EXERGY ANALYSIS

of
RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT

Presented by
Dr Nilesh M Bhatt
Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department
Institute of Technology
Nirma University of Science and Technology, Ahmedabad 382 481

Presented by Dr N M Bhatt on 29/05/2009 at IT, NUS&T during STTP on AIB 1

File last updated on 5/28/2009 1:39 PM
 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

Exergy and Exergy Analysis

Physical Exergy, Exergy balance, Second law efficiency,

Exergy Analysis of Rankine Cycle

External irreversibility

Internal irreversibility

Use of superheating, reheating and vacuum condenser

Use of feed water heating, optimum location of feed water heaters

Exergy Economic Analysis of Rankine Cycle

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 EXERGY
The Work Potential of Heat

Exergy: Maximum Amount of Heat that

can be Converted in to Work

Anergy: Minimum Amount of Heat that

has to Rejected to Sink

Exergy of Constant Temperature Heat T0

E = 1 Q1
Source T1

T
Exergy of Finite Heat Capacity Source E = mc p (T T0 ) T0 ln
T0
Anergy Anergy = T0 S heat .addition

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 EXERGY
The Work Potential of Heat

Quality of Heat

Loss of Exergy will be more when heat loss occurs at higher temperature

Adequate insulation must be provided for high temperature fluids (T >> T0)
and flow very low temperature fluids (T << T0)

Awareness of quality of heat (which is measured by Exergy) is important for

efficient use of energy sources and for energy conservation

Exergy Components

Physical exergy, kinetic exergy, potential exergy and chemical exergy

Kinetic and potential energies are completely convertible in to work so they

correspond to kinetic and potential exergies

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 PHYSICAL EXERGY

Physical Exergy of a Closed System at a Specified State

E PH = (U U 0 ) + p0 (V V0 ) T0 ( S S 0 )
Physical Exergy of a Steady Flow System at a Specified State

E PH = ( H H 0 ) T0 ( S S 0 )
Irreversibility (for Closed and Steady Flow Process)

I = E W = Wlost = T0 Suni = T0 S gen

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 EXERGY BALANCE

Exergy Balance for Closed System

T0
2
E2 E1 = 1 Q [W1 2 p0 (V2 V1 )] T0 S gen
1
Tb
Change Exergy transfer Exergy transfer exergy destruction
in Exergy with heat with work

Exergy Balance for Steady Flow System

T0
0 = 1 Q j W1 2 + mi ei me ee T0 S gen
j
T j i e

Change Exergy transfer Exergy transfer Exergy transfer Exergy

in Exergy with heat with work with flow destruction

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 SECOND LAW EFFICIENCY

It is a Ratio of Minimum Exergy (Emin) Required to Perform a Task to Actual

Exergy (E) Consumed to Perform the Task

II = Emin / E

For Power Plant Having Capacity W

II = W / Wmax

II = I / Carnot

If work is involved Emin = W

If heat is involved Emin = Q (1 T0 / T)

For Solar Collector

II = I (1 T0 / Ta) / (1 T0 / Tr) Tr > Ta

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 DESIGN GUIDELINES
General

Keep Design Simple

Consider State-of-the-art Technology, at least Initially
Consider Standard Equipment Whenever Possible
When Assessing the Possibility of Improving Performance, Consider the Overall
System and Not Just Individual Components or Processes
When Assessing the Possibility of Improving a Particular Process, First Check
Whether the Process is Necessary. Do not overlook the Impact of a Modification
of That Process on Other Processes

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 DESIGN GUIDELINES
Process / System Specific (Based on Second Law Reasoning)

Avoid Processes Requiring Excessively Large or Excessively Small

Thermodynamic Driving Forces (T, p, x)
Maximize the Use of Cogeneration of Power and Process Steam (or Hot Water)
Minimize the Use of Throttling. Use expander for Power > 100 kW
Minimize the Mixing of Stream with Different Temperature, Pressure and
Chemical Composition
Use Efficient Pump, Compressors, Turbines and Motors
Avoid Unnecessary Heat Transfer

HT directly from high temperature to ambient or cooling water

Do not heat refrigerated streams with stream at temperature above ambient

For heat exchanger networks, consider exergy related methods (pinch methods)

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 HIGHLIGHTS OF EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

