CH 04

Chapter4:GeneralVectorSpaces135
CHAPTER4:GENERALVECTORSPACES
4.1RealVectorSpaces
1. (a) u v 2,4 1,3 3,1 andku 5 2,4 0,5 4 0,20 .
(b) Sinceadditionoftwovectorsisdefinedascomponentwiseaddition,andtheadditionofreal
numbersisclosedunderaddition,Visclosedunderaddition.Scalarmultiplicationisdefined
togivea0(arealnumber)inthefirstcomponentandtheproductku2inthesecond
component.Sincetheproductoftworealnumbersisreal,Visclosedunderthisscalar
multiplication.
(c) SinceadditioninR2iscommutativeandassociative,theseaxiomsholdinV.Also,thereisa
zerovector, 0,0 ,andeveryvectorhasanegativeinV.
(d) k u v k u1 v1,u2 v2 0,k u2 v2 0,ku2 kv2 .Also,ku kv 0,ku2

0,kv2 0,ku2 kv2 .So,weseethatk u v ku kv.
k m u 0, k m u2 0,ku2 mu2 0,ku2 0,mu2 ku mu.
Thus,bothdistributivelawsholdforthisvectorspace.
Tocheckassociativity:k mu k 0,mu2 0,k mu2 .Now,thesecondcoordinateisthe

productofthreerealnumbersandmultiplicationisassociative,so 0,k mu2
0, km u2 km u.Thus,k mu km u.
(e) Finally,wecheckthe10thaxiom:Is1u u?Forourdefinitionofscalarmultiplication,
1u 0,1u2 0,u2 .Butthisisnotequaltou,unlessu1 0.Sincethisshouldholdforall

vectorsu,Visnotavectorspace.
2. (a) u v 1,2 2,0 2,3 ,andku 3 1,2 3,6 .
(b) Consider 0,0 2,1 .Thedefinitionofvectoradditiontellsusthat 0,0 2,1
1,0 .Since 0,0 uuforu 2,1 (andforallvectorsalso), 0,0 isnotthe

additiveidentity.
136Chapter4:GeneralVectorSpaces
(c) 1,1 u1,u2 1 u11,1 u21 u1,u2 .Similarly, u1,u2 1,1 u1,u2 ,
so 1,1 istheadditiveidentity.
(d) Ifu u1,u2 ,thenu u1 1,u2 1 .Toverify,u u u1,u2

u1 1,u2 1 u1 u1 11,u2 u2 11
0,0 .Similarly,u u 0,0 .
(e) k u v k u1 v11,u2 v21 k u1 v11 ,k u2 v21

ku1 kv1k,ku2 kv2k .
However,ku kv ku1,ku2 kv1,kv2 ku1 kv11,ku2 kv21 .So,wesee

thatAxiom7fails:k u v ku kv(unlessk 1).
Also,notethat k m u ku1 mu1,ku2 mu2 .However,ku mu ku1,ku2

mu1,mu2 ku1 mu11,ku2 mu21 .So,weseethatAxiom8fails:
k m uku mu.
4. Visclosedunderaddition: 0,y1 0,y2 0,y1 y2 ,andsincey1andy2arebothreal,sois

y1 y2.AdditioniscommutativeandassociativeinVbecauseitisdefinedcomponentwiseand
additioniscommutativeandassociativeinR2.
Thezerovectoris 0,0 : 0,0 0,y1 0,y1 0,y1 0,0 .
Eachvector 0,y1 hasandadditiveinverse, 0,y1 : 0,y1 0,y1 0,0 and

0,y1 0,y1 0,0 .
Visclosedunderscalarmultiplication:k 0,y 0,ky ,andsincekandyarebothreal,sois

ky.
Thedistributivelawshold:
k 0,y1 0,y2 k 0,y1 y2 0,k y1 y2 0,ky1 ky2 0,ky1

0,ky2 k 0,y1 k 0,y2 .
k m 0,y 0, k m y 0,ky my 0,ky 0,my k 0,y m 0,y .
Forassociativity,k m 0,y k 0,my 0,k my 0, km y km 0,y .
Finally,1 0,y 0,1y 0,y .So,VisavectorspaceundertheoperationsofR2.

6. Let denotethesetofall tuplesofrealnumbersoftheform , , , .
Axiom1: , ,, , ,, , ,, isin forallreal and ;
Axiom2: , ,, , ,, , ,, , ,,
, ,, , ,, forallreal and ;
Axiom3: , ,, , ,, , ,, , ,, , ,,
, ,, , ,, , ,,
, ,, , ,, , ,, forallreal , ,and ;
Axiom4: taking 0, 0, ,0 ,wehave 0, 0, ,0 , ,, , ,, and

, ,, 0, 0, ,0 , ,, forallreal ;
Axiom5: foreach , ,, ,let , ,, ;

then , , , , ,, 0, 0, ,0 and
, ,, , ,, 0, 0, ,0 ;
Axiom6: , ,, , ,, isin forallreal and ;
Axiom7: , ,, , ,,
, ,,
, ,,
, ,, , ,, forallreal , ,and ;
Axiom8: , ,, , ,,
, ,, , ,, , ,, forallreal ,
,and ;
Axiom9: , ,, , ,, , ,, , ,,
forallreal , ,and ;
Axiom10: 1 , , , , ,, forallreal .
Thisisavectorspaceallaxiomshold.
8. Axiom1failssinceasumoftwo2 2invertiblematricesmayormaynotbeinvertible,e.g.,
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
both and areinvertible,but isnot
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
invertible.
Axiom6failswhenever 0.
10. Let bethesetofallrealvaluedfunctions definedforallrealnumbersandsuchthat

1 0.
Axiom1: If and arein then isafunctiondefinedforallrealnumbersand

1 1 1 0therefore isclosedundertheoperationof
additiondefinedbyFormula(2)onp.175.
Axiom6: If isascalarand isin then isafunctiondefinedforallrealnumbersand

1 1 0therefore isclosedundertheoperationofscalar
multiplicationdefinedbyFormula(3)onp.175.
VerificationoftheeightremainingaxiomsproceedsanalogouslytoExample6onp.175.
11. ThesetVofallpairsofrealnumbersoftheform x,1 withtheoperations x,1 x,1

x x,1 andk x,1 k2x,1 isnotavectorspacebecauseAxiom8fails:
k m x,1 k m 2x,1 k2 2km m2 x,1 k x,1 m x,1

k2x,1 m2x,1 k2 m2 x,1 .
12. Let bethesetofpolynomialsoftheform .
Axiom1: isin forallreal , , ,

and ;
Axiom2:
forallreal , , ,and ;
Axiom3:
forallreal , , , , ,and ;
Axiom4: taking 0 0 ,wehave 0 0 and

0 0 forallreal and ;
Axiom5: foreach ,let ;then

0 0 forallreal and ;
Axiom6: isin forallreal , ,and ;
Axiom7:
forallreal , , , ,and ;
Axiom8: forallreal
, , ,and ;
Axiom9: forallreal , ,
,and ;
Axiom10: 1 forallreal and .
4.2Subspaces
1. (b) Thesetofallvectorsoftheform a,1,0 isnotasubsetofR3sinceitisnotclosedunderthe

usualscalarmultiplication:k a,1,0 ka,k,0 ,whichdoesnothave1asitssecond
coordinate(unlessk 1).
(d) First,noteWisnotempty,forexample 0,0,0 isinW.Letu a,b,ab and

v c,d,cd bevectorsinW.Thenu v a c,b d,a cbd whichhasthe
correctformtobeinW,soWisclosedunderaddition.Also,foranyscalark,ku k a,b,a
b ka,kb,kakb ,whichisagaininW,soWisclosedunderscalarmultiplication.Thus,
byTheorem4.2.1,WisasubpaceofR3.
(e) NoteWisnotempty,forexample 0,0,0 isinW.Letu a,a,0 andv b,b,0 be

vectorsinW.Thenu v a b,ab,0 whichhasthecorrectformtobeinW,soWis
closedunderaddition.Also,foranyscalark,ku k a,a,0 ka,ka,0 ,whichisagain
inW,soWisclosedunderscalarmultiplication.Thus,byTheorem4.2.1,Wisasubpaceof
R3.
2. (a) Let bethesetofall diagonalmatrices.

Thissetcontainsatleastonematrix,e.g.,thezero matrix.
Addingtwomatricesin resultsinanother diagonalmatrix,i.e.,amatrixin :
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
Likewise,ascalarmultipleofamatrixin isalsoin :
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
AccordingtoTheorem4.2.1, isasubspaceof .
(b) Let bethesetofall matricessuchwhosedeterminantiszero.Weshallshowthat

isnotclosedundertheoperationofmatrixaddition.Forinstance,considerthematrices
1 0 0 0
and bothhavedeterminantequal0,thereforebothmatricesare
0 0 0 1
1 0
in .However, hasnonzerodeterminant,thusitisoutside .
0 1
AccordingtoTheorem4.2.1, isnotasubspaceof .
(c) Let bethesetofall matriceswithzerotrace.

Thissetcontainsatleastonematrix,e.g.,thezero matrixisin .
Letusassume and arebothin ,i.e.,tr
0andtr 0.Sincetr

0 0 0,itfollowsthat isin .
Ascalarmultipleofthesamematrix withascalar has
0therefore isin aswell.
(d) Let bethesetofallsymmetric matrices(i.e., matricessuchthat ).

Thissetcontainsatleastonematrix,e.g., isin .
Letusassume and arebothin ,i.e., and .ByTheorem1.4.8(b),
theirsumsatisfies therefore isclosedunderaddition.
FromTheorem1.4.8(d),ascalarmultipleofasymmetricmatrixisalsosymmetric:
whichmakes closedunderscalarmultiplication.
(e) Let bethesetofall matricessuchthat .

Thissetcontainsatleastonematrix,e.g.,thezero matrixisin .
Letusassume and arebothin ,i.e., and .ByTheorem
1.4.8(b),theirsumsatisfies therefore is
closedunderaddition.
FromTheorem1.4.8(d),wehave whichmakes closed
underscalarmultiplication.
(f) Let bethesetof matricesforwhich hasonlythetrivialsolution.It

followsfromTheorem1.5.3thattheset consistsofall matricesthatare
invertible.Thissetisnotclosedunderscalarmultiplicationwhenthescalaris0.
Consequently, isnotasubspaceof .
(g) Let besomefixed matrix,andlet bethesetofall matrices suchthat

.Thissetcontainsatleastonematrix,e.g., isin .
Letusassume and arebothin ,i.e., and .ByTheorem
1.4.1(d,e),theirsumsatisfies therefore
isclosedunderaddition.
FromTheorem1.4.1(m),wehave whichmakes
closedunderscalarmultiplication.
3. (a) ThesetWofallpolynomialsoftheforma0 a1x a2x2 a3x3wherea1 a2isnotempty,

forexample1 2x 2x2 x3isinW.Letp a0 ax ax2 a1x3andq b0 bx bx2
b1x3betwovectorsinW.
Then,p q a0 b1 a b x a b x2 a1 b1 x3,whichisinW.
Also,foranyscalark,kp ka0 kax kax2 ka1x3,whichisinW,soWisasubspaceof

P3.
(b) ThesetWofallpolynomialsoftheforma1x a2x2 a3x3isnotempty,forexample2x

2x2 x3isinW.Letp a1x a2x2 a3x3andq b1x b2x2 b3x3betwovectorsinW.
Then,p q a1 b1 x a2 b2 x2 a3 b3 x3,whichisinW.
Also,foranyscalark,kp ka1x ka2x2 ka3x3,whichisinW,soWisasubspaceofP3.
4. (a) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich 0 0.

Thissetcontainsatleastonefunction,e.g.,theconstantfunction 0.
Assumewehavetwofunctions and in ,i.e., 0 0 0.Theirsum
isalsoafunctionin , andsatisfies 0 0 0 0 0 0
therefore isclosedunderaddition.
Ascalarmultipleofafunction in , ,isalsoafunctionin , forwhich
0 0 0making closedunderscalarmultiplication.
AccordingtoTheorem4.2.1, isasubspaceof , .
(b) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich 0 1.

Wewillshowthat isnotclosedunderaddition.Forinstance,let 1and
cos betwofunctionsin .Theirsum, ,isnotin since
0 0 0 1 1 2.
Weconcludethat isnotasubspaceof , .
(c) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich .

Thissetcontainsatleastonefunction,e.g.,theconstantfunction 0.
Assumewehavetwofunctions and in ,i.e., and .
Theirsum isalsoafunctionin , andsatisfies
therefore isclosedunderaddition.
Ascalarmultipleofafunction in , ,isalsoafunctionin , forwhich
making closedunderscalar
multiplication.
AccordingtoTheorem4.2.1, isasubspaceof , .
(d) Asumoftwopolynomialsofdegree2maybeapolynomialoflowerdegree,e.g.,
1 1
thereforethesetisnotclosedunderaddition,andconsequentlyisnotasubspaceof
, .
6. Theline containsatleastonepointe.g.,theorigin.
Ifthepoints , , and , , arebothon ,thentheremustexistrealnumbers
and suchthat , , , , ,and .

isclosedunderadditionsince
, , , , , , .
Itisalsoclosedunderscalarmultiplicationbecause
, , , , .
ItfollowsfromTheorem4.2.1that isasubspaceof .
7. Whichofthefollowingarelinearcombinationsofu 1,3,2 andv 1,0,4 ?
(a) 0,3,6 1,3,2 1,0,4 ,so 0,3,6 isalinearcombinationofuandv.
(b) Note,if 3,9,2 c1 1,3,2 c2 1,0,4 ,weseefromthesecondcoordinatethatc1

mustbe3.But,thenequatingthefirstcoordinatesgivesusc2 0.However,thismakesthe
thirdcoordinate6,not0,so 3,9,2 isnotalinearcombinationofuandv.
(c) 0,0,0 0u 0v,so0isalinearcombinationofuandv.
(d) Note,if 1,6,16 c1 1,3,2 c2 1,0,4 ,weseefromthesecondcoordinatethatc1

mustbe2.But,thenlookingatthefirstcoordinate,1 2 c2whenc2 3.Thismakesthe
thirdcoordinate2 2 3 4 16so 1,6,16 isalinearcombinationofuandv:
1,6,16 2 1,3,2 3 1,0,4 .Notethislinearsystemcouldalsobesolvedbyrow
1 1 1

reducingtheaugmentedmatrix 3 0 6 .

