed film. Sheets of film are the darkroom. The paper folders make it easy to store and protect
packed per 100 (except extremely large sizes) in a paalpo bag inside the films after processing. Folder wrapped packaging is an ideal
a cardboard box. The paalpo bags allow for easy film removal and solution for boxes that, after opening, remain in use for a period of
re-closure. time in areas of high humidity and temperature, as the folder
prevents the films from sticking together. Sheets of film are packed
per 100 in a sealed bag and placed in a strong cardboard box.
21
Optimal Storage Of STRUCTURIX Films
TAILOR MADE PACKAGING It is also recommended that the films are not stored in the
immediate vicinity of X-ray chemicals.
In addition to our standard products, special orders are available.
If STRUCTURIX films are handled and stored in accordance with the
These can include non-standard sheet sizes
directions noted above, we guarante their good quality at least until
and other forms of packaging, such as Bi and Tri Packs. For special
the expiration date on the box.
orders, please contact your Agfa agent. Bipack is an ETE daylight
packaging containing two films. Tripack contains three films in one
envelope. Combinations with lead screens are possible. Bipacks can
also be supplied in DW ROLLPAC packaging.
22
www.ge-mcs.com/en/radiography-x-ray/film-and-film-equipment
GEIT-40007EN (05/14)
2014 General Electric Company. All Rights Reserved. Specifications are subject to change without
notice. GE is a registered trademark of General Electric Company. Other company or product names
mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective compa-
nies, which are not affiliated with GE.