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ElectronicsandcontrolSystems

Feedbackamplifiers

Whatisfeedbackamplifier?

Ifaamplifierhasfeedbackpathexistsfromoutputtoinputthenthatamplifier
is termed as Feedback amplifier. Feed back is the parameter which quantifies
the amount of feedback given in a feedback amplifier. Feedback factor =
Feedbacksignal/inputsignal.

Whatisnegativeandpositivefeedback?

Iffeedbackfromoutputtoinputisgiveninsuchinawaythattheintroduction
of feedback in the amplifier decreases the overall gain, then the feedback is
termedasnegativefeedback.

Iffeedbackfromoutputtoinputisgiveninsuchinawaythattheintroduction
of feedback in the amplifier increases the overall gain, then the feedback is
termedaspositivefeedback.

WhatareAdvantagesanddisadvantagesofNegative
feedback?

SomeoftheAdvantagesofnegativefeedback:

a)Inputresistanceincreases

b)Outputresistancedecreases

c)Bandwidthincreases

d)Nonlineardistortiondecreases
e)Frequencydistortiondecreases

f)Sensitivitywillbedecreased

g)Gainstability

The main disadvantage of negative feedback is decrease in overall gain. The

gainandfeedbackfactorinanamplifierareoftenfunctionsoffrequency,sothe
feedbackmayleadtopositivefeedback.

Whatisdesensitivityfactor?

Desensitivityfactorisdefinedasthefactorwithwhichthefeedbackdesensitizes
thegain.Itisalsocalledasreturndifference.

Desensitivityfactor=(dAfb/Afb)/(dA/A)=1/(1+A*)

WhereAfbisgainwithfeedback

Aisgainwithoutfeedback

isfeedbackfactor.

Whatisaloopgaininamplifier?

Loopgaininamplifierisdefinedasthegainoffeedbackpathfromoutputto
input. It is the product of loop gain and feedback factor in positive feedback
amplifiers. In negative feedback amplifiers it is the negative product of loop
gainandfeedbackfactor.

Whatistheeffectofnegativefeedbackonvoltagegain,BW,
Noise,nonlineardistortion,Ri,Roofavoltageamplifier?

The voltage gain, bandwidth, noise, nonlinear distortion, input resistance,

outputresistanceare

Voltage gain with feedback = Voltage gain without feedback* desensitivity

factor(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,henceVoltagegain
withoutfeedback<gainwithoutfeedback).

Bandwidthwithfeedback=Bandwidthwithoutfeedback/desensitivityfactor
(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,henceBandwidthwithout
feedback>Bandwidthwithoutfeedback).
Noise with feedback = Noise without feedback* desensitivity factor (since
desensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,henceNoisewithoutfeedback>
Noisewithoutfeedback).

Nonlineardistortionwithfeedback=Nonlineardistortionwithoutfeedback*
desensitivityfactor(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,hence
Non linear distortion without feedback > Non linear distortion without
feedback).

Nonlineardistortionwithfeedback=Nonlineardistortionwithoutfeedback*
desensitivityfactor(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,hence
Non linear distortion without feedback > Non linear distortion without
feedback).

Input resistance with feedback = Input resistance without feedback/

desensitivityfactor(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,hence
Inputresistancewithoutfeedback>Inputresistancewithoutfeedback).

Output resistance with feedback = Output resistance without feedback*

desensitivityfactor(sincedesensitivityfactor<<1innegativefeedback,hence
Outputresistancewithoutfeedback>Outputresistancewithoutfeedback)

Whatarethedifferenttypesoffeedbacktopologies?

There are four different types of feedback topologies based on type of output
signalandfeedbacksignal(voltageorcurrentsignal).Voltagefeedbackistaken
in series with the load and current feedback is taken in shunt with the load.
Theyare

a)Voltageseries: Output signal is voltage signal, feedback signal is voltage

signal. Also called as seriesseries feedback. It is employed in voltage
amplifiers.

b)Currentseries: Output signal is current signal, feedback signal is voltage

signal.Alsocalledasshuntseriesfeedback.ItisemployedinTransconductance
amplifiers.

c)Current shunt: Output signal is current signal, feedback signal is current

signal. Also called as shuntshunt feedback. It is employed in current
amplifiers.
d)Voltage shunt: Output signal is voltage signal, feedback signal is current
signal. Also called as shuntshunt feedback. It is employed in current
amplifiers.

Thefirstwordindicatesthetypeofoutputsignalandthesecondwordindicates
the manner in which feedback signal is taken whether it is taken in series or
shuntwiththeload.

What is the effect of each feedback network topologies on

inputandoutputresistance?

Feedbacktopology/ Voltage Current Current Voltage

Parameter series series shunt shunt

Inputresistance Increases Increases Decreases decreases

Rif=Ri* Rif=Ri* Rif= Rif=Ri*

(1+A*) (1+A*) Ri/(1+A*) (1+A*)

Outputresistance Decreases Increases Increases Decreases

Rof= Rof=Ro* Rof=Ro* Rof=

Ro/(1+A*) (1+A*) (1+A*) Ro/(1+A*)

What is a nyquist criterion to differentiate the feedback in

amplifiers?

If the nyquist plot of amplifiers encircles (1, 0) point in nyquist domain, the
amplifierisunstableandhaspositivefeedback.

If the nyquist plot of amplifiers does not encircle (1, 0) point in nyquist
domain,theamplifierisstableandhasnegativefeedback.

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