2 4 16
8. (a) For 9, 7, 15 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist

scalars , ,and suchthat
2, 1, 4 1, 1, 3 3, 2, 5 9, 7, 15
Equatingcorrespondingcomponentsonbothsidesyieldsthelinearsystem
2 1 3 9
1 1 2 7
4 3 5 15
1 0 0 2
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 1 .
0 0 1 2
Thereisonlyonesolutiontothissystem, 2, 1, 2,therefore
9, 7, 15 2 1 2 .
(b) For 6, 11, 6 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist

2, 1, 4 1, 1, 3 3, 2, 5 6, 11, 6
2 1 3 6
1 1 2 11
4 3 5 6
1 0 0 4
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 5 .Thereisonly
0 0 1 1
onesolutiontothissystem, 4, 5, 1,therefore 6, 11, 6 4 5 1 .
(c) For 0, 0, 0 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist

2, 1, 4 1, 1, 3 3, 2, 5 0, 0, 0
2 1 3 0
1 1 2 0
4 3 5 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
(d) For 7, 8, 9 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist

2, 1, 4 1, 1, 3 3, 2, 5 7, 8, 9
2 1 3 7
1 1 2 8
4 3 5 9
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 3
x y 3 2 0 2 1 1
9. Todetermineif isalinearcombinationsof A 0 1 , B 2 4 , C 2 5 ,
z w
we'llsetupalinearsystembyequatingcorrespondingentries:
3c 1 0c 2 1c 3 x
2c 1 2c 2 1c 3 y

0c 1 2c 2 2c 3 z
1c 1 4c 2 5c 3 w
3 0 1 2 1 0 0 1
2 2 1 5 0 1 0 2 2 5
(a) Rowreduce to andweseethat A 2BC
0 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 4
1 4 5 4 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 4 1 0 0 0
2 2 1 5 0 1 0 0
(b) Rowreduce to .Remember,thisisanaugmentedmatrix
0 2 2 2 0 0 1 0
1 4 5 10 0 0 0 1
4 5
sothebottomrowindicatesthesystemisinconsistent.Thus isnotalinear
2 10
combinationofA,B,andC.
3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
2 2 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 3
(c) Rowreduce to ,sothesystemisinconsistent. is
0 2 2 4 0 0 1 0 4 1
1 4 5 1 0 0 0 1
notalinearcombinationofA,B,andC.
3 0 1 9 1 0 0 2
2 2 1 9 0 1 0 1
(d) Rowreduce to ,andweseethat
0 2 2 8 0 0 1 3
1 4 5 21 0 0 0 0
9 9
8 21 2A B 3C.
10. (a) For 9 7 15 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremust

existscalars , ,and suchthat
2 4 1 3 3 2 5 9 7 15
holdsforallreal values.Groupingthetermsaccordingtothepowersof yields
2 3 2 4 3 5 9 7 15
Sincethisequalitymustholdforeveryrealvalue ,thecoefficientsassociatedwiththelike
powersof onbothsidesmustmatch.Thisresultsinthelinearsystem
2 1 3 9
1 1 2 7
4 3 5 15
1 0 0 2
0 0 1 2
onesolutiontothissystem, 2, 1, 2,therefore
9 7 15 2 1 2 .
(b) For6 11 6 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremust

2 4 1 3 3 2 5 6 11 6
2 3 2 4 3 5 6 11 6
2 1 3 6
1 1 2 11
4 3 5 6
1 0 0 4
0 0 1 1
6 11 6 4 5 1 .
(c) For0tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexistscalars ,

,and suchthat
2 4 1 3 3 2 5 0
2 3 2 4 3 5 0 0 0
2 1 3 0
1 1 2 0
4 3 5 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
onesolutiontothissystem, 0, 0, 0,therefore0 0 0 0 .
(d) For7 8 9 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremust

2 4 1 3 3 2 5 7 8 9
2 3 2 4 3 5 7 8 9
2 1 3 7
1 1 2 8
4 3 5 9
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 3
7 8 9 0 2 3 .
1 2 2
11. (a) Sincethe det 2 0 1 2( 3) 6 0 ,thevectorsv1 1,2,3 ,v2 2,0,0 ,

3 0 0
v3 2,1,0 spanR3.
2 4 2
(b) Sincethe det 1 1 2 0 ,thevectorsv1 2,1,2 ,v2 4,1,3 ,v3 2,2,1 do

2 3 1
notspanR3.(Note,v3 v2v1.)
(c) Noticethatv4 v2 1
2 v3,sov4isinthespanofv1,v2,v3.Thus,weneedtodetermineifv1,
v2,v3spanR3.Sincethisinvolvesasquarematrix,wecanonceagainlookatthe
1 3 2
determinant: Det 5 1 0 38 0 .Sincethefirst3vectorsspanR3,thevectorsv1

2 1 2
1,5,2 ,v2 3,1,1 ,v3 2,0,2 ,v4 4,1,0 alsospanR3.
3 3 0 0 b1 1 1 0 0 b1
3

(d) Rowreducetheaugmentedmatrix 2 1 1 2 b2 to 0 1 1 2 2b1 b2 .

4 0 4 8 b3 0 0 0 0 4b1 4b2 b3
Sincethissystemisnotconsistentforallchoicesof b1,b2,b3 inR3,thevectorsv1 3,2,

4 ,
v2 3,1,0 ,v3 0,1,4 ,v4 0,2,8 donotspanR3.(Note,v1 v2 v3and
v4 v1 v2 v3.)
12. (a) Inorderforthevector 2, 3, 7, 3 tobeinspan , , ,theremustexistscalars , ,

and suchthat
2, 1, 0, 3 3, 1, 5, 2 1, 0, 2, 1 2, 3, 7, 3
2 3 1 2
1 1 0 3

0 5 2 7
3 2 1 3
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 1
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform .Thissystem
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
isconsistent(itsonlysolutionis 2, 1, 1),therefore 2, 3, 7, 3 isin
span , , .
(b) Thevector 0, 0, 0, 0 isobviouslyinspan , , since
0 2, 1, 0, 3 0 3, 1, 5, 2 0 1, 0, 2, 1 0, 0, 0, 0
(c) Inorderforthevector 1, 1, 1, 1 tobeinspan , , ,theremustexistscalars , ,

and suchthat
2, 1, 0, 3 3, 1, 5, 2 1, 0, 2, 1 1, 1, 1, 1
2 3 1 1
1 1 0 1

0 5 2 1
3 2 1 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform .Thissystemis
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
inconsistenttherefore 1, 1, 1, 1 isnotinspan , , .
(d) Inorderforthevector 4, 6, 13, 4 tobeinspan , , ,theremustexistscalars ,

,and suchthat
2, 1, 0, 3 3, 1, 5, 2 1, 0, 2, 1 4, 6, 13, 4
2 3 1 4
1 1 0 6

0 5 2 13
3 2 1 4
1 0 0 3
0 1 0 3
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform .Thissystem
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
isconsistent(itsonlysolutionis 3, 3, 1),therefore 4, 6, 13, 4 isin
span , , .
14. (a) Itfollowsfromthetrigonometricidentitycos 2 cos sin thatcos 2 isin

span , .
(b) Inorderfor3 tobeinspan , ,theremustexistscalars and suchthat
cos sin 3
holdsforallreal values.When 0theequationbecomes 3,howeverif

thenityields 3 acontradiction.Weconcludethat3 isnotinspan , .
(c) Itfollowsfromthetrigonometricidentitycos sin 1that1isinspan , .
(d) Inorderforsin tobeinspan , ,theremustexistscalars and suchthat
cos sin sin
holdsforallreal values.When theequationbecomes 1,howeverif
thenityields 1acontradiction.Weconcludethatsin isnotinspan , .
(e) Since0 cos 0 sin 0holdsforallreal values,weconcludethat0isin

span , .
1 2 6 0 1 2 6 0
15. (a) Rowreducetheaugmentedmatrix 3 6 18 0 toget 0 0 0 0 ,sothe

7 14 42 0 0 0 0 0
parametricequationsarex1 2s6t,x2 s,x3 t.Thisistheequationofaplane:

x2y 6z 0.
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
(c) Rowreducetheaugmentedmatrix 9 11 3 0 toget 0 1 0 0 .Thisshowsthat

3 4 1 0 0 0 1 0
theonlysolutiontothehomogeneoussystemistheorigin, 0,0,0 .
1 4 0 0 1 4 0 0
(e) Rowreducetheaugmentedmatrix 2 8 1 0 to 0 0 1 0 .Thesolutionis

4 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
givenparametricallybytheequationsx1 4t,x2 t,x3 0.Thisistheequationofalinein

R3thatgoesthroughtheoriginandisparalleltothevector 4,1,0 .
20. Webeginbyshowingthatthevector isalinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,

i.e.,thatthereexistscalars , ,and suchthat
1, 6, 4 2, 4, 1 1, 2, 5 1, 2, 5
Equatingcorrespondingcomponentsonbothsidesleadstothelinearsystem
1 2 1 1
6 4 2 2
4 1 5 5
1 0 1 1
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 1 1 .Ageneral
0 0 0 0
solutionofthissystemis 1 , 1 , .E.g.,letting 0yieldsasolution
1, 1, 0.
Applyingthesameprocedurerepeatedlytoeachoftheremainingfourvectors,wecanshow
that
1 1 0
2 1 0
1 1
2 1
1 0
ItfollowsfromTheorem4.2.5thatthesets , , and , spanthesamesubspace

of .
4.3LinearIndependence
1. (a) Sinceu2 6,2 2u1 2 3,1 ,thevectorsarelinearlydependent.
(b) Since3u1 3u2 3 2,0,1 3 4,2,0 u3 6,6,3 ,thevectorsarelinearly

dependent.
0 1 0 1
(c) A 2 3 B ,soAandBarelinearlydependent.
2 3
(d) Since2p1 2 2 x3x2 p2 42x 6x2,thevectorsarelinearlydependent.
2. (a) Thevectorequation 4, 1, 2 4, 10, 2 0, 0, 0 canberewrittenasa

homogeneouslinearsystembyequatingthecorrespondingcomponentsonbothsides
4 4 0
1 10 0
2 2 0
1 0 0
Theaugmentedmatrixofthissystemhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0
0 0 0
thereforethesystemhasonlythetrivialsolution 0.Weconcludethatthegiven
setofvectorsislinearlyindependent.
(b) Thevectorequation 3, 0, 4 5, 1, 2 1, 1, 3 0, 0, 0 canberewrittenasa

homogeneouslinearsystembyequatingthecorrespondingcomponentsonbothsides
3 5 1 0
0 1 1 0
4 2 3 0
1 0 0 0
Theaugmentedmatrixofthissystemhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
thereforethesystemhasonlythetrivialsolution 0.Weconcludethatthe
givensetofvectorsislinearlyindependent.
(c) Thevectorequation 8, 1, 3 4, 0, 1 0, 0, 0 canberewrittenasahomogeneous

linearsystembyequatingthecorrespondingcomponentsonbothsides
8 4 0
1 0 0
3 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
setofvectorsislinearlyindependent.
(d) Thevectorequation 2, 0, 1 3, 2, 5 6, 1, 1 7, 0, 2 0, 0, 0 canbe

rewrittenasahomogeneouslinearsystembyequatingthecorrespondingcomponentson
bothsides
2 3 6 7 0
0 2 1 0 0
1 5 1 2 0
Theaugmentedmatrixofthissystemhasthereducedrowechelonform
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 thereforeageneralsolutionofthesystemis
0 0 1 0
, , ,
Sincethesystemhasnontrivialsolutions,thegivensetofvectorsislinearlydependent.
3. (a) Weseethat3 1,2,2,1 3,6,6,3 sothesetislinearlydependent.
5 0 1 3
2 3 0 1
(b) Ifthevectorsformalinearlydependentset,thentheaugmentedmatrix
0 0 1 0
1 1 2 1
willhaveanontrivialsolution.
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
Rowreducinggives ,andweseethattheonlysolutiontoc1u1 c2u2 c3u3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
c4u4 0,isifallci 0.Thus,thevectors 5,2,0,1 , 0,3,0,1 , 1,0,1,2 ,

3,1,0,1 formalinearlyindependentset.
2 2 0 0 1 0 0 13
1 8 3 1 0 1 0 13
(c) Thesystem rowreducesto .
1 9 1 2 0 0 1 32
4 2 5 4 0 0 0 0
Thus 2,1,1,4 2,8,92 2 0,3,1,5 3 0,1,2,4 ,andsothevectorsform

alinearlydependentset.
1 0 0 0
0 1 2 2
(d) Thesystem rowreducestoI4.Sincetheonlysolutionto
6 3 7 0
3 0 0 1
c1 1,0,6,3 c2 0,1,3,0 c3 0,2,7,0 c4 0,2,0,1 0isallci 0,thevectors

formalinearlyindependentset.
4. (a) Thetermsintheequation
2 4 3 6 2 2 10 4 0
canbegroupedaccordingtothepowersof
2 3 2 6 10 4 2 4 0 0 0
Forthistoholdforallrealvaluesof ,thecoefficientscorrespondingtothesamepowers
of onbothsidesmustmatch,whichleadstothehomogeneouslinearsystem
2 3 2 0
6 10 0
4 2 4 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
givensetofvectorsin islinearlyindependent.
(b) Thetermsintheequation
3 2 5 4 3 0
3 2 4 5 3 0 0 0
Forthistoholdforallrealvaluesof ,thecoefficientscorrespondingtothesamepowersof
onbothsidesmustmatch,whichleadstothehomogeneouslinearsystem
3 2 4 0
0
5 3 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
givensetofvectorsin islinearlyindependent.
(c) Thetermsintheequation
6 1 4 0
6 4 0 0 0
6 0
0
4 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
setofvectorsin islinearlyindependent.
(d) Thetermsintheequation
1 3 3 4 5 6 3 7 2 0
5 7 3 6 2 3 4 3 0 0 0
5 7 0
3 6 2 0
3 4 3 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 thereforeageneralsolutionofthesystemis
0 0 1 0
, , ,
5. Thevectorslieinthesameplaneifandonlyiftheyformalinearlydependentset.
(a) Thevectorsv1 3,4,5 ,v2 1,1,0 ,v3 2,1,0 donotlieinthesameplane.

