Introduction

three-phase diode bridge rectifier

what is this all about?
vA

D1 D3 D5 +

iOU T vOU T

D2 D4 D6

vB
i1 i2 i3

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
input voltages

v1 = Vm cos (0 t)
 
2
v2 = Vm cos 0 t
3
 
4
v3 = Vm cos 0 t
3

 
2
vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) , k {1, 2, 3}
3
input voltages, waveforms
normalization of voltages

vX
mX ,
Vm

m1 = cos (0 t)
 
2
m2 = cos 0 t
3
 
4
m3 = cos 0 t
3
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?

vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?
vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?
vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
voltages?
vk = Vm cos 0 t (k 1) 2


3 , k {1, 2, 3}
v1 , spectrum
v2 , spectrum
v3 , spectrum
voltages, quantitative characterization

k Vk RM S T HD(vk )
1 103.83 V 3.34 %
2 103.70 V 2.77 %
3 105.12 V 3.06 %

all graphs and data PyLab processed

T HD
And what is THD?
qP
2
k=2 Ik RM S
T HD ,
I1 RM S
Parsevals identity:

X
2
IRM S = Ik2 RM S assumed I0 = 0
k=1

results in
q
2 2
IRM S I1 RM S
T HD ,
I1 RM S
simple, but important
computational issues, finite sums . . .
normalization of currents and time

iX
jX ,
IOU T
unless otherwise noted

, 0 t

good: physical dimensions lost, reduced number of

variables, results are generalized, core of the
problem focused
bad: physical dimensions lost, perfect double-check
tool is lost
how does it work? part 1: theory

vA

D1 D3 D5 +

iOU T vOU T

D2 D4 D6

vB
i1 i2 i3

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
one of the three: D1, D3, D5
vA
vA , analytical

mA = max (m1 , m2 , m3 )
vA , spectrum

!
3 3 X (1)k+1
mA = 1+2 cos (3k0 t)
2 9k 2 1
k=1
what about vB ?
vA

D1 D3 D5 +

iOU T vOU T

D2 D4 D6

vB
i1 i2 i3

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
one of the three, again: D2, D4, D6
vB
vB , analytical

mB = min (m1 , m2 , m3 )
vB , spectrum

!
3 3 X 1
mB = 1 + 2 cos (3k0 t)
2 9k 2 1
k=1
the output voltage, vOU T

mOU T = mA mB = max (m1 , m2 , m3 ) min (m1 , m2 , m3 )

vOU T , spectrum

!
3 3 X 1
mOU T = 12 cos (6k0 t)
36k 2 1
k=1
currents?

i1 (t) = (d1 (t) d2 (t)) IOU T

i2 (t) = (d3 (t) d4 (t)) IOU T

i3 (t) = (d5 (t) d6 (t)) IOU T

states of the diodes
the input currents
consider i1
spectra of the input currents
spectra of the input currents, analytical
+
X
j1 (t) = J1C, k cos (k0 t)
k=1

1
, k = 6n 1



k


2 3 1
J1C, k = , k = 6n + 1 for n N0 , k > 0

k



0, otherwise

double-check:

3 2 3 3 3
PIN = 1 = = POU T
2

obtained using wxMaxima

numerical verification, Gibbs phenomenon
THD of the input currents

r
2
Ik RM S = IOU T
3

6
Ik RM S, 1 = IOU T

q
Ik2 RM S Ik2 RM S, 1
T HD ,
Ik RM S, 1
r
2
T HD = 1 31.08 %
9
Parsevals identity based formula turned out to be useful
voltages and currents
some more parameters
s
Z 2
1
XRM S , (x(0 t))2 d(0 t), x {i, v}
2 0
already used for the THD

S , IRM S VRM S

Z 2
1
P , v(0 t) i(0 t) d(0 t)
2 0

P
PF ,
S

DP F , cos 1
and 1 is . . .
and if the voltages are sinusoidal . . .

