APPLICATION OF

APPLICATION OF CATALYSTS
CATALYSTS

MethanationReforming
Methanation Reforming
Crackingof
Cracking ofPetroleum
Petroleum
Hydrogenation(ex:
Hydrogenation (ex:Benzene,
Benzene,aniline)
aniline)

Dehydrogenation(ex:
Dehydrogenation (ex:Ethyl
Ethylbenzene
benzeneto toStyrene)
Styrene)

Polymerization(ex:
Polymerization (ex:Olefinic
OlefinicGases
Gasesto toGasoline)
Gasoline)

GasPurification
Gas Purification((Ex:
Ex:Removing
RemovingCO,CO,CO CO2, ,or
2
orOO2from
2
fromHH2
2
Methanation))
Methanation
Oxidation(inorganic)
Oxidation (inorganic)
Ex:HCl
Ex: HCltotoClorin
Clorin
Oxidation(inorganic)
Oxidation (inorganic)Liquid
LiquidPhase,
Phase,Ex:
Ex:Ethylene
EthylenetotoVinyl
VinylAcetate
Acetate
Oxidation(Organic)
Oxidation (Organic)Vapor
Vaporphase,
phase,Ex:
Ex:Alcohol
Alcoholto
toaldehides
aldehidesor
orKetones
Ketones
What is a catalyst ??

Alters the rate of reaction

Highly selective
Does it participate in the reaction ??
How does it change the rate ?? Offers an
alternate path with low E.

4
 CATALYST
CATALYST
aasubstance
substancethat
thataccelerates
acceleratesaachemical
chemicalreaction
reactionwithout
withoutitself
itself
undergoingchange
undergoing change(J.
(J.J.J.Berzelius
Berzeliusin
in1836).
1836).
 Activation Energy
Activation Energy : The energy required to overcome the reaction
barrier. Usually given a symbol Ea or G

The Activation Energy (Ea) determines how fast a reaction occurs, the higher
Activation barrier, the slower the reaction rate. The lower the Activation
barrier, the faster the reaction

6
 Activation Energy
This means , the catalyst changes the reaction path by
lowering its activation energy and consequently the
catalyst increases the rate of reaction.

7
Potential energy diagram of a heterogeneous catalytic
reaction, with gaseous reactants and products and a solid
catalyst. Note that the uncatalyzed reaction has to
overcome a substantial energy barrier, whereas the
barriers in the catalytic route are much lower.
8
The Transition Metals

22.1
22.1
 What is the systematic name of
[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl ?

Write the formula of

tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(II) sulfate

22.3
How a Catalyst works ?

Substrate has to be adsorbed on the active sites of the catalyst

12
 Adsorption

In physisorption
1. The bond is a van der Waals interaction
2. adsorption energy is typically 5-10 kJ/mol. ( much
weaker than a typical chemical bond )
3. many layers of adsorbed molecules may be
formed.

13
 Adsorption

For Chemisorption
1. The adsorption energy is comparable to
the energy of a chemical bond.
2. The molecule may chemisorp intact (left) or
it may dissociate (right).
3. The chemisorption energy is 30-70 kJ/mol
for molecules and 100-400 kJ/mol for
atoms.

14
Photocatalysis : combination of photochemistry and catalysis and thus
implies that light and catalyst are necessary to bring about or to accelerate a
chemical transformation (such:TiO2, SnO, ZnO, WO)