(Ifc1v1 c2v2 c3v3 0,c1wouldhavetobe0(lookatthethirdcoordinate),butthenv1
andv2wouldhavetobemultiplesofeachotherandtheyarenot.
(b) Sincev13v2 2,7,6 3 1,2,4 v3 1,1,6 ,weknowthevectorslieinthe

sameplane.
6. (a) Theset , canbeshowntobelinearlyindependentsince

1, 2, 3 3, 6, 0 0, 0, 0 hasonlythetrivialsolution 0.Thereforethe
threevectorsdonotlieonthesameline(eventhoughthevectors and arecollinear).
(b) Anysubsetoftwovectorschosenfromthesethreevectorscanbeshowntobelinearly
independent(e.g., 2, 1, 4 4, 2, 3 0, 0, 0 hasonlythetrivialsolution
0).Thereforethethreevectorsdonotlieonthesameline.
(Analternatewaytoshowthiswouldbetodemonstratethatthethreevectorsforma
linearlyindependentset,thereforetheydonotevenlieonthesameplane,sothatthey
cannotpossiblylieonthesameline.)
(c) Eachsubsetoftwovectorschosenfromthesethreevectorscanbeshowntobelinearly
dependentsince 1 2 ,1 2 ,and1 1 .Thereforeallthree
vectorslieonthesameline.
7. (a) Since2v12v2 v3 2 2,0,2,1 2 3,1,5,0 2,2,6,2 0,thevectorsform

alinearlydependentsetinR4.
(b) 2v1 2v2 v3,v1 v2 12 v3,andv1 12 v3 v2
8. (a) Thevectorequation 1, 2, 3, 4 0, 1, 0, 1 1, 3, 3, 3 0, 0, 0, 0 canbe

rewrittenasahomogeneouslinearsystembyequatingthecorrespondingcomponentson
bothsides
1 0 1 0
2 1 3 0

3 0 3 0
4 1 3 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
thereforeageneralsolutionofthesystemis
, ,
(b) Inthegeneralsolutionweobtainedinpart(a),lettheparameter haveanonzerovalue,

e.g., 1.Then 1, 1,and 1sothat .Thiscanbe
solvedforeachofthethreevectors: , ,and .
20. (a) Fromtheidentitysin cos 1wehave
1 6 2 3 sin 3 2 cos 0
forallreal .Therefore,thesetislinearlydependent.
(b) Theequality cos 0istoholdforallreal .Taking 0yields 0,

whereastaking implies 0.Thesetislinearlyindependent.
(c) Theequality 1 sin sin 2 0istoholdforallreal .Taking 0yields

0.When ,weobtain 0.Finally,substituting resultsin 0.Theset
islinearlyindependent.
(d) Fromtheidentitycos sin cos 2 wehave

1 cos 2 1 sin 1 cos 0
forallreal .Therefore,thesetislinearlydependent.
(e) Since 3 9 6 wecanwrite 3 6 9 0or
1 3 1 6 5 0.Thesetislinearlydependent.
(f) FromTheorem4.3.2(a),thissetislinearlydependent.
sin cos
22. TheWronskianis sin cos 1.Since isnot
cos sin
identically0on , ,sin andcos arelinearlyindependent.

24. 2 TheWronskian
2 2 4
1 Acommonfactorof from
1 1 2 eachrowwastakenthrough
1 2 2 4 thedeterminantsign.

1 1timesthefirstrowwas
0 1 2
addedtothesecondrow
0 2 2 4
andtothethirdrow.

1 2
1 Cofactorexpansionalong
2 2 4 thefirstcolumn

e 1 2 4 4 2

Since isnotidentically0on , , , ,and arelinearlyindependent.
4.4CoordinatesandBasis
1. (a) Sinceu1u2 3,2,1 2,1,0 5,1,1 u3thevectorsdonotformalinearly
independentsetandhencecannotbeabasisforR3.
(b) ThreevectorsinR2cannotbelinearlyindependentsocannotformabasis.
(c) NotethatthesevectorsdonotspanP2.Forexample,therearenoscalarsc1,c2suchthat
c1p1 c2p2 1.
1 0 0 3 4 2
(d) Thevectors A 0 2 , B 5 1 , C 1 6 donotspanM22.
2. (a) Asetofvectorsthatcontains 0,0 isnotlinearlyindependentandhencecannotbeabasis.
(b) Vectors 4, 1 and 7, 8 arelinearlyindependentifthevectorequation
4, 1 7. 8 0, 0
hasonlythetrivialsolution.Forthesevectorstospan ,itmustbepossibletoexpress
everyvector , in as
4, 1 7, 8 ,
Thesetwoequationscanberewrittenaslinearsystems
4 7 0 4 7
and
8 0 8
4 7
Sincethecoefficientmatrixofbothsystemshasdeterminant 25 0,
1 8
itfollowsfromparts(b),(e),and(g)ofTheorem2.3.8thatthehomogeneoussystemhas
onlythetrivialsolutionandthenonhomogeneoussystemisconsistentforallrealvalues
and .Thereforethevectors 4, 1 and 7, 8 arelinearlyindependentandspan
sothattheyformabasisfor .
5 1
(c) Thevectorsformalinearlyindependentsetandsince A 2 3 isinvertible,thesystem
c b1 b1
A 1 b hasasolutionforevery b ,sothevectorsspanR .Thustheyformabasis.
2
c 2 2 2
(d) Since4 3, 9 3 4, 12 0, 0 ,thesetislinearlydependent,thereforeitdoesnot

formabasisfor .
2c 1 3c 2 1c 3 0
4. (a) Welookatthesystem 4c 1 2c 2 6c 3 0 ,toseeifthevectorsarelinearlyindependent.
1c 1 1c 2 2c 3 0
2 3 1 0 1 0 1 0

Thisaugmentedmatrix 4 2 6 0 rowreducesto 0 1 1 0 whichtellsus

1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
thatt 24x x2 t 3 2xx2 t 1 6x2x2 0foranyscalart.Sincethevectors

arelinearlydependent,theycannotformabasis.
3 0 2
(b) Thematrix A 2 1 4 hasdeterminant85 0 ,sothepolynomialsformalinearly

1 5 1
c1 b1
independentset.Also,thistellsusthatthesystem A c 2 b willhaveasolutionforany
2
c3 b3
b,sothepolynomialsspanP2.ThusthevectorsformabasisforP2.
(c) Vectors 1 , ,and arelinearlyindependentifthe

vectorequation
everyvector in as
Bygroupingthetermsonthelefthandsidesas 1
thesetwoequationscanberewrittenaslinearsystems
0
0and
0
1 0 0
Sincethecoefficientmatrixofbothsystemshasdeterminant 1 1 0 1 0,itfollows
1 1 1
fromparts(b),(e),and(g)ofTheorem2.3.8thatthehomogeneoussystemhasonlythe
trivialsolutionandthenonhomogeneoussystemisconsistentforallrealvalues , ,and
.Thereforethevectors , ,and arelinearlyindependentandspan sothat
theyformabasisfor .
(d) Vectors 4 3 , 6 5 2 ,and 8 4 arelinearly

independentifthevectorequation
everyvector in as
Groupingthetermsonthelefthandsidesas 4 3 6 5 2
8 4 4 6 8 5 4 3 2 these
twoequationscanberewrittenaslinearsystems
4 6 8 0 4 6 8
5 4 0and 5 4
3 2 0 3 2
4 6 8
Sincethecoefficientmatrixofbothsystemshasdeterminant 1 5 4 26 0,it
3 2 1
followsfromparts(b),(e),and(g)ofTheorem2.3.8thatthehomogeneoussystemhasonly
thetrivialsolutionandthenonhomogeneoussystemisconsistentforallrealvalues , ,
and .Thereforethevectors , ,and arelinearlyindependentandspan so
thattheyformabasisfor .
6. (a) Theidentitycos sin cos 2 canberewrittenas1 cos 1 sin

1 cos 2 0whichshowsthat , , islinearlydependent,thereforeitisnota
basisfor .
(b) Fortheequation cos sin 0toholdforallreal values,wemusthave

0(requiredwhen 0)and 0(requiredwhen ).Thereforethevectors
cos and sin arelinearlyindependent.

Anyvector in canbeexpressedas cos sin cos 2 .However,
fromtheidentitycos sin cos 2 itfollowsthatwecanexpress asalinear
combinationofcos andsin alone:
cos sin cos sin cos sin .
Thisprovesthatthevectors cos and sin span .
Weconcludethat cos and sin formabasisfor .
7. (a) w 5,3 3 0,1 5 1,0 ,sowS 3,5 .
(b) w 1,0 51 3,8 58 1,1 ,sowS ( 51 , 58 ) .
8. (a) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobtain
1, 0 1, 1 1, 1
1

0
1 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform .Thesolutionofthe
0 1
linearsystemis , ,thereforethecoordinatevectoris , .
(b) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobtain
0, 1 1, 1 1, 1
0

1
1 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform .Thesolutionof
0 1
thelinearsystemis , ,thereforethecoordinatevectoris , .
(c) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobviouslyhave 1, 1 0 1, 1

1 1, 1 thereforethecoordinatevectoris 0, 1 .
9. (a) Verifythatv1,v2,v3formalinearlyindependentset.(Thedeterminantofthematrixformed
3 2 5 3
bythesevectors5.)Rowreducetheaugmentedmatrix 2 1 0 4 toget

1 0 0 3
1 0 0 3 3
0 1 0 2 (orsolvethesystembyfinding A 1 4 ).Thenwithrespecttothisbasisset

0 0 1 2 3
S,vS 3,2,2 .
10. (a) Since 4 3 1 weconcludethatthecoordinatevectoris

4, 3, 1 .
(b) Expressing asalinearcombinationof , ,and weobtain
2 1 1
Groupingthetermsontherighthandsideaccordingtopowersof yields
Forthisequalitytoholdforallreal ,thecoefficientsassociatedwiththesamepowerof
onbothsidesmustmatch.Thisleadstothelinearsystem
2
1
1
1 0 0 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 2 .Thesolution
0 0 1 1
is 0, 2, 1,thereforethecoordinatevectoris 0, 2, 1 .
11. TofindthecoordinatevectorofArelativetothebasisS A1,A2,A3,A4 ,wesolvethesystem

thatequatesthe4entries.
1 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 3
1 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0
Theaugmentedmatrix rowreducesto .Thus
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 2
A 0 1 3 A1 0A2 0A3 1A4,soAS 3,0,0,1 .
12. Matrices(vectorsin ) , , ,and arelinearlyindependentiftheequation

hasonlythetrivialsolution.Forthesematricestospan ,itmustbepossibletoexpressevery
matrix as
Thelefthandsideofeachoftheseequationsisthematrix .Equating
correspondingentries,thesetwoequationscanberewrittenaslinearsystems
0
0
and
0
0
1 1 1 0
0 1 0 0
Sincethecoefficientmatrixofbothsystemshasdeterminant 1 0,it
1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
followsfromparts(b),(e),and(g)ofTheorem2.3.8thatthehomogeneoussystemhasonlythe
trivialsolutionandthenonhomogeneoussystemisconsistentforallrealvalues , , and .
Thereforethematrices , , ,and arelinearlyindependentandspan sothatthey
formabasisfor .
6 2
Toexpress asalinearcombinationofthematrices , , ,and ,weformthe
5 3
nonhomogeneoussystemasabove,withtheappropriaterighthandsidevalues
6
2

5
3
1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 2
0 0 1 0 3
0 0 0 1 4
thereforethesolutionis 1, 2, 3, 4.Thisallowsustoexpress
1 2 3 4 .
14. Vectors , ,and arelinearlyindependentifthevectorequation

hasonlythetrivialsolution.Forthesevectorstospan ,itmustbepossibletoexpressevery
vector in as
Groupingthetermsonthelefthandsidesas 1 2 2 9
3 3 4 2 3 2 9 3 4 thesetwo
equationscanberewrittenaslinearsystems
2 3 0 2 3
2 9 3 0and2 9 3
4 0 4
1 2 3
Sincethecoefficientmatrixofbothsystemshasdeterminant 2 9 3 1 0,itfollows
1 0 4
fromparts(b),(e),and(g)ofTheorem2.3.8thatthehomogeneoussystemhasonlythetrivial
solutionandthenonhomogeneoussystemisconsistentforallrealvalues , ,and .
Thereforethevectors , ,and arelinearlyindependentandspan sothattheyform
abasisfor .
Toexpress 2 17 3 asalinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,weform
thenonhomogeneoussystemasabove,withtheappropriaterighthandsidevalues
2 3 2
2 9 3 17
4 3
1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
thereforethesolutionis 1, 2, 1.Thisallowsustoexpress
1 2 1 .
16. (a) 0, 2 ;(b) 1, 0 ;(c) 1, 2 ;(d) , 2
4.5Dimension
2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1. Theaugmentedsystem 1 1 0 0 rowreducesto 0 1 0 0 .Sincetheonlysolution

2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
isthetrivialsolutionx 0,wesaythatthebasisforthissolutionspaceistheemptysetandits
dimensionis0.
3 1 1 1 0
2. Theaugmentedmatrixofthelinearsystem hasthereducedrowechelon
5 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
form .Thegeneralsolutionis , , , .In
0 1 1 0
vectorform
, , , , , , , , 1, 0 0, 1, 0, 1
thereforethesolutionspaceisspannedbythevectors , , 1, 0 and
0, 1, 0, 1 .Thesevectorsarelinearlyindependentsinceneitherofthemisascalarmultipleof
theother(Theorem4.3.2(c)).Weconcludethat and formabasisforthesolutionspace
andthatthedimensionofthesolutionspaceis2.
3 1 2 1 0 1 13 0 1
6 0
3. Theaugmentedsystem rowreducesto .The
6 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 1
4 0
13 61 13 61
1 0
1 0
parameterizedsolutionis x s t 1 ,soabasisis , 1 (oranymultiplesofthese
0 4 0
4
0 1
0 1
1 2

