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Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR
Battery Charger Circuit Using SCR
We acknowledge our Project guide, Mrs .Mini Shreejath for the guidance and valuable
suggestions during the entire course of the Mini Project titled Battery Charger Circuit Using
SCR.
We also acknowledge with thanks Prof. Madhusudan Singh, Head of the Department of
Electrical Engineering for the support and facilities in the labs.
We record our thanks to our friends in our class for interaction and help during the course of
the Minor Project.
ANKIT CHAURASIA
AMARTYA SISODIA
ARMAAN MALIK
ABSTRACT
A circuit for battery charging includes an SCR that is periodically gated on for a duration
corresponding to the state of charge of the battery, being gated on for a duration
corresponding to the state of charge on the battery being the gated for only a short interval
when the battery is essentially fully charged to keep it charged. The conduction angle is
determined from the open circuited battery potential and the previous charging history of the
battery obtained from potential sensing circuits. A pedestal and cosine modified ramp circuit
triggers the SCRs through capacitors with a resistor inter coupling the SCR gate and cathode
electrodes. Circuitry prevents the uni-polar junction transistor in the latter circuit from
remaining latched on. A potential circuit for determining the rate of charge includes a resistor
connected to the output terminal that is bypassed when the average value of the signal
connected on the collector of the transistor having the base connected to the output terminal
having a predetermined value. Diodes inter-couple the SCRs and the emitter of the latter
transistor for providing operating potential to the circuits and the starting charging current to
the output terminal when a connected battery is fully discharged.
List of figure i
Abbreviation and symbols ii
Chapter 1 Introduction 01
Chapter 5 Conclusion 15
References 16
The AC source is given to the step down transformer which converts the large AC source into
limited AC source, filter the AC voltage and remove the noise and then give that voltage to
the SCR where it will rectify the AC and give the resulting voltage to the battery for charging.
LITERATURE SURVEY
3.1 ABSTRACT
This paper resents the design and construction of charge controller for wind energy source.
The charge controller is a small prototype that is suitable to charge small battery. The
maximum charging current of the charge controller is about 7 A. The charge
Controller is designed using PIC 16F877A microcontroller, liquid-crystal display (LCD),
silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), rectifier diodes and other electronic components.
The SCR and rectifier diodes in conjunction with other components are used to charge the
battery. The battery charging is controlled by the microcontroller circuit. The LCD module
displays the status of the battery while it is charging. At the same time the voltage level of the
battery is also displayed. The experimental results for charge controller are also mentioned.
3.2 INTRODUCTION
As the importance of environmental protection and sustainable growth increases, wind
energy, a clean and renewable attracts increasing attention. Wind energy is one of the most
economical forms of alternative energy available today. It can save the environment and
make it cleaner for generations to come. This thesis is intended to emerge the charge
controller for wind energy source. A charge controller is an essential part for nearly all power
systems that charge battery, whether the power source is solar, wind, hydro, fuel, or utility
grid.
The charge controller can control the voltage and regulates the charging of the batteries. Its
purpose is to keep the batteries properly fed and safe for the long term. The basic functions of
a controller are quite simple. Charge controllers block the reverse current and prevent battery
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION
The operation of the charge controller circuit is explained in this section. The charge
controller circuit will charge the 12 V battery until the battery gets its full terminal voltage.
The charge controller changes from normal charging mode into the tickle charging mode
when the full terminal voltage (full charge) of the battery is reached. In the tickle charging
mode the battery is slowly charged. The charging of the battery is totally cut off by the
control of microcontroller at the end. The battery full charge audible alarm is also activated
when the battery is fully charged. Therefore the damage of the battery from the
overcharging can be avoided. The components used in the circuit can withstand up to 6 A of
charging current. This means that the power of the charge controller circuit
used in this research work is 6A x 12V = 72 W. By changing some components used in the
circuit, the charge controller circuit can be modified to charge the battery up to 300 A of
charging current. Now it is the time to articulate the research work with ideas gathered
in above steps by adopting any of below suitable approaches. At any time the voltage
difference between the anode and the cathode of SCR1 is the instantaneous value of half sine
wave and the voltage of the battery. When the battery voltage is low the voltage difference
between the anode and cathode of SCR1 is high. On the other hand, the voltage difference
between the anode and cathode of SCR1 will be low if the battery voltage is high. Therefore
the battery voltage becomes when the battery is charged. In this condition, the voltage
difference between the anode and cathode of SCR1tends to be low. This fact is the main idea
of this charge controller circuit. The SCR controlled battery charger circuit is shown in Fig3.4
RELATED THEORY
ion to SCR: SCR is abbreviation for Silicon Controlled Rectifier. SCR has three pins
anode, cathode and gate as shown in the below figure. It is made up of there PN
junction diodes also; it is solid state equivalent of gas filled triode and has around
four semi conductor layers. SCR can conduct the current in a single direction or
we can say SCRs are unidirectional. The SCR can be triggered only at the gate
through the current. SCR will combine the features of rectifier and transistor.