S = VRM S IRM S

P = VRM S I1, RM S cos 1

P I1, RM S I1, RM S
PF = = cos 1 = DP F
S IRM S IRM S

DP F = cos 1

q
2 2
s
IRM S I1, RM S
2
IRM S
T HD = = 1
I1, RM S I1, RM S

i.e. everything depends on the current waveform and its position

some more parameters, plain rectifier

r
2 1
Ik RM S = IOU T Vk RM S = Vm
3 2

r
2 1
S =3 IOU T Vm = 3 Vm IOU T
3 2

3 3
P = VOU T IOU T = Vm IOU T

3
PF = 95.5%

DP F = 1
actually, not so bad; T HD is the problem
back to the rectifier:
how does it work? part 2: experiment
vA

D1 D3 D5 +

iOU T vOU T

D2 D4 D6

vB
i1 i2 i3

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
input, at IOU T = 3 A
input, at IOU T = 3 A
input, at IOU T = 3 A
input, at IOU T = 3 A
input, at IOU T = 6 A
input, at IOU T = 6 A
input, at IOU T = 6 A
input, at IOU T = 6 A
input, at IOU T = 9 A
input, at IOU T = 9 A
input, at IOU T = 9 A
input, at IOU T = 9 A
output, at IOU T = 3 A
output, at IOU T = 3 A
output, at IOU T = 6 A
output, at IOU T = 6 A
output, at IOU T = 9 A
output, at IOU T = 9 A
in quantitative terms, input, 1st

IOU T k Ik RM S [A] Vk RM S [V] Sk [VA] Pk [W]

0A 1 101.29
2 100.63
3 102.40
3A 1 2.60 98.23 255.01 245.16
2 2.61 97.73 254.60 244.37
3 2.63 98.82 259.71 251.00
6A 1 5.12 94.87 485.41 466.87
2 5.12 94.34 482.67 464.25
3 5.13 96.80 496.95 477.08
9A 1 7.59 92.38 701.53 673.86
2 7.64 91.95 702.47 675.16
3 7.66 94.04 720.00 692.30
in quantitative terms, input, 2nd

IOU T k P Fk T HD(ik ) [%] T HD(vk ) [%]

0A 1 4.33
2 3.75
3 4.75
3A 1 0.9614 30.50 4.17
2 0.9598 29.57 3.86
3 0.9665 29.97 5.38
6A 1 0.9618 29.26 3.87
2 0.9618 28.37 3.66
3 0.9600 28.31 3.87
9A 1 0.9605 28.00 4.01
2 0.9611 27.21 3.92
3 0.9615 27.06 4.19
in quantitative terms, output

IOU T [A] VOU T [V] POU T [W] PIN [W] [%]

0.00 239.79 1.07 0.81
3.21 229.51 736.72 740.53 99.49
6.27 221.23 1386.56 1408.20 98.46
9.41 212.91 2004.12 2041.32 98.18
overall impressions

I pretty good rectifier

I simple, robust, cheap
I good symmetry
I excellent DP F
I acceptable P F
I poor T HD (but not that poor)

I up to this point:
I diode bridge rectifier analyzed
I measurement tools developed

I is there a way to do something with the T HD?

fruitless effort #1: shaping the output current
vA

iOU T

D1 D3 D5 +

ROU T vOU T

D2 D4 D6

vB
i1 i2 i3

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
fruitless effort #1: waveforms
fruitless effort #1: quantitative

I T HD = 30.79%
I not a big deal of an improvement
I only one degree of freedom, iOU T
I shaping i1 , i2 , and i3 is the goal
I two degrees of freedom needed, since i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
fruitless effort #2: additional deegree of freedom
vA

iA +

D1 D3 D5 ROU T
2

vOU T

ROU T
D2 D4 D6 2

iB

vB
i1 i2 i3 iN

+ + +
v1 v2 v3
fruitless effort #2: waveforms
fruitless effort #2: neutral current
fruitless effort #2: quantitative

I T HD = 24.76%
I somewhat better
I all of i1 , i2 , and i3 cannot be fixed by programming iA and
iB in this circuit
I example: i1 = iA , i2 = iB , no way to fix i3
I gaps in the input currents in both of the patches
I the additional degree of freedom is taken by iN
I which is a disaster of itself
I we would need another degree of freedom to fix iN
I but this is a wrong approach, iN was not an issue before
conclusions

I three-phase diode bridge rectifier analyzed

I quantitative measures of rectifier performance introduced
I measurement tools developed
I theoretical predictions related to experiments
I gaps in the input currents identified as a problem
I how to fill in the gaps?
I an answer is current injection . . .