Chapter 11: Stoichiometry

Particle and Mole Relationships

Chemical reactions stop when one of the reactants is
used up
Stoichiometry: the study of quantitative relationships
between the amounts of reactants used and amounts
of products formed by a chemical reaction
The amount of each reactant present at the start of a
chemical reaction determines how much product can
form
Based on the law of conservation of mass
Matter is neither created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction
Therefore, mass of reactants = mass of products
Evidence of the Law of
Conservation of Mass
Mole Ratio
Mole Ratio: ratio between the numbers of moles of
any two substances in a balanced chemical reaction

Can be used as a conversion factor in calculations

The number of mole ratios that can be written for any

equation is (n)(n-1) where n is the number of species
in the chemical reaction

The coefficients in a chemical equation indicate the

relationship between mole of reactants and products
Mole Ratio
____K(s) + ____Br2 (l) ____KBr(s)
Find the ratio between bromine and potassium
bromide

How many mole ratios can be written for this

reaction?
Stoichiometry Calculations
____Al(s) + ____O2 (g) ____Al2O3
How many grams of Al are needed to completely
react with 2.4 mol of O2?
Key points to remember:
1) Must have a balanced reaction
2) Coefficients represent moles
3) Only go to the reaction once for a conversion
____VO + ____Fe2O3 ____FeO + ____V2O5
How many grams of Fe2O3 are needed to produce 90.5 g of
FeO?
 Limiting Reactant
Reactions proceed until one of the reactants is used
up and one is left in excess
Limiting Reactant: limits the extent of the reaction
and thereby, determine the amount of product
formed
Excess Reactant: all the leftover, unused reactants

Determining the limiting reactant is important

because the amount of the product formed depends
on this reactant
Determining the Limiting Reactant
Method #1
1) Calculate the final mass of a product from both reactant
quantities and determine which is the limiting reactant
based on the least amount of product formed
2) Solve any additional questions using the limiting reactant
quantity as the starting point

Method #2
1) Calculate the number of moles for each reactant
2) Divide moles of reactant by the coefficient of the
balanced equation. The substance with the smaller
answer is the limiting reactant
___SO2 + ___CaCO3 + ___O2 ___CaSO4 + ___CO2
What is the limiting reactant when 95.0 g of SO2 and 100 g
of CaCO3 are added to excess O2?

How many g of CO2 are formed in the reaction?

How many grams of excess remain?

 Percent Yield
Theoretical Yield: the maximum amount of product
that can be produced from a given amount of reactant
Actual Yield: the amount of product produced when
the chemical reaction is carried out in an experiment
Percent Yield: the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield expressed as a percent

Actual yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical yield
 Calculating Percent Yield
You calculate the theoretical yield of a chemical reaction
starting with 50.0g of reactant is 25.0g of product. What
is the percent yield if the actual yield is 22.0g of product?
Why a percent is less than 100%
Reactions do not always go to completion
Impure reactants
Some product can be lost in the recovery process
 Percent Yield
____KClO3 ____KCl + ____O2
A 95.8 g sample of KClO3 is heated in the lab and 20.1 g of
KCl is recovered. What is the % yield of this process?