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(Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics) Analytical Solution For Transient Hydraulic Head Flow Rate and Volumetric Exchange in An Aquifer Under Recharge Condition
(Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics) Analytical Solution For Transient Hydraulic Head Flow Rate and Volumetric Exchange in An Aquifer Under Recharge Condition
This paper presents closed form solution for unsteady flow equation corresponding to the transient hy-
draulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange of a confined aquifer which is in contact with a constant
piezometric head at one end and a stream whose water level is rising at a constant rate at the other end. The
aquifer is also subjected to receive constant inflow due to rain infiltration. The unsteady groundwater flow
equation is solved using Laplace transform to get analytical expressions for the transient hydraulic head and
flow rate at the left and right interfaces and the net volumetric exchange of water at the aquifer-stream inter-
face. The analytical results presented here show the effect of recharge due to rain infiltration on the net
volumetric exchange and reveal the conditions for which net inflow in the aquifer could be positive, nega-
tive or zero. The results obtained have the capability to determine transient hydraulic head for two extreme
scenarios: (i) very slow rise and (ii) very fast rise in the stream water. Analytical result show that the net
volumetric exchange could be positive, zero or negative depending on the surface infiltration and stream
water rise rate.
KEY WORDS: Piezometric Head, Flow Rate, Volumetric Exchange, Confined Aquifer, Analytical Solu-
tion, Laplace Transform.
Rajeev Kumar Bansal, Samir Kumar Das: HYDRAULICK VKY, RCHLOSTI PRDENIA A OB-
JEMOV TOKY VO ZVODNENOM KOLEKTORE, UREN ANALYTICKM RIEENM ROV-
NICE NEUSTLENHO PRDENIA PODZEMNCH VD. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 57, 2009, 2; 13 lit.,
6 obr.
KOV SLOV: piezometrick vka, rchlos prdenia, prtok do podzemnch vd, ohranien
zvodnen kolektor, analytick rieenia, Laplaceova transformcia.
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R. K. Bansal , S. K. Das
2h N (t ) h we get
K + = Ss , (1)
x 2 b t 2 L2 N ( )
+ = (8)
where h is the hydraulic head [L], K the saturated X 2 Kb(hL h0 )
hydraulic conductivity [L T-1], Ss specific stora-
where
tivity [L-1], b the average thickness of the aquifer
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Analytical solution for transient hydraulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange in an aquifer under recharge condition
0 if 0
( X , p) = e p ( X , )d . (16)
( ) = 1 if 0 < (9) 0
( X = 1, ) = 1
for (14) { (
( X , p ) = A cosh X p + B sinh X p) ( )} +
1 e p (19)
X
( X = 1, ) = 0 for > . (15) + + mN
p2
p
Analytical solution of the groundwater flow Eq.
(11) can be obtained by applying the Laplace trans- where A and B are arbitrary constants and can be
form, defined as found out by taking Laplace transform of Eqs. (13)
to (15) and using them in Eq. (19). Substituting the
values of A and B in Eq. (19), we obtain
p
X mN
p p
(
( X , p ) = + 2 1 e p mN 2 )
sinh(1 X ) p
p sinh p
+ mN
e sinh(1 X ) p
p 2 sinh p
p
1 1 sinh X p 11 e sinh X p
mN + + mN + . (20)
p 2 sinh p p 2 sinh p
The inverse Laplace transform of Eq. (20) can be obtained using the calculus of residues (Sneddon, 1972;
Brown and Churchill, 1996). This leads to
2 2 2 2
sin n X 1 e n ( 1) n sin n X 1 e n
2 mN + 1 for
( X , ) = X 1 + 2 mN
n =1 3 3
n n =1 3
n 3
(21)
and
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
sin n X e n ( ) e n (1)n sin n X e n ( ) e n
( X , ) = 2mN 2 mN + 1
for
n=1 3
n 3
n=1 n3 3
(22)
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R. K. Bansal , S. K. Das
Eq. (21) provides the expression for the hydraulic The water head expressions for a horizontal aquifer
head from the initial time up to time tr (equivalently without recharge can be obtained by setting N = 0
) whereas Eq. (22) provides it for the subsequent in Eqs. (21) and (22). Accordingly, we obtain
time. Eqs. (21) and (22) becomes identical for = .