3 0
vectors,e.g., , .Thesolutionspacehasdimension2.
0 3
0 12
1 3 1 0
4. Theaugmentedmatrixofthelinearsystem 2 6 2 0 hasthereducedrowechelonform
3 9 3 0
1 3 1 0
0 0 0 0 .Thegeneralsolutionis 3 , , .Invectorform
0 0 0 0
, , 3 , , 3, 1, 0 1, 0, 1
thereforethesolutionspaceisspannedbythevectors 3, 1, 0 and 1, 0, 1 .
Thesevectorsarelinearlyindependentsinceneitherofthemisascalarmultipleoftheother
(Theorem4.3.2(c)).Weconcludethat and formabasisforthesolutionspaceandthat
thedimensionofthesolutionspaceis2.
1 1 1 0
3 2 2 0
6. Theaugmentedmatrixofthelinearsystem hasthereducedrowechelonform
4 3 1 0
6 5 1 0
1 0 4 0
0 1 5 0
.Thegeneralsolutionis 4 , 5 , .Invectorform
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
, , 4 , 5 , 4, 5, 1
thereforethesolutionspaceisspannedbythevector 4, 5, 1 .ByTheorem4.3.2(b),this
vectorformsalinearlyindependentsetsinceitisnotthezerovector.Weconcludethat
formsabasisforthesolutionspaceandthatthedimensionofthesolutionspaceis1.
7. (a) Theplane2x 4y3z 0willhavedimension2,soweknowanytwolinearlyindependent

vectorsintheplanewillbeabasis.Forexample, 3,0,2 , 2,1,0 isabasis.
(b) Onepossiblebasisfortheplaney z 0is 7,0,0 , 0,1,1 .
(c) Thelinex 4t,y 2t,z thasdimension1,sothebasisisjustthedirectionvector

4,2,1 (oranymultipleofthisvector).
(d) Thesetofallvectorsoftheform a,b,c ,wherec=abisaplane xyz 0 ,soone

possiblebasisis 1,0,1 , 0,1,1 .
8. (a) Thegivensubspacecanbeexpressedasspan where

1, 0, 0, 0 , 0, 1, 0, 0 , 0, 0, 1, 0 isasetoflinearlyindependentvectors.Therefore
formsabasisforthesubspace,soitsdimensionis3.
(b) Thesubspacecontainsallvectors , , , 1, 0, 1, 1 0, 1, 1, 1 thus

wecanexpressitasasspan where 1, 0, 1, 1 , 0, 1, 1, 1 .ByTheorem4.3.2(c),
islinearlyindependentsinceneithervectorinthesetisascalarmultipleoftheother.
Consequently, formsabasisforthegivensubspace.Thedimensionofthesubspaceis2.
(c) Thesubspacecontainsallvectors , , , 1, 1, 1, 1 thuswecanexpressitasas

span where 1, 1, 1, 1 .ByTheorem4.3.2(b), islinearlyindependentsinceit
containsasinglenonzerovector.Consequently, formsabasisforthegivensubspace.The
dimensionofthesubspaceis1.
10. Thegivensubspacecanbeexpressedasspan where , , isasetoflinearly

independentvectorsin .Therefore formsabasisforthesubspace.Thedimensionofthe
subspaceis3.
12. (a) Anyofthethreestandardbasisvectorscanbeusedasv3tocompleteabasisforR3.For
1 2 0 0
example,ifv3 e3 0,0,1 ,theaugmentedsystem 1 1 0 0 rowreducesto

1 3 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 ,sotheonlysolutiontoc1v1 c2v2 c3e3 0isthetrivialsolutionso

0 0 1 0
v1,v2,e3 formsabasisforR3.
(b) Anyofthethreestandardbasisvectorscanbeusedasv3tocompleteabasisforR3.For
5 1 0 0
example,ifv3 e2 0,1,0 ,theaugmentedsystem 3 1 1 0 rowreducesto

0 2 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 ,sotheonlysolutiontoc1v1 c2v2 c3e2 0isthetrivialsolutionso

0 0 1 0
v1,v2,e2 formsabasisforR3.
16. Oneoftheinfinitelymanywaystoenlargethegivensettoabasisfor isbyaddingthe

vectors 1, 0, 0, 0 and 0, 1, 0, 0 totheset.Sincetheresultingsetcontainsdim 4
vectors,byTheorem4.5.4weonlyneedtoestablishthelinearindependenceofthesettobe
abletoconcludethatitformsabasisfor .Thehomogeneousequation 1, 2, 3, 5
0, 1, 2, 3 1, 0, 0, 0 0, 1, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0 canberewrittenasalinearsystem
1 0 1 0
2 1 0 1
whosecoefficientmatrix hasdeterminant1.Usingparts(b)and(g)of
3 2 0 0
5 3 0 0
Theorem2.3.8,weconcludethatthereisonlythetrivialsolution,thereforetheenlargedsetof
fourvectorsislinearlyindependent(and,consequently,formsabasisfor ).
18. (a) WeknowthestandardbasisforP2isS 1,x,x2 ,andbyexercises16and17,wecanshow

thepolynomials2 xx2,1 3x 2x2,4xformabasisforP2byshowingtheircoordinate
vectorswithrespecttoSformabasisforR3.Theaugmented(homogeneous)systemforthe
2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
coordinatevectorsis 1 3 4 0 andthisrowreducesto 0 1 0 0 ,sothe

1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0
vectorsarelinearlyindependent.
SinceweknowthedimensionofP2isthree,weknowthesepolynomialsformabasisforall
ofP2.
20. Inparts(a) and(b),wewillusetheresultsofExercises18and19byworkingwithcoordinate

vectorswithrespecttothestandardbasisfor , 1, , .
(a) Denote 1 2 , 3 3 6 , 9.
Then 1, 1, 2 , 3, 3, 6 , 9, 0, 0 .
Setting weobtainalinearsystemwithaugmented
1 3 9 0 1 0 0 0
matrix 1 3 0 0 whosereducedrowechelonformis 0 1 0 0 .Sincethereis
2 6 0 0 0 0 1 0
onlythetrivialsolution,itfollowsthatthethreecoordinatevectorsarelinearlyindependent,
and,bytheresultofExercise18,soarethevectors , ,and .Becausethenumberof
thesevectormatchesdim 3,fromTheorem4.5.4thevectors , ,and forma
basisfor .
(b) Denote 1 , , 2 2 , 3 .
Then 1, 1, 0 , 0, 0, 1 , 2, 0, 2 , 0, 3, 0 .
Setting weobtainalinearsystemwith
1 0 2 0 0
augmentedmatrix 1 0 0 3 0 whosereducedrowechelonformis
0 1 2 0 0
1 0 0 3 0
0 1 0 3 0 .
0 0 1 0
Basedontheleadingentriesinthefirstthreecolumns,thevectorequation
hasonlythetrivialsolution(thecorresponding
1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
augmentedmatrix 1 0 0 0 hasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 0 ).
0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0
Thereforethecoordinatevectors , ,and arelinearlyindependentand,by
theresultofExercise18,soarethevectors , ,and .Becausethenumberofthese

vectormatchesdim 3,fromTheorem4.5.4thevectors , ,and formabasis
for .
(c) Clearly,1 3 2 2 6 3 3 9 thereforefromTheorem
4.5.3(b),thesubspaceisspannedby1 3 .ByTheorem4.3.2(b),asetcontaininga
singlenonzerovectorislinearlyindependent.Weconcludethat1 3 formsabasis
forthissubspaceof .
4.6ChangeofBasis
1. (a) wS 4,3
1 2 3
(b) Tofindscalarssothatc1u1 c2u2 w,rowreducetheaugmentedsystem to
1 5 7
1 0 1

,sowS ( 7 , 7 ) .
7 1 10
0 1 10
7
1 2 a
(c) Tofindscalarssothatc1u1 c2u2 w,rowreducetheaugmentedsystem to
2 1 b
1 0 1
(a 2b ) ,sow = 1 a
0 1
5
1
(b 2a )
S (5( 2b ) , 15 (b 2a ) ) .
5
2. (a) Expressing asalinearcombinationof , ,and weobtain
2, 1, 3 1, 0, 0 2, 2, 0 3, 3, 3
2 3 2
2 3 1
3 3
1 0 0 3
0 0 1 1
ofthelinearsystemis 3, 2, 1thereforethecoordinatevectoris
3, 2, 1 .
5, 12, 3 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9
4 7 5
2 5 8 12
3 6 9 3
1 0 0 2
0 0 1 1
ofthelinearsystemis 2, 0, 1thereforethecoordinatevectoris
2, 0, 1 .
3. (a) p 5x 3x2 p1p2 3p3,sopS 1,1,3
(b) Tofindscalarssothatc1p1 c2p2 c3p3 p,rowreducetheaugmentedsystem
1 0 1 2 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 to 0 1 0 1 ,sopS 0,1,2 .

0 1 1 1 0 0 1 2
4. Weexpress asalinearcombinationof , , ,and
2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

1 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Therighthandsidecanberewrittenas ;equatingthecorresponding
entriesinthismatrixandthematrix yieldsthelinearsystem
2
0

1
3
whosesolutioncanbeeasilyobtained(addthefirstequationtothesecond,thenback
substitute)as 1, 1, 1, 3.Therefore, 1, 1, 1, 3 .
5. (b) IfqS 3,0,4 ,thenq 15 4x2.
6. (a) Inthispart, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

1 0 2 3
newbasis|oldbasis |transitionfromoldtonew
0 1 1 4
2 3
Norowoperationswerenecessarytoobtainthetransitionmatrix .
1 4
(b) Inthispart, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

2 3 1 0
newbasis|oldbasis
1 4 0 1
Thereducedrowechelonformofthismatrixis
1 0
|transitionfromoldtonew .
0 1
Thetransitionmatrixis .
3
(c) Clearly, .
5
3
UsingFormula(12), .
5
(d) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobtain
3 2 3

5 1 4
2 3 3

4 5
1 0
0 1
thelinearsystemis , ,thereforethecoordinatevectoris
Thismatchestheresultobtainedinpart(c).
7. (a) ThetransitionmatrixfromBtoBisfoundbywritingthebasisvectorsforBrelativetoB.
4 3 1 2 1 0 5 7 5 7
Rowreducethesystem to .Thus, PB B 7 10 .
1 1 2 3 0 1 7 10
1 2 4 3 1 0 10 7
(b) Tofind PB B , reducethesystem to .Thus,
2 3 1 1 0 1 7 5
10 7
PB B 7 5 .
3 18 10 7 18 19
(c) If w 5 ,verifythat w B 23 .Then w B 7 5 23 11 .
1 2 3 1 0 19 19
(d) Rowreducing to ,wegetthat w B 11 ,whichagreeswith
2 3 5 0 1 11
ouranswerin(c).
8. (a) Inthispart, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

6 2 2 3 3 1
newbasis|oldbasis 6 6 3 0 2 6
0 4 7 3 1 1
1 0 0
|transitionfromoldtonew 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 0

5 3 3 1
8 0 2 6
5 3 1 1
3 3 5
2 6 8
3 5
1 0 0 1
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 1 .Thesolutionof
0 0 1 1
thelinearsystemis 1, 1, 1thereforethecoordinatevectoris
1
1 .
1
1
UsingFormula(12), 1 .
1
0
(c) Expressing asalinearcombinationof , and weobtain
5 6 2 2
8 6 6 3
5 0 4 7
6 2 2 5
6 6 3 8
4 7 5
1 0 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 .The
0 0 1
solutionofthelinearsystemis , , thereforethecoordinate
vectoris ,whichmatchestheresultweobtainedinpart(b).
1 3 2 4 1 0 74 13
7
10. (a) Tofind PB B , rowreducethesystem to .Thus,
2 1 2 3 0 1 76 5
7
74 13
7
PB B 6 5 .
7 7
2 4 1 3 1 0 145 13
14
(b) Tofind PB B , rowreducethesystem to .Thus,
2 3 2 1 0 1 3
7
2
7
145 13
14
PB B 3 2 .
7 7
72 145 13
72 14
19

(c) Ifp 5x,verifythat p B 11 .Then p B 3
14
2 11 4 .
7 7 7 7 7
(d) Wearelookingforthecoordinatevector with and satisfyingthe
equality
4 2 3 2
forallrealvalues .Equatingthecoefficientsassociatedwithlikepowersof onboth

sidesyieldsthelinearsystem
2 3 4

2 1
whichcaneasilybesolvedbybacksubstitution: , .Weconclude
that ,whichmatchestheresultobtainedinpart(c).

2 3
12. (a) ByTheorem4.6.2, .
1 4
(b) Inthispart, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

2 3 1 0
newbasis|oldbasis .
1 4 0 1
1 0
0 1
2 3 1 0 2 3 1 0
(c) Since and itfollowsthat
1 4 0 1 1 4 0 1
and areinversesofoneanother.
1
(d) Since 5, 3 2, 1 3, 4 thecoordinatevectoris .
1
2 3 1 5
FromFormula(12), .
1 4 1 3
3
(e) Byinspection, .FromFormula(13),
5
3
.
5
14. (a) Here, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

2 4 1 1
newbasis|oldbasis .
2 1 3 1
1 0
0 1 0
0
(b) Here, istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

1 1 2 4
newbasis|oldbasis .
3 1 2 1
1 0 0
0 1 2
0
2
0 0
1 0 1 0
(c) Since and ,it
0 1 0 1
0 2 2 0
followsthat and areinversesofoneanother.
(d) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobtain
5 2 4

3 2 1
2 4 5

2 3
1 0
0 1
thelinearsystemis , ,thereforethecoordinatevectoris .