They are mainly used in switching applications. They can also be triggered with
the break over voltage (if the forward voltage is more than the break down
voltage of the component). They are mainly used in the high voltage and high
power for controlling purpose. They are also used in the light dimming, voltage
regulators, motor control etc. SCR Operating Modes: To turn on the SCR the
small amount of voltage or voltage equal to break over voltage is required to the
gate which will trigger the SCR and when the SCR is turned on, it will have very
low resistance and allow the power to conduct and also increase the anode
current. Even if we remove the gate voltage also it will be in conduction. The only
way to make the SCR to turn off is to make the voltage to zero or make the
current less than the handling current between the anode and cathode. There
are two ways to turn on the SCR is the first way is to turn on by opening the gate
and compensate the power supply to the break over voltage. And second way is
to supplying the voltage to operate the SCR with less than break over voltage
and applying the small amount of about 1.5V applied to the gate which will
trigger the SCR. When the SCR is turned off it will have high resistance and
restrict the current to the leakage current. To turn off the SCR from on state also
have only one ways normally people think that if we stop the gate current the
SCR will become turn off, but it will not this state is called loss of control, the
only way is turnoff the SCR is reducing the supply voltage to zero. SCR in Forward
and Reverse Characteristics: In Forward bias the anode will be at positive
terminal and cathode will be at negative terminal. The supply voltage will
increased from initial value zero when it reached to A as shown in the graph
below and start conduction from this point also it there will be the voltage drop
due to the load resistance and fall down to point B. to turn on the SCR
completely or for heavy condition small current is required to the gate. This
current triggers the gate and switch on SCR and decreases the resistance and
start conduction and goes to point C. In Reverse bias that is cathode will be at
positive terminal and anode will be at negative terminal at this point there will be
very small leakage current at anode . PEAK REVERSE VOLTAGE play the key role,
when the voltage exceeded the peak reverse voltage the at some point SCR will
go to the avalanche break down and starts conduction in reverse direction
fashion. This voltage is called reverse break down voltage. Parameters of SCR:
1. Break Over Voltage: minimum forward voltage which will make the SCR to turn
on for conduction. Normally SCR break over voltage is around 50V to 500V. 2.
Peak Reverse Voltage: maximum reverse voltage which help the SCR not to
4.1CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Circuit diagram of the Battery Charger Circuit using SCR can be seen below:
4.2SCR
4.2(a) Introduction to SCR:
In Reverse bias that is cathode will be at positive terminal and anode will be at negative
terminal at this point there will be very small leakage current at anode . PEAK REVERSE
VOLTAGE play the key role, when the voltage exceeded the peak reverse voltage the at some
point SCR will go to the avalanche break down and starts conduction in reverse direction
fashion. This voltage is called reverse break down voltage.
SCR as Switch: SCR can be used as switch, because SCR has two states ON and OFF state.
We know that to turn on the SCR we need to increase the supply voltage equal to break over
voltage or by giving the small voltage to the gate for triggering, by this we can turn on the
SCR; we can turn off the SCR by decreasing the current to less than holding current, or we
have another method called force communication in this we discharge a capacitor in
parallel with SCR to make it turn off; by this we can use SCR as typical SWITCH. There is
lot of advantages using SCR as switch like
4.3.1 TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction.
A step down transformer: is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is
designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind
of transformer steps down the voltage applied to it.
As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-
voltage, high-current power.
4.3.2 DIODE
4.3.3 BJT
A bipolar junction transistor is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types
of semiconductor for its operation. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators.
Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes.
These two kinds of charge carriers are characteristic of the two kinds
of doped semiconductor material; electrons are majority charge carriers in n-type
semiconductors, whereas holes are majority charge carriers in p-type semiconductors.
4.3.4 RESISTOR
In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as
a sacrificial device to provide over current protection, of either the load or source circuit. Its
essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through
it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers.
The PCB Layout of the solder side of the circuit has been made using PCB Wizard Software.
(A)Bottom layout
The AC main voltage is given to the step down transformer the voltage should be
down to 20V approx. the step down voltage is given to the SCR for rectification and SCR
rectifies AC main voltage. This rectified voltage is used to charge battery.
When the battery connecter to the charging circuit, the battery will not be dead
completely and it will get discharged this will give the forward bias voltage to the
transistor through the diode D2 and resistor R7 which will get turned on. When the
transistor is turned on the SCR will get off.
When the battery voltage is dropped the forward bias will be decreased and transistor
gets turned off. When the transistor is turned off automatically the diode D1 and resistor
R3 will get the current to the gate of the SCR, this will triggers the SCR and gets conduct.
SCR will rectifies the AC input voltage and give to the battery through Resistor R6.
This will charge the battery when the voltage drop in the battery decreases the
forward bias current also gets increased to the transistor when the battery is completely
charged the Transistor Q1 will be again turned on and turned off the SCR.
4.7 LIMITATIONS
1)SCRs capable of handling greater than 600 V may be hard to find. Though SCRs rated at
voltages as high as 8000 V can be manufactured.
4.8 APPLICATIONS
1) Adjustable motor speed controllers. 2)Adjustable light dimmers.
3) Switching power supplies and battery chargers
4) Inverters
Chapter 5
PCB Wizard is a powerful package for designing single-sided and double-sided printed
circuit boards (PCBs).
It provides a comprehensive range of tools covering all the traditional steps in PCB
production, including schematic drawing, schematic capture, component placement,
automatic routing, Bill of Materials reporting and file generation for manufacturing. In
addition, PCB Wizard offers a wealth of clever new features that do away with the steep
learning curve normally associated with PCB packages.
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer),
double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected
with plated-through holes called via(A via (Latin for path or way) is an electrical
connection between layers in a physical electronic circuit that goes through the plane of one
or more adjacent layers). Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or
active devices - embedded in the substrate.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
Fig 5.3
A compact tabletop High speed PCB drilling machine with a Quick change Chuck.
Feature:
Specification:
Base : Metal
George A. Sites, BSEET An Introduction to SCR Power Controls published on 1st January
2014.
For a website
http://www.electronicshub.org/battery-charger-circuit-using-scr/
http://www.eleccircuit.org/battery-charger-circuit-using-scr/