2 2
( 1) n sin n X 1 e n
2 for (23)
( X , ) = X 1
n =1 3
n 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1)n sin n X e( + n )( ) e( + n )
2
( X , ) = for . (24)
n=1 3
n 3
These results are in conformity with the results 3. Flow rate and volume exchange
obtained by Boufadel and Peridier (2002). One can
also derive the expressions for the asymptotic The flow rate through a unite cross sectional
cases of very fast and very slow rise of the water in area in the aquifer is given by (Bear and Verrujit,
the stream by taking 0 and in Eqs. (24) 1987)
and (23) respectively. The corresponding analytical
h
expressions are q = K . (27)
x
Introducing the following dimension less flow rate
n
(1) sin n X n2 2 Q and after using Eq. (7) in Eq. (27), we get
( X , ) = 2 e , (25)
n =1 n3 3 Q=
q
(28)
K ( hL h0 ) / L
and
sin n X n2 2
( X , ) = X + 2mN 1 e
n=1 n3 3 Q= . (29)
X
(1)n sin n X n2 2
2mN 1 e . (26) The expressions for dimensionless flow rate Q at
3 3
n=1 n the left and right boundary of the aquifer can be
obtained by substituting X = 0 and X = 1.
2 2 2 2
mN 1 en 1 (1)n e n
Q X =0 = 1 + + 2mN 2 mN + for 0 (30)
2 6 n =1 n 2 2 n=1 n 2 2
n 2 2 ( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2
e en ( 1) n e n ( ) e n
2 mN + 1
Q X =0 = 2mN
for (31)
n =1 2 2
n n =1 2
n 2
2 2 2 2
mN 1 ( 1) n e n 1 en
Q X =1 = 1 2 mN + 2 mN + for 0 (32)
2 3 n =1 n 2 2 n =1 n 2 2
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Analytical solution for transient hydraulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange in an aquifer under recharge condition
2 2 2 2 n 2 2 ( ) 2 2
( 1) n e n ( ) e n e en
Q X =1 = 2mN 2 mN + 1
for (33)
n =1 2
n 2
n =1 n 2 2
The net volume outflow at right interface can be obtained after integrating dimensionless flow rate Q
at X = 1.
V ( ) = Q( X = 1, ') d ' . (34)
0
Utilizing Eq. (34) in (32) and (33), we obtain following expressions
2 2 2 2
mN ( 1) n (1 e n ) 1 (1 e n ) , (35)
V ( < ) = 1 2 m N + 2 m N +
2 2 3 n =1 n 4 4 n =1 n 4 4
2 2 2 2
1 mN ( 1) n (1 e n ) 1 (1 e n )
V ( = ) = 2mN + 2mN + , (36)
2 3 2 n =1 n 4 4 n =1 n 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1)n (1 e n )(1 e n ( ) ) 1 (1 e n )(1 e n ( ) )
V ( > ) = V + 2mN 2mN + . (37)
n =1 n 4 4 n=1 n4 4
The steady state net inflow or outflow of the vol- 4. Results and discussion
ume is obtained from Eq. (37) by setting and
this yields In order to illustrate the applicability of this ana-
lytical solution, we consider a hypothetical aquifer
1
V = (1 mN ) . (38) of length L = 100 m, b = 4 m, K = 0.001 m s-1, Ss =
2 3 0.09 m-1, h0 = 10 m, hL = 5 m and tr = 3 days.
From the definition of m, given by Eq. (10) one While computing Eqs. (21) and (22) and other se-
can easily infer that m is negative (as HL < H0). ries solutions, we find good convergence for all
Since N is positive, Eq. (40) implies that V in- values of dimensionless time considered for this
creases linearly with recharge rate N. Based on Eq. problem. The spatial and temporal variation in hy-
(38), the volumetric exchange can be either positive draulic head (1 ) in the aquifer during and after
(outflow), zero or negative (inflow) depending the rise of stream water for N = 2 mm hr -1 and 4
upon following conditions mm hr -1 is plotted in Fig. 2, utilizing Eqs. (21) and
(22). A higher recharge rate shows overall water
1
> for V > 0, (39) table rise in the aquifer; although the relative rise of
3 (1 mN ) water table in the middle of the aquifer is more
evident than that of rest of the aquifer. Figs. 3 and 4
1
= for V = 0, (40) show the flow rates at the left and right interfaces
3 (1 mN ) respectively that are being plotted against time for
N = 0, 2 and 4 mm hr-1. We observe that the flow
1 rate (QX=0) is higher at the beginning and decreases
< for V < 0. (41)
3 (1 mN ) rapidly with time and becomes zero for large values
of (Fig. 3). For higher recharge rate, the hydraulic
The Eqs. (39)(41) show important relationship gradient available to the water to at X = 0 reduces
for volumetric exchange between aquifer and ad- and as a result the flow rate (QX=0) decreases. Fig. 4
joining water body. shows the flow rate at X = 1 for various recharge
rate defined by Qx=1. At the initial stage, QX=1 is
positive (outflow) and as time passes this outflow
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R. K. Bansal , S. K. Das
Fig. 2. Hydraulic head (1 ) in the aquifer for different time Fig. 4. Flow rate at X = 1 for N = 0, 2 and 4 [mm hr-1] as
under recharge rate N = 2 and 4 [mm hr-1]. a function of time .