1852: John Ericsson, 1st coal fired hot air engines

1873: George Brayton, principle of constant pressure combustion (basis for gas
turbine power plant)
1876: Nikolaus August and Eugen Langen, 1st IC engine built and demonstrated
1879: Daimler, 1st multi cylinder engine on common crank shaft
1883: Daimler and Maybach, 1st automobile engine built
1893: Rudolf Diesel, IC engine with high pressure high temperature
combustion
1880s: development of steam turbines and steam turbine cycles
1881: Siemens, 1st steam engine based power plant
1882: Thomas Edison, 1st central electric thermal power plant in New York
From 1920 till date thermal efficiency increases from 10% to 40%

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EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
External Irreversibility

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
External Irreversibility

Tf = Theoretical maximum temperature in entire installation, effective

temperature of the combustion chamber as Exergy source, it depends on fuel,
Air-Fuel ratio, combustion chamber design etc.

Exergy of QH

EQH = QH (1-T0/Tf)

Cycle Efficiency

3 Tds
4 PL
= 1 2
Tds
1 PH

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
External Irreversibility

Since s2 s1 = s3 s4

2 Tds 3 Tds
1 PH 4 PL
TH ,avg = TL ,avg =
s2 s1 s3 s4
TH ,avg
= 1
TL ,avg
Ideal Rankine Efficiency equal to Carnot type efficiency between TH,avg and
TL,avg
Since Tf > TH,avg and T0 < TL,avg < 1 T0 / Tf
Irreversibilities are restricted Above TH,avg and Below TL,avg

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
External Irreversibility

QH m 2

S gen, H = m( s2 s1 ) = T f ( s2 s1 ) Tds
Tf Tf 1 PH

QL m 3
S gen, L = m( s3 s4 ) = Tds T0 ( s3 s4 )
T0 T0 4 PL

I = Wlost = T0 S gen, H + T0 S gen, L

Wlost T0
= [area]H + [area]L
m Tf

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
External Irreversibility

Optimum PH to Maximize the Cycle Efficiency when PL and Tmax is Fixed

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EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Boiler

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Boiler

Finite Pressure Drop PH

Sgen,boiler = m (s2 s1) QH / Tf

h2 = h2

Wlost,boiler / m = T0 / Tf [area]H +T0 (s2 s1)

First Term Accounts for External Heat Transfer (already discussed)
Second Term Accounts for Boiler Pressure Drop
Represented by Dotted Rectangular Area in Lower Right Corner
Also Indirect Exergy Destruction due to Increase in Heat Rejection from
Condenser to Ambient

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Turbine

Irreversible Adiabatic Turbine

Sgen,turbine = m (s3 s2)

Wlost,turbine / m = T0 (s3 s2)
Measured by Rectangular Area Covered with Horizontal Lines in Lower Right
Corner
Also Indirect Exergy Destruction due to Increase in Heat Rejection from
Condenser to Ambient

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Condenser

Finite Pressure Drop PL h4 = h4

Sgen,condenser = QL / T0 m (s3 s4)

1
Wlost ,condenser = Tds T0 ( s3' s4 ) + T0 ( s4 ' s4 )
3'

m 4 PL

First two terms accounts for shaded area trapped between PL isobar and T0
isotherm

Last term represent the rectangular area cover with dots in the lower left
corner

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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Condenser

Shaded _ Area =
4 ideal
Tds T0 ( s4ideal s4 )
4 PL

+
3ideal
Tds T0 ( s3ideal s4ideal )
4ideal PL

+ Tds T0 ( s3 s3ideal )
3

3ideal PL

+ Tds T0 ( s3' s3 )
3'

3 PL
2nd term: [area]L
1st term: increase condenser HT irreversibility due to pressure drop
3rd term: added condenser HT irreversibility due to PH
4th term: added condenser HT irreversibility due to irreversible condenser
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 EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RANKINE CYCLE
Internal Irreversibility - Pump

S gen, pump = m( s1' s4' )

1
Wlost , pump = T0 ( s1' s4 ' )
m

This is represented by rectangular area ruled with horizontal line in the lower
left corner

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 SUPERHEATER AND REHEATER

Appeared in 1925, Tmax was 400C, x3 = 0.88, Higher TH,avg

There exist an Optimum Reheating Pressure when Tmax, PH and PL are fixed
They Also Reduce Moisture Content at Exit to Turbine which is required with
increase in PH, Super Critical Boilers (up to 340 bar)

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 PARTIAL VACUUM CONDENSER

Lower TL,avg
As TL,avg  T0, Condenser Size Increases, This will increase PL, Hence Exergy
Lost Associated with PL increases
Hence One Should Minimize Sum of [area]L and Wlost associated with PL

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