0
4
.
9
2
(e) Expressing asalinearcombinationof and weobtain
3 1 1

5 3 1
3

3 5
4 1 0
7 0 1
4
thelinearsystemis 4, 7,thereforethecoordinatevectoris .
7
4
.
0 7
2 5 3 4
15. (d) Ifw 1,0 , w B1 3, 2 ,so w B1 1 3 2 3
3 5 15 15
(e) Ifw 3,3 , w B2 15, 12 ,so w B1 1 2 12 9 .
16. (a) istheoldbasisand isthenewbasis:

6 2 2 3 3 1
newbasis|oldbasis 6 6 3 0 2 6
0 4 7 3 1 1
1 0 0
|transitionfromoldtonew 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 0
5 3 3 1
8 0 2 6
5 3 1 1
3 3 5
2 6 8
3 5
1 0 0 1
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 1 .Thesolutionof
0 0 1 1
thelinearsystemis 1, 1, 1thereforethecoordinatevectoris
1
1 .
1
1
UsingFormula(12), 1 .
1
0
(c) Expressing asalinearcombinationof , and weobtain
5 6 2 2
8 6 6 3
5 0 4 7
6 2 2 5
6 6 3 8
4 7 5
1 0 0
whoseaugmentedmatrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 .The
0 0 1
solutionofthelinearsystemis , , thereforethecoordinate
vectoris .
1 0 0
18. Reflecting abouttheline resultsin .Likewisefor weobtain
0 1 1
1
.
0
0 1
(a) FromTheorem4.6.5, .
1 0
0 1
(b) Denoting ,itfollowsfromTheorem4.6.5that .Inourcase,
1 0
therefore .Furthermore,since issymmetric,wealsohave .
3 1 7 2
20. Sinceforeveryvector in wehave and then
5 2 4 1
7 2 3 1 31 11 31 11
itfollowsthat sothat .
4 1 5 2 7 2 7 2
FromTheorem4.6.1, istheinverseofthismatrix,whichcanbeeasilycomputedas
24. Letthegivenbasisbedenotedas , , with 1, 1, 1 , 1, 1, 0 ,

1, 0, 0 anddenotetheunknownbasisas , , .
1 0 0
Wehave 0 3 2 | | .Equatingtherespectivecolumns
0 1 1
yields
1
0 1 0 0 1, 1, 1
0
0
3 0 3 2 5, 3, 0
2
0
2 0 2 1 3, 2, 0
1
Thusthegivenmatrixisthetransitionmatrixfromthebasis 1, 1, 1 , 5, 3, 0 , 3, 2, 0 .
4.7RowSpace,ColumnSpace,andNullSpace
3 1 5 3 1
2. (a) 5 2
1 4 2 1 4
4 0 1 2 4 0 1
(b) 3 6 2 3 2 3 3 6 5 2
0 1 4 5 0 1 4
5 2 6 5 2 6
1 1 3 4 1 1 3

(c) 0 1 7 6 4 0 6 1 9 7
2 1
3 9 2 1 3

4 2 1 4 2 1
3
2 1 5 2 1 5
(d) 0 3 0 5
6 3 8 6 3 8
5
5 1 1 1 0 5
26
3. (a) Sincetheaugmentedsystem reducesto ,weseethat
1 5 0 0 1 1
26
1 5 1
b 0
5
26 1
1
26 5 .
0 1 4 1 1 0 32 0
(b) Sincetheaugmentedsystem 2 1 1 0 reducesto 0 1 4 0 ,weseethesystem

2 2 5 2 0 0 0 1
1
isinconsistent.Thus, b 0 isnotinthecolumnspaceofAandcannotbewrittenasa

2
linearcombinationofitscolumns.
3 4 1 3 4
1 1 2 1 1
4. (a) (b)
1 0 4 1 0
0 1 3 0 1
3 1 2 1 13 32
5. (a) Theaugmentedsystem rowreducesto 0 0 0 ,sotheparameterized
6 2 4
32 1
solutionis x 0 t 3 .Thusthegeneralsolutiontothehomogeneoussystemis
1
1
x t 3 .
1
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 12 19
1 1 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 5
(c) Rowreduce to ,andgettheparameterized
0 2 1 1 2 0 0 1 5 8
1 3 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 0
19 12
5 3
solution x t .Thusthehomogeneoussystemhasthegeneralsolution
8 5
0 1
12
3
x t .
5
1
3 1 0
6. (a) Tofindabasisthenullspaceof A 6 2 0 ,weneedtofindthesolutionstothe

0 0 0
3 1 0 0 1 13 0 0
correspondinghomogeneoussystem 6 2 0 0 .Thisreducesto 0 0 0 0 ,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0 13 0

sothegeneralsolutionis x s 1 t 0 .Thusabasisforthenullspaceis 1 , 0 .

0 1 0 1

1 2 10 0 1 0 6 0

(b) Thissystem 2 3 18 0 reducesto 0 1 2 0 .Thegeneralsolutiontothe

0 7 14 0 0 0 0 0
6 6

homogeneoussystemis x t 2 ,so 2 isabasisforthenullspace.

1
1
1 0 1
(c) Thereducedrowechelonformof is 0 1 1 .Thereducedrowechelonformof
0 0 0 0
theaugmentedmatrixofthehomogeneoussystem wouldhaveanadditional
columnofzerosappendedtothismatrix.Thegeneralsolutionofthesystem ,
1
1
, , canbewritteninthevectorform
1
0 0
1
1
1
thereforethevectors and formabasisforthenullspaceof .
1
0 0
1
1 0 1 2 1
0 1 1 1 2
(d) Thereducedrowechelonformof is .Thereducedrowechelonform
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
oftheaugmentedmatrixofthehomogeneoussystem wouldhaveanadditional
columnofzerosappendedtothismatrix.Thegeneralsolutionofthesystem
2 , 2 , , , canbewritteninthevector
1 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1 1 2
form 1 0 0 thereforethevectors 1 , 0 ,and 0 forma
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
basisforthenullspaceof .
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 0
(e) Thereducedrowechelonformof is .Thereducedrowechelon
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
formoftheaugmentedmatrixofthehomogeneoussystem wouldhavean
additionalcolumnofzerosappendedtothismatrix.Thegeneralsolutionofthesystem
2 , , , , canbewritteninthevectorform
2 2
0 0
0 thereforethevectors 0 and formabasisforthenullspace
1 1
0 0 0 0
1 1
of .
8. Ineachpart,weusethereducedrowechelonformoftherespectivematrix whichwas
alreadyobtainedinoursolutionofExercise6.
(a) 1 0 16 , 0 1 19 (b) 1 0
(c) 1 0 1 , 0 1 1 (d) 1 0 1 2 1 , 0 1 1 1 2
(e) 1 0 0 2 , 0 1 0 0 , 0 0 1 0
10. Ineachpart,weareemployingtheproceduredevelopedinExample9onp.232.
1 5 7 1 0 2
(a) Thereducedrowechelonformof 1 4 6 is 0 1 1 .Sincethefirsttwo
3 4 2 0 0 0
columnsofthereducedrowechelonformcontainleading1's,byTheorems4.7.5and
4.7.6(b)thefirsttwocolumnsof formabasisforthecolumnspaceof .
Consequently,thefirsttworowsof , 1 1 3 and 5 4 4 ,formabasisfor

therowspaceof .
2 4 0 1 2 0
(b) Thereducedrowechelonformof 0 0 0 is 0 0 0 .Sinceonlythefirst
1 2 0 0 0 0
columnofthereducedrowechelonformcontainsaleading1,byTheorems4.7.5and
4.7.6(b)thefirstcolumnof formsabasisforthecolumnspaceof .Consequently,the
firstrowof , 2 0 1 ,formsabasisfortherowspaceof .
1 2 1 1 0 1
4 1 3 0 1 1
(c) Thereducedrowechelonformof is .Sincethefirsttwo
5 3 2 0 0 0
2 0 2 0 0 0
columnsofthereducedrowechelonformcontainleading1's,byTheorems4.7.5and
4.7.6(b)thefirsttwocolumnsof formabasisforthecolumnspaceof .
Consequently,thefirsttworowsof , 1 4 5 2 and 2 1 3 0 ,formabasisfor
therowspaceof .
1 3 1 2 1 0
4 2 0 3 0 1
(d) Thereducedrowechelonformof 5 1 1 5 is .Sincethe
6 4 2 7 0 0 0 0
9 1 1 8 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
firsttwocolumnsofthereducedrowechelonformcontainleading1's,byTheorems4.7.5
and4.7.6(b)thefirsttwocolumnsof formabasisforthecolumnspaceof .
Consequently,thefirsttworowsof , 1 4 5 6 9 and 3 2 1 4 1 ,form
abasisfortherowspaceof .
1 0 2 3 2 1 0 0 1 2
3 3 3 6 9 0 1 0 0 1
(e) Thereducedrowechelonformof 2 6 2 0 2 is 0 0 1 1 0 .
2 0 4 6 4 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0
Sincethefirstthreecolumnsofthereducedrowechelonformcontainleading1's,by
Theorems4.7.5and4.7.6(b)thefirstthreecolumnsof formabasisforthecolumn
spaceof .Consequently,thefirstthreerowsof , 1 3 2 2 1 ,
0 3 6 0 3 ,and 2 3 2 4 4 ,formabasisfortherowspaceof .
2 4 2 3
11. (a) Usingthevectorsastherowsofamatrix,werowreduce 2 2 2 4 to

1 3 1 1
1 0 1 52

2
2{ 2 }
0 1 0 1 andseethat (1, 0, 1, 5 ) , (0, 1, 0, 1 ) isabasisforthesubspace.
0 0 0 0
12. (a) Sincewewantabasistakenfromthegivenvectors,weusethevectorsascolumnsofa
1 1 1 1 1 0 12 0
4 0 2 2 0 1 32 0
matrix androwreduce .Thecolumnsthathave
1 1 2 3 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0
leading1s(thefirst,second,andfourth)willbethesamecolumnsfromtheoriginalmatrix
1 1 1

4 0 2
thatformabasisforthespacespannedbythevectors.Thus,abasisis , , .
1 1 3

1 1 2
Sincev3isinthespacespannedbyallfourvectorsbutisnotinthebasis,itmustbealinear
combinationoftheotherthree.Verifythat 21 v 1 3
2 v2 0v 4 v 3 .
(b) Constructamatrixwhosecolumnvectorsarethegivenvectors , , ,and :

1 2 1 0
2 4 1 1
.Sinceitsreducedrowechelonform
0 0 2 2
3 6 0 3

1 2 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

containsleading1'sincolumns1and3,thenbyTheorems4.7.5and4.7.6(b),thevectors
and formabasisforthecolumnspaceof ,andforspan , , , .
Byinspection,thecolumnsofthereducedrowechelonformmatrixsatisfy 2 and
.Becauseelementaryrowoperationspreservedependencerelations
betweencolumnvectors,weconcludethat 2 and .
(c) Constructamatrixwhosecolumnvectorsarethegivenvectors , , , ,and :

1 2 4 0 7
1 3 5 4 18
.Sinceitsreducedrowechelonform
5 1 9 2 2
2 0 4 3 8

1 0 2 0 1
0 1 1 0 3
0 0 0 1 2

0 0 0 0 0

containsleading1'sincolumns1,2,and4,thenbyTheorems4.7.5and4.7.6(b),thevectors
, and formabasisforthecolumnspaceof ,andforspan , , , , .
Byinspection,thecolumnsofthereducedrowechelonformmatrixsatisfy 2
and 3 2 .Becauseelementaryrowoperationspreservedependence
relationsbetweencolumnvectors,weconcludethat 2 and 3
2 .
1 2
1 0
14. Let | .Wearelookingforamatrix suchthat 0.Takinga
3 2
2 4
transposeonbothsidesresultsin 0 .Weproceedtosolvethehomogeneouslinear
system .Thereducedrowechelonformofitsaugmentedmatrix
1 1 3 2 0 1 0 1 2 0
is thereforethegeneralsolutioninthevectorform
2 0 2 4 0 0 1 4 0 0
1 2 1 2
4 0 4 0 1 4 1 0
is .Wecantake thus .
1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
16. (a) e.g., 0 1 0 (b) e.g., 0 1 0 (c) e.g., 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
nullspaceistheorigin nullspaceisthe axis nullspaceisthe
plane
17. (a) Ifa22matrixAhasnullspacegivenbythelinex 2t,y 3t,thentherowsofAmust
2t
beorthogonaltothevector .Thus,therowsofAmustbemultiplesofthevector 3,2 .
3t
3 2 0 0
Twoexamplesare A 1 or A
2 6 4 .
3
18. Thecorrespondinghomogeneoussystem 0hasageneralsolution

, , .Theoriginalnonhomogeneoussystemhasageneralsolution
1 , , ,whichcanbeexpressedinvectorformas
1 1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0
1
4.8Rank,Nullity,andtheFundamentalMatrixSpaces
2. InExercises6and8ofSection4.7,wefoundabasisforthenullspaceandabasisfortherow
spaceofeachofthesefivematrices.
Thenumberofvectorsinabasisfortherowspaceistherankofthematrix.
Likewise,thenumberofvectorsinabasisforthenullspaceisthenullityofthematrix.
2 1 3 1 0 0
(a) A 4 2 1 rowreducesto 0 1 0 ,sothenullityis0and,sincethecolumnsform

2 1 0 0 0 1
alinearlyindependentset,therankis3,andtheDimensionTheoremholds:3 0 n 3.
(b) rank 1;nullity 2;rank nullity 1 2 3 numberof

columnsof
1 3 1 4 1 0 0 17
(c) A 2 4 2 0 rowreducesto 0 1 0 4 .Sincetherearethreeleading1s,

1 3 0 5 0 0 1 9
therankis3.Theparameterizedsolutiontothehomogeneoussystemcanbeseen(the
17
augmentedmatrixhasanextracolumnofzerosontheright)tobe x t 4 ,sothenullity

9
is1,andtheDimensionTheoremholds:3 1 n 4.
(d) rank 2;nullity 3;rank nullity 2 3 5 numberof

columnsof
(e) rank 3;nullity 2;rank nullity 3 2 5 numberof

columnsof
4. (d) IfAis56andhasrank2,thenthecolumnspaceandrowspacehavedimension2,the
nullityis62 4,andthenullityofAT 52 3.
(e) IfAis65andhasrank2,thenthecolumnspaceandrowspacehavedimension2,the
(g) IfAis65andhasrank5,thenthecolumnspaceandrowspacehavedimension5,the
5. (a) IfAis46,themaximumrankis4andthenullityisatleast2.
(b) IfAis55,themaximumrankis5andthenullityisatleast0.
(c) IfAis64,themaximumrankis4andthenullityisatleast0.
6. Thelargestpossiblevaluefortherankofan matrix isthesmallerofthetwo

dimensionsof :
if (wheneverycolumnofthereducedrowechelonformof containsaleading
1),
if (wheneveryrowofthereducedrowechelonformof containsaleading1).
Thesmallestpossiblevalueforthenullityofan matrix is
0if (wheneverycolumnofthereducedrowechelonformof containsaleading

1),
if (wheneveryrowofthereducedrowechelonformof containsaleading
1).
8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Sizeof : 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 9 9 5 4 4 6 2
rank 3 2 1 2 2 0 2
rank | isnotrelevanthere
nullityof 0 1 2 7 3 4 0
numberofparametersin 0 1 2 7 3 4 0
thegeneralsolutionof
1 1 b1
1 2 b2

9. Thesystemgivestheaugmentedmatrix 1 1 b3 whichrowreducesto
2 4 b4

1 3 b5
1 1 b1
0 1 b2 b1

0 0 b3 2b2 3b1 .Forthesystemtobeconsistent,thelastthreeentriesofthelast
0 0 b4 2b2 4b1

0 0 b5 2b2 b1
columnmustbezero.Thisgivesanothersystemtosolve:
b3 2b2 3b1 0
b4 2b2 4b1 0. Reversingtheorderofthevariables(justsotheyareinorderb1,b2,b5),the
b5 2b2 b1 0
3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 15
1
5
augmentedmatrixis 4 2 0 1 0 whichreducesto 0 1 0 101 .Thus,the

2
5
1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
7
5 5
b1 1
b 15 b5
5 4
originalsystemisconsistentifandonlyif b2 1
b 52 b5
10 4
b3 2
b 75 b5 .
5 4
1 1 t
12. (a) Thedeterminantof A 1 t 1 ist2t4 t2 1t2 t2 1t 1 t .Weknow
2
t 1 1
thattherankwillbethreeifandonlyifdet A 0whichmeanst0,t1,ort1.Ifwe
1 1 t 1 0 1

rowreduceAto 0 1 t
1 t weseethatwhent 0,thisbecomes 0 1 1

0 1 t 2 1 t3 0 0 0
1 0 0
sorank A 2.Ift 1,thereducedformis 0 1 1 ,sotherankis2.Ift 1,the

0 0 0
1 0 1
reducedmatrixis 0 1 0 ,soagaintherankis2.