Obr. 2. Hydraulick vka (1 ) v zvodnenom kolektore Obr. 4. Rchlos prdenia pri X = 1 pre N = 0, 2 a 4 [mm h-1]
v rozdielnych asoch pri rchlosti prtoku vody N = 2 a 4 ako funkcia asu .
[mm h-1].
1 mN
c = . (42)
3 2
2 2 2 2
(1) n (1 e n ) 1 (1 e n )
V = V V = 2mN 2mN + . (44)
n =1 n 4 4 n=1 n 4 4
The sensitivity of recharge and corresponding vol- notice that V decreases as increases. In the ab-
ume inflow and outflow are shown in Fig. 6. We sence of recharge (N = 0), there is always an inflow
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Analytical solution for transient hydraulic head, flow rate and volumetric exchange in an aquifer under recharge condition
List of symbols
REFERENCES
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R. K. Bansal , S. K. Das
MARINO M.A., 1974: Rise and fall of water table induced by zmenm rchlosti prtoku do zvodnenho kolektora.
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intermittent recharge. J. Geophysical Research, 64, 549 zvislosti od rchlost infiltrcie a od zmien rovne hla-
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MUSTAFA S., 1987: Water table rise in a semiconfined aqui-
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POLUBARINOVA-KOCHINA P.Ya., 1962: Theory of Zoznam symbolov
groundwater movement. Princeton University Press, Prince-
ton, New Jersey. h(x,t) hydraulick vka [L],
SNEDDON I.N., 1972: The Use of Integral Transform. K hydraulick vodivos [LT-1],
McGraw-Hill, Zentralblatt-MATH. Ss mern kapacita [L-1],
h0 piezometrick vka na avej hranici (obr. 1) [L],
Received 7. February 2008 hL poiaton piezometrick vka v toku (obr. 1) [L],
Scientific paper accepted 19. February 2009 x horizontlna os x [L],
t as [T],
tr as, poas ktorho voda v toku stpne kontantnou
HYDRAULICK VKY, RCHLOSTI PRDENIA rchlosou z h0p po hL [T],
A OBJEMOV TOKY VO ZVODNENOM b priemern hrbka zvodnenho kolektora [L],
KOLEKTORE, UREN ANALYTICKM N kontantn rchlos prtoku do zvodnenho kolektora
RIEENM ROVNICE NEUSTLENHO [LT-1],
PRDENIA PODZEMNCH VD q rchlos prdenia [LT-1],
L dka zvodnenho kolektora [L],
Rajeev Kumar Bansal, Samir Kumar Das X priestorov sradnica, rovnajca sa x/L [],
Q rchlos prdenia [] ,
tdia obsahuje analytick vrazy na vyjadrenie ob- QX = 0 rchlos prdenia pri pravej hranici X = 0 [],
QX = 1 rchlos prdenia pri avej hranici X = 1 [],
jemov prtoku do zvodnenho kolektora s naptou hladi- V prietok na hranici tok zvodnen kolektor [],
nou, ktor je v kontakte s kontantnou piezometrickou V ustlen prietok na hranici [],
vkou na jednej strane a kontantne sa zvyujcou Vmax maximlny objem [],
hladinou vody v toku na strane druhej. Matematick V objem, ktor vstupuje, alebo vytek zo zvodnenho
vrazy, ktor uvdzame, umouj kvantifikova hy- kolektora po zven hladiny vody v toku [],
draulick vku, rchlos prdenia a objemy prtoku do as (K t)/SL2 [],
zvodnenho kolektora a umouj zhodnoti asymp- c as, ak je rchlos prdenia QX=1 = 0 [],
totick prpady. Prca analyzuje citlivos rieenia voi as rovnajci sa (K tr)/SL2, zodpovedajci asu t = tr[].
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