0 0 0
(b) Thedeterminantof is
3 1 3 1
3 6 2 3 2 0 0 2timesthefirstrowwasadded
1 3 1 3 tothesecondrow.

3 1
3 2 Cofactorexpansionalong
3 thesecondrow.
3 2 3 3

3 2 3 1
Fromparts(g)and(n)ofTheorem4.8.4,rank 3whendet 0,i.e.,forall values
otherthan1or .
1 0 0
If 1,thematrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 sothatitsrankis2.
0 0 0
1 0 1
If ,thematrixhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 sothatitsrankis2.
0 0 0
1 0 0
16. (a) e.g., 0 1 0 thecolumnspaceisthe planein
0 0 0
(b) Thegeneralsolutionof is 0, 0, .Thenullspaceisthe axis.
(c) Therowspaceof isthe planein
18. (a) 3;reducedrowechelonformof cancontainatmost3leading1'swheneachofitsrowsis

nonzero;
(b) 5;if thezeromatrix,thenthegeneralsolutionof hasfiveparameters;
(c) 3;reducedrowechelonformof cancontainatmost3leading1'swheneachofits

columnshasaleading1;
(d) 3;if thezeromatrix,thenthegeneralsolutionof hasthreeparameters;
4.9MatrixTransformationsfromRntoRm
2. (a) domain: ;codomain: (b)domain: ;codomain:
(c) domain: ;codomain: (d)domain: ;codomain:
3. IfT x1,x2 x1x2,2x1,3x2 x1 ,thenthedomainofTisR2,thecodomainisR3,and

T 1,2 3,2,5 .
4. ; ; 2, 2
5. (a) ThedomainisR3,thecodomainisR2,andsincetheequationsarelinear,thetransformation
islinear.
(b) ThedomainisR3,thecodomainisR2,butsincetheequationsarenotlinear,the
transformationisnotlinear.
6. (a),(b),and(c)arematrixtransformations,but(d)and(e)arenot
7. (b) ThetransformationT x,y,z,w 1,1 cannotbeamatrix(linear)transformation

becauseitviolatespart(a)ofTheorem4.9.1:T 0,0,0,0 1,1 0,0 .
(c) ThetransformationT x,y,z xy z,0 canberepresentedasleftmultiplicationby
1 1 1
thematrix T 0 0 0 ,soTisamatrixtransformation.
(d) ThetransformationT x,y,z x,yz,x y z isnotamatrixtransformationbecauseit

violatesthehomogeneitypropertyofTheorem4.9.1.
(e) ThetransformationT x,y,z 2y,x z,3y canbewrittenasleftmultiplicationbythe
0 2 0
matrix T 1 0 1 ,soTisamatrixtransformation.

0 3 0
2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1
8. (a) ;thestandardmatrixis
3 5 0 1 3 5 0 1
7 2 8 7 2 8
(b) 0 1 5 ;thestandardmatrixis 0 1 5
4 7 1 4 7 1
1 1 1 1
(c) 3 2 ;thestandardmatrixis 3 2
5 7 5 7
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
(d) ;thestandardmatrixis
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. Puttingtheimageofthestandardbasisvectorsasthecolumnsofthematrix,weget
4 3 1 1 6
T 2 1 5 ,and T 2 16 .

1 2 2 4 5
2 2 1 2 1
10. (a) , ;thestandardmatrixis
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
(b) , ;thestandardmatrixis
0 1 0 1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
(c) , , 5 1 5 0 ;thestandardmatrixis 1 5 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
4 4 0 0 4 0 0
(d) , , 7 0 7 0 ;thestandardmatrixis 0 7 0
8 0 0 8 0 0 8
1 2 3 1
12. (a)
3 4 2 1
1
1 2 0 3
(b) 1
3 1 5 13
3
2 1 4 2 4
(c) 3 5 7 3 5 7
6 0 1 6
1 1
(d) 2 4 2 4
7 8 7 8
3 4 1 19
13. (a) T 1 0 ,so T 4 .CheckT 1,4 3 1 4 4 ,1 19,1 .
1
0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3
(b) T 1 2 0 ,soT 2, 1, 3 1 2 0 1 0 .

3 0 1 3 0 1 3 3
Check:T 2,1,3 3,22 1 ,3 2 3 3,0,3 .
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 2
14. (a) (b) (c)
0 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 1 0 2 1
1 0 2 2 0 0 2 0
16. (a) (b)
0 0 5 0 0 1 5 5

cos 30 sin 30 3 3 2 4.60
18. (a)
sin 30 cos 30 4 4 23 1.96

cos 60 sin 60 23
3 3 1.96
(b)
sin 60 cos 60 4 4
2 4.60

cos 45 sin 45 3 3 4.95
(c)
sin 45 cos 45 4 4 0.71
cos 90 sin 90 3 0 1 3 4
(d)
sin 90 cos 90 4 1 0 4 3
1 0 0
1 0 0
20. (a) 0 cos 60 sin 60 0
0 sin 60 cos 60 0


cos 60 0 sin 60 0
(b) 0 1 0 0 1 0
sin 60 0 cos 60
0

cos 60 sin 60 0 0
(c) sin 60 cos 60 0
0
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22. (a) 0 0 0 ; 0 1 0 ; 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
24. Aunitvectorinthedirectionof 1, 1, 1 is 1, 1, 1 soinFormula(15),wetake

Formula(15)yieldsthestandardmatrix
1 cos cos 1 cos sin 1 cos sin

1 cos sin 1 cos cos 1 cos sin

1 cos sin 1 cos sin 1 cos cos

26. Thecolumnsof areorthonormalsince

0, 1,and

1.

Also,det 1.Therefore,thestatedconditionsare

satisfied.

cos sin
Tofind ,theangleofrotation,weuseFormula(13).Setting we
sin cos

obtaincos andsin .Theonlyangleintheinterval 0, 2 thatsatisfiesthese

equationsis .
(Generally,foranyinteger , 2 isasolution.)
28. (a) Letusdenotethecolumnsof as , ,and .Wehave
0 1
0 1
0 1
whichshowsthatthecolumnsof areorthonormalvectors.Furthermore,

Acommonfactorof fromeach
rowwastakenthroughthe
1 4 8 determinantsign.
8 4 1
4 7 4
8 timesthefirstrowwasadded
1 4 8 tothesecondrowand times
0 36 63
thefirstrowwasaddedtothe
0 9 36
thirdrow.
36 63 Cofactorexpansionalongthefirst
1
9 36 column

1 36 36 63 23

1 1296 567

1 729 1
Weconcludethatmultiplicationbythegivenmatrix isarotation.
1
(b) Anynonzero vectorcanbeusede.g.,with 0 weobtainavectorthatdefinesan
0
1
axisfortherotation: 1 tr 1 1 0 .
0
Aunitvectorinthedirectionof is .
(c) cos 0.Ontheinterval 0, 2 thisequationhastwosolutions:
and ,however,substitutingthemintoFormula(15)wecanverifythat yields
theoriginalmatrix ,whereas doesnot.(Generally,foranyinteger ,
2 isasolution.)
0 0
29. (a) Multiplyingavectorby A 0 3 givestheorthogonalprojectionontotheyaxiswitha
dilationby3.
1 0
(b) Multiplyingavectorby A 0 4 isexpansionintheydirectionbyafactorof4.
30. (a) Expansionof inthe directionwithfactor2andinthe directionwithfactor3.
(b) Rotationthroughtheangle .
4.10PropertiesofMatrixTransformations
40 0 20
2. 12 9 18 ;
38 18 43
19 18 22
10 3 16
31 33 58
4 4 0 0
4. (a) Invectorform, , , 2 2 1 0 sothat
3 1 3 0
4 0 0
2 1 0 .
1 3 0
2 1 2 0 1 2 0
Likewise, , , 0 0 1 sothat 0 0 1 .
4 4 0 1 4 0 1
1 2 0 4 0 0 0 2 0
(b) 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 3 0
4 0 1 1 3 0 17 3 0
4 0 0 1 2 0 4 8 0
2 1 0 0 0 1 2 4 1
1 3 0 4 0 1 1 2 3
(c) , , 4 8 , 2 4 , 2 3
, , 2 , 3 , 17 3
0 1
5. (a) Areflectionabouttheliney xisgivenby A 1 0 ,andarotationof60isgivenby
1
2 2
3 23 1
2

B 3
,sothefinalmatrixis BA 1 3
.
2
1
2 2 2
1 0
(b) Acontractionofafactorof k 1
3 , 3 1 ,followedbyanorthogonalprojectionontothe
0 3
0 0 0 0
yaxis, ,sothematrixis .
0 1 0 13
(c) Areflectionabouttheyaxis,followedbyadilationwithfactork 4isgivenbythematrix
4 0
0 4 .
6. (a) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istherotationof60,

istheorthogonalprojectiononthe axis,and isthereflectionabouttheline .

cos 60 sin 60
FromTables5,1,and3inSection4.9, ,
sin 60 cos 60

1 0 0 1
,and .
0 0 1 0
0 0
Therefore, .
(b) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where isthedilationwith

factor 2, istherotationof45,and isthereflectionaboutthe axis.FromTables

2 0 cos 45 sin 45
7,5,and1inSection4.9, , ,and
0 2 sin 45 cos 45

1 0
.
0 1
Therefore, 2 2 .
2 2
(c) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istherotationof15,

istherotationof105,and istherotationof60.Theneteffectofthethreerotations
isasinglerotationof15 105 60 180.FromTable5inSection4.9,
cos 180 sin 180 1 0
.
sin 180 cos 180 0 1
8. (a) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istherotationof30

aboutthe axis, istherotationof30aboutthe axis,and isthecontractionwith
1 0 0
factor .FromTables6and8inSection4.9, 0 cos 30 sin 30
0 sin 30 cos 30
1 0 0
0 0 0

cos 30 sin 30 0
0 , sin 30 cos 30 0 0 0 .
0 ,and
0 0 1
0
0 0
0 0 1

Therefore, .

0
(b) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where isthereflectionabout

the plane, isthereflectionaboutthe plane,and istheorthogonalprojectionon
1 0 0 1 0 0
the plane.FromTables2and4inSection4.9, 0 1 0 , 0 1 0 ,
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0
and 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
0 0 0
Therefore, 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
(c) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istherotationof270

aboutthe axis, istherotationof90aboutthe axis,and istherotationof180
1 0 0
aboutthe axis.FromTable6inSection4.9, 0 cos 270 sin 270
0 sin 270 cos 270
1 0 0 cos 90 0 sin 90 0 0 1
0 0 1 , 0 1 0 0 1 0 ,and
0 1 0 sin 90 0 cos 90 1 0 0
cos 180 sin 180 0 1 0 0
sin 180 cos 180 0 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0
Therefore, 0 0 1 .
1 0 0
0 0 cos sin 0
10. (a) FromTables8and6inSection4.9, 0 0 and sin cos 0 ;
0 0 0 0 1
cos sin 0
sin cos 0 ;
0 0
cos sin 0
sin cos 0 .
0 0
Forthesetransformations, .
1 0 0
(b) FromTable6inSection4.9, 0 cos sin and
0 sin cos
cos sin 0
sin cos 0 ;
0 0 1
cos sin 0
cos sin cos cos sin ;
sin sin sin cos cos
cos cos sin sin sin
sin cos cos sin cos .
0 sin cos
Forthesetransformations, .
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
12. (a) ;thestandardmatrixis ;since 0,it
2 2 1 2 1 2 1
followsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thattheoperatorisnotonetoone
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
(b) ;thestandardmatrixis ;since
5 5 1 5 1 5 1
17 0,itfollowsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thattheoperatorisonetoone
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
(c) 2 4 2 0 4 ;thestandardmatrixis 2 0 4 ;since
3 6 1 3 6 1 3 6
1 3 2
2 0 4 0,itfollowsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thattheoperatorisnot
1 3 6
onetoone
2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
(d) 2 5 3 2 5 3 ;thestandardmatrixis 2 5 3 ;since
8 1 0 8 1 0 8
1 2 3
2 5 3 1 0,itfollowsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thattheoperator
1 0 8
isonetoone
0 2
13. (a) Thematrixforthistransformationis A 1 0 andsinceAisinvertible(verify),the
0 1 1 x1 w 2
transformationis11. A1 1 0 ,soT isgivenby x .
2 2
1
2 w1
9 5 1 7 5 1
(b) Since A 2 7 isinvertiblewith A 2 9 ,Tis11,andT isgivenby
1
73

x1 1
73 ( 7w 1 5w 2 ) .
x2 1
73 ( 2w 1 9w 2 )
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
14. (a) 2 2 1 1 ;thestandardmatrixis 2 1 1 ;since
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 2 2
1 1 0
1 2 2 1 0 0
isonetoone;thereducedrowechelonformofthematrix 2 1 1 0 1 0 is
1 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 2 4 1 2 4
0 1 0 1 2 3 thereforethestandardmatrixof is 1 2 3 ;
0 0 1 1 3 5 1 3 5
, , 2 4 , 2 3 , 3 5
3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4
(b) 1 1 1 ;thestandardmatrixis 1 1 1 ;
2 5 0 2 5 0 2 5
1 3 4
since 1 1 1 0,itfollowsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thatthe
0 2 5
operatorisnotonetoone
4 1 4 1 1 4 1
(c) 2 7 2 7 1 ;thestandardmatrixis 2 7 1 ;since
3 1 3 0 1 3 0
1 4 1
1 3 0
1 4 1 1 0 0
isonetoone;thereducedrowechelonformofthematrix 2 7 1 0 1 0 is
1 3 0 0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0 thereforethestandardmatrixof is ;
0 0 1
, , , ,
2 1 2 1 1 2 1
(d) 2 4 2 1 4 ;thestandardmatrixis 2 1 4 ;
7 4 5 7 4 5 7 4 5
1 2 1
since 2 1 4 0,itfollowsfromparts(g)and(s)ofTheorem4.10.4thatthe
7 4 5
operatorisnotonetoone
16. (a) WecheckwhetherthetwopropertiesofTheorem4.10.2holdforallreal , , , ,and :

, , , 2 , 2 , 2 ,
, ,
, , 2 , 2 , ,
Bothpropertieshold,therefore isamatrixoperator.
(b) When 2,property(ii)ofTheorem4.10.2doesnothold: 2 2, 2

4, 4 16, 4 doesnotequal2 2, 2 2 4, 2 8, 4 . isnotamatrixoperator.
(c) WecheckwhetherthetwopropertiesofTheorem4.10.2holdforallreal , , , ,and :

, , , , , ,
, ,
, , , , ,
(d) WecheckwhetherthetwopropertiesofTheorem4.10.2holdforallreal , , , ,and :

, , , ,0 ,0 ,0
, ,
, , ,0 ,0 ,
17. (a) IfT x,y cos2x,sin2y ,thenT 0, 2 1,1 ,yetT 0, 1,0 T 0, 2 T 0, 2
2,2 ,soTisnotamatrixtransformation.
(b) AdditiveProperty:T x1,y1 T x2,y2 3x1y1,5y1 3x2y2,5y2
3 x1 x2 y1 y2 ,5 y1 y2 T x1 x2,y1 y2 .
Homogeneity:kT x1,y1 k 3x1y1,5y1 3kx1ky1,5ky1 T kx1,ky1 .
Bothpropertieshold,soTisamatrixtransformation.
(c) AdditiveProperty:T x1,y1 T x2,y2 x1,x1 x2,x2
x1 x2 , x1 x2 .Also,T x1 x2,y1 y2 x1 x2 , x1 x2 ,sowesee
T x1 x2,y1 y2 T x1,y1 T x2,y2 .
Homogeneity:kT x1,y1 k x1,x1 kx1,kx1 T kx1,ky1 .

(d) AdditiveProperty:T x1,y1 T x2,y2 x1 y1,x1y1 x2 y2,x2y2

x1 x2 y1 y2,x1 x2 y1 y2 T x1 x2,y1 y2 .
Homogeneity:kT x,y k x y,xy kx ky,kxky T kx,ky T k x,y
18. (a) WecheckwhetherthetwopropertiesofTheorem4.10.2holdforallreal , , , , , ,

and :
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
Bothpropertieshold,therefore isamatrixtransformation.
(b) , , , , , , 1, 1 doesnotequal
, , , , 1, 1 1, 1 2, 2 .Sinceproperty(i)ofTheorem4.10.2
doesnothold, isnotamatrixtransformation.
19. (b) AdditiveProperty:T x1,y1,z1 T x2,y2,z2 6x1 y1,x16y1 6x2 y2,x26y2
6 x1 x2 y1 y2,x1 x26 y1 y2 .
Also,T x1 x2,y1 y2,z1 z2 6 x1 x2 y1 y2,x1 x26 y1 y2 ,sowesee

T x1 x2,y1 y2,z1 z2 T x1,y1,z1 T x2,y2,z2 .
Homogeneity:kT x,y,z 6kx ky,kx6ky .Also,
T k x,y,z 6kx ky,kx6ky .
Sincebothpropertieshold,Tisamatrixtransformation.
1 0
20. (a) Reflectionaboutthe axis: 1, 0 | 0, 1 ;
0 1
1 0
Reflectionaboutthe axis: 1, 0 | 0, 1 ;
0 1
0 1
Reflectionabouttheline : 1, 0 | 0, 1
1 0
1 00
(b) Reflectionaboutthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1 0 10 ;
0 01
1 0 0
Reflectionaboutthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1 0 1 0 ;
0 0 1
1 0 0
Reflectionaboutthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0
(c) Orthogonalprojectiononthe axis: 1, 0 | 0, 1 ;
0 0
0 0
Orthogonalprojectiononthe axis: 1, 0 | 0, 1
0 1
(d) Orthogonalprojectiononthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1

1 0 0
0 1 0 ;
0 0 0
Orthogonalprojectiononthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1
1 0 0
0 0 0 ;
0 0 1
Orthogonalprojectiononthe plane: 1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
cos sin
(e) Rotationthroughanangle : 1, 0 | 0, 1
sin cos
(f) Dilationorcontractionbyafactorof :
0 0
1, 0, 0 | 0, 1, 0 | 0, 0, 1 0 0
0 0
22. (a) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where isthereflectionaboutthe
planeand isthecontractionwithfactor .FromTables2and8inSection4.9,
0 0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0 and 0 0 .Therefore, 0 0 .
0 0 1
0 0 0 0
(b) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istheorthogonal

projectionontothe planeand istheorthogonalprojectionontothe plane.From
Table4inSection4.9,
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 and 0 1 0 .Therefore, 0 0 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
(c) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where isthereflectionabout

the plane, isthereflectionaboutthe plane,and isthereflectionaboutthe
1 0 0 1 0 0
plane.FromTable2inSection4.9, 0 1 0 , 0 1 0 ,and
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 .Therefore, 0 1 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 1
4 1 2
23. (a) Thecolumnsof A 5 1 2 aretheimagesofthestandardbasisvectors,so

3 6 4
4 1 2
T A e1 5 ,T e 1 ,T e 2 .
A 2 A 3
3 6 4
4 1 2 5
(b) T A e1 e2 e3 5 1 2 8 .

3 6 4 5
2 14
(c) T A 7e3 7 2 14 .

4 28
24. (a) Suppose and .Subtractingbothequationsyields
0
0 thereforethetransformationisonetooneifandonlyifthenullityof is0sincethatis
0
equivalenttostatingthat implies .Thereducedrowechelon
1 0
formof is 0 1 ,soweconcludethatthenullityof is0,thus isonetoone.
0 0
(b) Proceedingasinpart(a),wedeterminethereducedrowechelonformof tobe
1 0 4
1 .ThereforeAhasnullity1andT A isnotonetoone(e.g.,
0 1 2
0 8
0
A 0 A 1 0 ).
0 2
(c) Proceedingasinpart(a),wedeterminethereducedrowechelonformofAtobe
1 0 1
0 1 1
.ThereforeAhasnullity1andT A isnotonetoone(e.g.,
0 0 0

0 0 0
0
0 1 0
A 0 A 1 ).
0
0 1
0
26. BothpropertiesofTheorem4.10.2holdforT x , y 0,0 :
T ( x, y x ', y ' ) T x x ', y y' 0,0 0,0 0,0 T x, y T x ', y '
T ( k x, y ) T kx, ky 0,0 k 0,0 kT x, y
Ontheotherhand,neitherpropertyholdsingeneralforT x, y 1,1 ,e.g.,
T ( x, y x ', y ' ) T x x ', y y' 1,1 doesnotequal
T x, y T x ', y ' 1,1 1,1 2,2
4.11GeometryofMatrixOperatorsonR2
0 1 1 3
2. (a) T 1, 3 1 0 3 1
1 0 1 1
(b) T 1, 3 0 1 3 3
1 0 1 1
(c) T 1, 3 0 0 3 0
0 0 1 0
(d) T 1, 3 0 1 3 3
1 0 0 1 1
4. (a) T 1, 2, 1 0 1 0 2 2 .

0 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1
(b) T 1, 2, 1 0 1 0 2 2 .

0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 1
(c) T 1, 2, 1 0 1 0 2 2 .

0 0 1 1 1
6. Theoriginalrectanglewithvertices 0,0 , 1,0 ,

1,2 ,and 0,2 isshownontheright.

Theimagesundertherespectivetransformations
areshownbelow.

(a) (b)

210C
Chapter4:GeeneralVectorrSpaces
(c) (d))
(e) (f)
7. Thedashedrectan
ngleistheimaageoftheoriginalsquare.
cos45 sin 45 2
2 cos90 sin 90 0 1
2 2
8. (a) (
(b) 1 0
sin 45 os45
co 2 2

sin 90
cos90
2 2
cos180 sin180
s 1 0 cos270 sin270 0 1
(c) 0 1 (
(d) sin270 1 0
sin180 c
cos180 cos270
cos 30 sin 30 3 1
(e) 2 2

sin 30 cos 30 12 3

2
1 0 6 0
10. (a) 0 (b)
0 1
1 0
11. (a) Thegeometricresultofmultiplyingby iscompressionintheydirectionbyafactor
0 13
of 13 .
6 0
(b) Thegeometricresultofmultiplyingby isreflectionaboutthexaxisandthenan
0 1
expansionbyafactorof6inthexdirection.
2 1 1 12 1 0 0 1
(c) Wewrite asaproductofelementarymatricesas 0 1 0 4 1 0 .Thistellus
4 0
avectorisfirstreflectedabouttheliney x,thenexpandedbyafactorof4inthey
direction,andfinallyshearedinthexdirectionbyafactorof 12 .
2 0 2 0 1 0
12. (a) Byinspection, .
0 3 0 1 0 3
Multiplicationby hasthegeometriceffectofexpandingbyafactorof3inthe direction,
thenexpandingbyafactorof2inthe direction.
1 4 1 4 1 0
(b)
2 9 0 1 0 1
A A

f

f

1 0 1 4
therefore with and sothat
2 1 0 1
1 0 1 4
.
2 1 0 1
Multiplicationby hasthegeometriceffectofshearingbyafactorof4inthe direction,
thenshearingbyafactorof2inthe direction.
0 2 4 0 1 0 1 0
(c)
4 0 0 2 0 2 0 1
I M M
f f

0 1 0 1 0
therefore with , ,and 0 sothat
1 0 0 1
0 1 4 0 1 0
.
1 0 0 1 0 2
Multiplicationby hasthegeometriceffectofreflectionaboutthe axis,thenexpanding
byafactorof2inthe direction,thenexpandingbyafactorof4inthe direction,then
reflectionabouttheline .
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 0
(d)
4 6 0 18 0 1 0 1
A M A
f

f

1 0 1 0 1 3
therefore with , 0 ,and sothat
4 1 0 1
1 0 1 0 1 3
.
4 1 0 18 0 1
Multiplicationby hasthegeometriceffectofshearingbythefactor 3inthe direction,
thenexpandingbyafactorof18inthe direction,thenshearingbythefactor4inthe
direction.
14. (a) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where isthereflectionabout

the axis, istheexpansionbyafactorof5inthe direction,and isthereflection
1 0 5 0
abouttheline .FromTables1and9inSection4.9, , ,
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
and .Therefore, .
1 0 5 0
(b) Wearelookingforthestandardmatrixof where istherotationof30,

istheshearbyafactorof 2inthe direction,and istheexpansionbyafactorof3
cos 30 sin 30
inthe direction.FromTables5,9,and10inSection4.9,
sin 30 cos 30

1 0 1 0
, ,and .Therefore,
2 1 0 3

.

33 3
16. Coordinates , arebeingtransformedtocoordinates , accordingtotheequation

4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 16 9
.Therefore .
3 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 3 11 6
Equatingthecorrespondingcomponentsleadstotwoequations;solvingthefirstequation
16 9for yields .Substitutingthisintothesecondequation 11 6
resultsin .
18. Weneedarealnumber suchthattheshearoffactor inthe directiontransforms 2, 1 into

0, 1 ,i.e.,
0 1 2
.Equatingthecorrespondingcomponentsresultsintwoequations,ofwhich
1 0 1 1
thesecondone1 1issatisfiedforall .Solvingthefirstequation0 2 for yields
1 2
2,thereforethematrixfortheshearis .
0 1
4 2 2
19. Sincethecolumnspaceof A 2 1 isspannedbythevector 1 ,multiplicationmapsevery
2
pointintheplaneontotheline t ,whichisthesameas y 1
2 x .
1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
22. (a) 0 0 1 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
4.12DynamicalSystemsandMarkovChains
0.2 0.8
1. (a) A 0.5 0.5 isnotastochasticmatrixsincethecolumnsdonotsumto1.
0.8 0.5
(b) A 0.2 0.5 isastochasticmatrixsincethecolumns(withnonnegativeentries)sumto1.
32 1
3
2. (a) A 1 2 isnotstochasticbecausethefirstcolumndoesnotsumtoone.
6 3
(b) isnotastochasticmatrixsinceentriesinitscolumnsdonotaddupto1
0 0 0
(c) A 5 2 1 isastochasticmatrix.
6 7 3
1 5 2
6 7 3
(d) isnotastochasticmatrixsince 1failstobenonnegative
0.1 0.4 0.5 0.25 0.1 0.4 0.25 0.325

3. Px 0 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.75 x 1 , Px 1 0.9 0.6 0.75 0.675 x 2 ,
0.1 0.4 0.325 0.3025 0.1 0.4 0.3025 0.30925

Px 2 0.9 0.6 0.675 0.6975 x 3 , Px 3 0.9 0.6 0.6975 0.69075 x 4 ;or
0.3133 0.3052 0.5 0.30925

P 4x 0 0.6867 0.6948 0.5 0.69075 .
0.8 0.5 1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.74

4.
0.2 0.5 0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.26
0.8 0.5 0.74 0.722 0.8 0.5 0.722 0.7166

0.2 0.5 0.26 0.278 0.2 0.5 0.278 0.2834
0.7166 0.7085
Analternateapproachistodetermine thencalculate
0.2834 0.2915
0.7166
.
0.2834
6. (a) isastochasticmatrix:eachcolumnvectorhasnonnegativeentriesthataddupto1;
since hasallpositiveentries,weconcludethat isaregularmatrix
(b) Foranyrealnumbers , , , , ,and ,theproduct contains0inthe

0 0
1
secondrowfirstcolumnentry.Thisshowsthat willcontinuetohave0atthat
0
positionforallpositiveintegers ,therefore isnotaregularmatrix.
(c) isastochasticmatrix:eachcolumnvectorhasnonnegativeentriesthataddupto1;
since hasallpositiveentries,itisalsoaregularmatrix.
8. isastochasticmatrix:eachcolumnvectorhasnonnegativeentriesthataddupto1;
since hasallpositiveentries,itisalsoaregularmatrix.
Tofindthesteadystatevector,wesolvethesystem ,i.e.,
0.8 0.6 0
.Thereducedrowechelonformoftheaugmentedmatrixofthis
0.8 0.6 0
1 0.75
systemis thusthegeneralsolutionis , .For tobeaprobability
0 0
vector,itscomponentsmustaddupto1: 1.Solvingtheresultingequation
1for resultsin ,consequentlythesteadystatevectoris .
13 0 1
2 185 1
4
7
24
9. If P 1 1 1 , P 2 13 3 17 whichhasallpositiveentries,soPisregular.Nowwesolve
3 2 4
36 8 48

1 1 1 13 3 17
3 2 4 36 8 48
IP q 0.
32 0 12 1 0 34 34 t
I P 1 1 1
4 whichrowreducesto 0 1 1 ,sothegeneralsolutionis q t .
3 2

1 12 3 0 0 0 t
3 4
113
Thecoordinatesshouldsumto1,so2.75t 1,so t 4
,making q 4 .
11
11
4
11
10. isastochasticmatrix:eachcolumnvectorhasnonnegativeentriesthataddupto1;
since hasallpositiveentries,weconcludethat isaregularmatrix.
0
0 0 .Thereducedrowechelonformoftheaugmentedmatrixofthis
0
0

1 0
systemis 0 1 thusthegeneralsolutionis , , .For tobea
0 0 0
probabilityvector,wemusthave 1.Solvingtheresultingequation
12. (a) Theentry representstheprobabilitythatthesystemwillstayinstate2whenitisinstate2.
(b) Theentry0representstheprobabilitythatthesystemwillstayinstate1whenitisinstate
1.
0
1 0
(c) thereforeifthesystemisinstate1,thereis0probabilitythatitwillremain
0 1
1
instate1.
0
(d) thereforeifthesystemhasa50%chanceofbeinginstate1initially,itwill
1
beinstate2atthenextobservationwithprobability .

14. (a) Thetransitionmatrixis 0.75 0.5

0.25 0.5
0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 1 0.6875

(b) thereforeifthemousechoosestypeItoday,itwill
0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0 0.3125
choosethesametypetwodaysfromnowwithprobability0.6875.
0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 0 0.65625

(c) thereforeifthemousechoosestypeII
0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 1 0.34375
today,itwillchoosethesametypethreedaysfromnowwithprobability0.34375.
0.75 0.5 0.1 0.525

(d) thereforeifthereisa10%chancethatthemousechooses
0.25 0.5 0.9 0.475
typeItoday,itwillchoosetypeItomorrowwithprobability0.525.

16. (a) Thetransitionmatrixis 0.9 0.05

0.1 0.95
0.5 0.475
Multiplyingthismatrixbytheinitialstatevector resultsin .
0.5 0.525
0.454
Afterthesecondyear,thestatevectorbecomes .Repeatingthis
0.546
processthreemoretimesresultsin
initial after after after after after

state 1year 2years 3years 4years 5years

marketshareofstation1 0.5 0.475 0.454 0.436 0.420 0.407
marketshareofstation2 0.5 0.525 0.546 0.564 0.580 0.593
(b) Since isaregularstochasticmatrix,thereexistsauniquesteadystateprobabilityvector.

0.1 0.05 0
.Thereducedrowechelonformoftheaugmentedmatrixofthis
0.1 0.05 0
1 0.5
systemis thusthegeneralsolutionis , .For tobeaprobability
0 0
vector,itscomponentsmustaddupto1: 1.Solvingtheresultingequation
18. (a) Denoting wecancalculate whichshowsthatthematrix is
regular.
(b) Since isaregularstochasticmatrix,thereexistsauniquesteadystateprobabilityvector.

0
0
0 .Thereducedrowechelonformoftheaugmentedmatrixofthis
0
0
1 0 1
systemis 0 1 2 thusthegeneralsolutionis , 2 , .For tobea
0 0 0
probabilityvector,wemusthave 1.Solvingtheresultingequation
2 1for resultsin ,consequentlythesteadystatevectoris .
Afterparentsofknowngenotype(andtheiroffsprings)continuetobecrossedwithrandom
parentsofunknowngenotypeforalongtime,theprobabilityofanoffspringtohavea
genotype , ,and willapproach0.25,0.5,and0.25,respectively.
13 1
12
1
6 32 121 61
19. P 1 1 1 isastochasticmatrix.Then I P 1 5
13 ,whichrowreducesto
2 6 3
2 6

1 1 34 1
2
9 1
6 12 2 6
1 0 37
12
37
12
t
0 1 22 .Thegeneralsolutiontothehomogeneoussystemis q t .Thecoordinates
22
37
37
0 0 0 t
71
12

shouldsumto1,soverify t 37
,making q 22 .
71
71
37
71
20. sinceeachentryintheproduct isasumofallentriesinacolumnof ,whichmust

be1.
22. (a) FromTheorem4.12.1,foreach 1, 2, , ,thesequence , ,, , approaches

.
(b) As , approachesthe matrix | | | .
Chapter4SupplementaryExercises
2. (a) Thesolutionspaceis sinceallvectors , , satisfythesystem.
1 0
(b) Theaugmentedmatrixofthesystemhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
thereforethegeneralsolutionis , , .Thesolutionspaceisaplanein
;itsequationis2 3 0,thefirstequationinoursystem(theothertwo
equationswereitsmultiples).
1 2 0 0
(c) Theaugmentedmatrixofthesystemhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
thereforethegeneralsolutionis 2 , , 0theseformparametricequationsfor
alinein .
1 0 0 0
(d) Theaugmentedmatrixofthesystemhasthereducedrowechelonform 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
thereforethehomogeneoussystemhasonlythetrivialsolution 0, 0, 0 theorigin.
4. (a) 4 , , 2 4, 1, 1 0, 1, 2
(b) 3 3 , 4 ,2 2 3, 1, 2 1, 4, 1 3, 1, 2
3, 1, 2 1, 4, 1
(c) 2 4 ,3 ,4 2, 3, 0 1, 0, 4 4, 1, 1
6. (a) Wearelookingforscalars , ,and suchthat ,i.e.,
1 3 2 1

1 1
1 0 1 1
sothatthegeneralsolutionis 1 , , .
E.g.,letting 0yields 1 0 ,whereaswith 1weobtain
0 1 .
(b) Thevectors , ,and donotformabasisfor thereforeTheorem4.4.1doesnot

applyhere.
8. No,e.g., 1and 1formabasisfor eventhoughbothareofdegree1.
10. (a) Adding 1timesthefirstrowtothethirdrowyieldsthereducedrowechelonform

1 0 1
0 1 0 ;weconcludethatthematrixhasrank2andnullity1.
0 0 0
(b) Adding 1timesthefirstrowtothefifthrowandadding 1timesthesecondrowtothe

1 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
fourthrowyieldsthereducedrowechelonform 0 0 1 0 0 thereforethematrixhas
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
rank3andnullity2.
(c) Afterperforming elementaryrowoperationswhichfollowthesamepatternasinparts(a)

and(b):
add 1timesrow1torow2 1,
add 1timesrow torow2 ,
add 1timesrow torow2 1,

add 1timesrow torow 2,
thereducedrowechelonformwillbeobtained:itstop 1rowsareidenticaltothe
correspondingoriginal matrix,whereasthebottom rowsarecompletelyfilledwithzeros.
Weconcludethatthematrixhasrank 1andnullity .
12. For tohaveahorizontaltangentat 0,wemusthave

0 0.
Since 2 itfollowsthat 0 0.Thesetofall
polynomials forwhich 0isspan 1, , ,, andthereforeasubspaceof .
Sincetheset 1, , ,, isclearlylinearlyindependentandspansthesubspace,itformsa
basisforthesubspace.
1 0
14. (a) Asubmatrix hasnonzerodeterminant 1thereforetherankoftheoriginalmatrix
2 1
is2.
1 2 1 3 2 3
(b) Allthree2 2submatriceshavezerodeterminant: 0.Since
2 4 2 6 4 6
determinantofany1 1submatrixoftheoriginalmatrixisnonzero,theoriginalmatrixhas
rank1.
1 0
(c) Theoriginal3 3matrixhaszerodeterminant.Asubmatrix hasnonzero
2 1
determinant 1thereforetherankoftheoriginalmatrixis2.
1 1 2
(d) Asubmatrix 3 1 0 hasnonzerodeterminant30thereforetherankoftheoriginal
1 2 4
matrixis3.

CH 04

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 04

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter4:GeneralVectorSpaces135

1. (a) u v 2,4 1,3 3,1 andku 5 2,4 0,5 4 0,20 .

(d) k u v k u1 v1,u2 v2 0,k u2 v2 0,ku2 kv2 .Also,ku kv 0,ku2

k m u 0, k m u2 0,ku2 mu2 0,ku2 0,mu2 ku mu.

Tocheckassociativity:k mu k 0,mu2 0,k mu2 .Now,thesecondcoordinateisthe

(e) Finally,wecheckthe10thaxiom:Is1u u?Forourdefinitionofscalarmultiplication,

1u 0,1u2 0,u2 .Butthisisnotequaltou,unlessu1 0.Sincethisshouldholdforall

2. (a) u v 1,2 2,0 2,3 ,andku 3 1,2 3,6 .

(b) Consider 0,0 2,1 .Thedefinitionofvectoradditiontellsusthat 0,0 2,1

1,0 .Since 0,0 uuforu 2,1 (andforallvectorsalso), 0,0 isnotthe

(d) Ifu u1,u2 ,thenu u1 1,u2 1 .Toverify,u u u1,u2

(e) k u v k u1 v11,u2 v21 k u1 v11 ,k u2 v21

However,ku kv ku1,ku2 kv1,kv2 ku1 kv11,ku2 kv21 .So,wesee

Also,notethat k m u ku1 mu1,ku2 mu2 .However,ku mu ku1,ku2

4. Visclosedunderaddition: 0,y1 0,y2 0,y1 y2 ,andsincey1andy2arebothreal,sois

Thezerovectoris 0,0 : 0,0 0,y1 0,y1 0,y1 0,0 .

Eachvector 0,y1 hasandadditiveinverse, 0,y1 : 0,y1 0,y1 0,0 and

Visclosedunderscalarmultiplication:k 0,y 0,ky ,andsincekandyarebothreal,sois

k 0,y1 0,y2 k 0,y1 y2 0,k y1 y2 0,ky1 ky2 0,ky1

k m 0,y 0, k m y 0,ky my 0,ky 0,my k 0,y m 0,y .

Forassociativity,k m 0,y k 0,my 0,k my 0, km y km 0,y .

Finally,1 0,y 0,1y 0,y .So,VisavectorspaceundertheoperationsofR2.

6. Let denotethesetofall tuplesofrealnumbersoftheform , , , .

Axiom1: , ,, , ,, , ,, isin forallreal and ;

Axiom4: taking 0, 0, ,0 ,wehave 0, 0, ,0 , ,, , ,, and

Axiom5: foreach , ,, ,let , ,, ;

Axiom6: , ,, , ,, isin forallreal and ;

10. Let bethesetofallrealvaluedfunctions definedforallrealnumbersandsuchthat

Axiom1: If and arein then isafunctiondefinedforallrealnumbersand

Axiom6: If isascalarand isin then isafunctiondefinedforallrealnumbersand

11. ThesetVofallpairsofrealnumbersoftheform x,1 withtheoperations x,1 x,1

k m x,1 k m 2x,1 k2 2km m2 x,1 k x,1 m x,1

12. Let bethesetofpolynomialsoftheform .

Axiom1: isin forallreal , , ,

Axiom4: taking 0 0 ,wehave 0 0 and

Axiom5: foreach ,let ;then

Axiom6: isin forallreal , ,and ;

Axiom10: 1 forallreal and .

1. (b) Thesetofallvectorsoftheform a,1,0 isnotasubsetofR3sinceitisnotclosedunderthe

(d) First,noteWisnotempty,forexample 0,0,0 isinW.Letu a,b,ab and

(e) NoteWisnotempty,forexample 0,0,0 isinW.Letu a,a,0 andv b,b,0 be

2. (a) Let bethesetofall diagonalmatrices.

(b) Let bethesetofall matricessuchwhosedeterminantiszero.Weshallshowthat

(c) Let bethesetofall matriceswithzerotrace.

(d) Let bethesetofallsymmetric matrices(i.e., matricessuchthat ).

(e) Let bethesetofall matricessuchthat .

(f) Let bethesetof matricesforwhich hasonlythetrivialsolution.It

(g) Let besomefixed matrix,andlet bethesetofall matrices suchthat

3. (a) ThesetWofallpolynomialsoftheforma0 a1x a2x2 a3x3wherea1 a2isnotempty,

Also,foranyscalark,kp ka0 kax kax2 ka1x3,whichisinW,soWisasubspaceof

(b) ThesetWofallpolynomialsoftheforma1x a2x2 a3x3isnotempty,forexample2x

Also,foranyscalark,kp ka1x ka2x2 ka3x3,whichisinW,soWisasubspaceofP3.

4. (a) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich 0 0.

(b) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich 0 1.

(c) Let bethesetofallfunctions in , forwhich .

and suchthat , , , , ,and .

7. Whichofthefollowingarelinearcombinationsofu 1,3,2 andv 1,0,4 ?

(a) 0,3,6 1,3,2 1,0,4 ,so 0,3,6 isalinearcombinationofuandv.

(b) Note,if 3,9,2 c1 1,3,2 c2 1,0,4 ,weseefromthesecondcoordinatethatc1

(c) 0,0,0 0u 0v,so0isalinearcombinationofuandv.

(d) Note,if 1,6,16 c1 1,3,2 c2 1,0,4 ,weseefromthesecondcoordinatethatc1

8. (a) For 9, 7, 15 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist

(b) For 6, 11, 6 tobealinearcombinationofthevectors , ,and ,theremustexist