What is high jump?

The high jump is a track and field athletics event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at
measured heights without the aid of certain devices. In its modern most practiced format, auxiliary weights and
mounds have been used for assistance; rules have changed over the years. Over the centuries since, competitors have
introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form.

Rules

Jumpers must take off on one foot.

A jump is considered a fail if the bar is dislodged by the action of the jumper whilst jumping or the jumper touches
the ground or break the plane of the near edge of the bar before clearance.

Competitors may begin jumping at any height announced by the chief judge, or may pass, at their own discretion.
Three consecutive missed jumps, at any height or combination of heights, will eliminate the jumper from
competition.

The victory goes to the jumper who clears the greatest height during the final. If two or more jumpers tie for first
place, the tie-breakers are: 1) The fewest misses at the height at which the tie occurred; and 2) The fewest misses
throughout the competition.

If the event remains tied, the jumpers have a jump-off, beginning at the next greater height. Each jumper has one
attempt. The bar is then alternately lowered and raised until only one jumper succeeds at a given height.

What are the Phases in High Jump?

Phase 1: The Approach Phase

In this phase the players are required to develop the speed and momentum. These are the two basic elements required
to successfully takeoff and clear the bar. Today, the approach used is known as a modified "J." Under this approach
the player is supposed to run in the shape of a "J." High jumpers generally employ a 10-step approach five steps in
a straight line and five steps along an arc that curves toward the bar. Generally, right-handed jumpers begin by
standing about ten strides back from the right standard, plus five strides to the right. The athlete will set a checkmark
at his/her starting point and make a second mark about five strides forward, at the transition point from straight to
curved approach.

Phase 2: Approach - straight run

A standard 10-step approach will begin by pushing off with the takeoff foot.
Jumpers will generally start slowly and accelerate throughout the approach.
Again, the approach speed can be tweaked if needed, but it should remain as
consistent as possible. Like a track runner, the high jumper can start in a bit of a
crouch, but he/she should be running fully erect by the third step. Continue to
accelerate while running in a straight line until the fifth step, which should land
on your second checkmark. Prior to hitting the mark, turn your foot slightly to the
middle of the track, pointing the toe in the direction of the nearest standard, to
initiate the curve toward the bar.

Phase3: Approach - Curve

On the sixth step, the jumpers takeoff foot lands in front of the non-takeoff foot to
continue the arc. At the same time, lean away from the bar by flexing at the
ankle. Continue to accelerate while maintaining the arc toward the bar, with each
step falling in front of the previous step. Continue to lean away from the bar. Keep
your head up, body erect and focus your vision above the bar, toward the far
standard. On your final two steps your feet should land flat on the track.

Phase 4: Takeoff - double arm

Dont make the mistake of taking off in front of the center of the bar. You
want to take off before you reach that point, so your momentum
carries you over the center which is the bars lowest point. Plant the takeoff foot
(which will be farthest from the bar) in front of you, with the toe pointing toward
the far standard, and drive your other leg and both arms straight up (not across your
body), while keeping them close to your body. The thigh on the non- takeoff leg
should be parallel to the ground while your arms punch up to head level. Look
down on the bar with your chin tight to your chest. Leave the free leg up as the
takeoff leg rises into a similar position. Its important to remember that the takeoff
is a vertical jump. Maintain your lean away from the bar and jump up, allowing
your momentum to carry you over the bar.
Phase 5: Flight - arching your body

The takeoff leg should continue toward the bar as your other leg, shoulders and hips
rotate until your back is to the bar. Your heels should be close to your backside with
your knees apart. From this point forward, the position of a jumpers head is
critically important. The head, obviously, will clear the bar first. As your shoulders
clear the bar, tip your head back, move your hands to your thighs and arch your
body to allow the hips to clear the bar.

Phase 6: Flight - clearing your legs

Once your hips have cleared the bar, move your head forward, tucking your chin
toward your chest, and kick your legs up in effect, straightening them out as
they pass over the bar.

Phase 7: Flight finish

Once you clear the bar, spread your arms, then your legs, to slow your momentum,
and then enjoy the ride down until you land on your upper back.

What is pole vault?

Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long, flexible pole
(which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to leap
over a bar.

What are the phases or steps?

Although many techniques are used by vaulters at various skill levels to clear the bar, the generally accepted
technical model can be broken down into several phases, listed and described below:

Approach
During the approach the pole vaulter sprints down the runway in such a way as to a chieve
maximum speed and correct position to initiate takeoff at the end of the approach. Top class
vaulters use approaches with 18 to 22 strides. At the beginning of the approach the pole is usually
carried upright to some degree, and gradually lowered as the vaulter gets closer to
the landing pit. This way the vaulter can minimize levered weight of the pole. The faster
the vaulter can run and the more efficient his/her take-off is, the greater
the potential energy that can be achieved and used during the vault. It is common for
vaulters to gradually increase running speed throughout the approach,
reaching maximum speed at take-off. Vaulters increase stride frequency while
keeping the knees up like a sprinter. Unlike short sprint events such as the 100 m in
which a forward lean is used to accelerate, vaulters maintain a more upright
torso position throughout the approach to counterbalance the effect of carrying the
pole.

Swing up
The swing and row simply consists of the vaulter swinging his trail leg forward
and rowing the pole, bringing his top arm down to the hips, while trying to keep
the trail leg straight to store more potential energy into the pole, the rowing motion
also keeps the pole bent for a longer period of time for the vaulter to get into
optimum position. Once in a "U" shape the left arm hugs the pole tight to
efficiently use the recoil within the pole. The goal is to carry out these motions
as thoroughly and as quickly as possible; it is a race against the unbending of
the pole. Effectively, this causes a double pendulum motion, with the top of the
pole moving forward and pivoting from the box, while the vaulter acts as a
second pendulum pivoting from the right hand. This action gives the vaulter the
best position possible to be "ejected" off the pole. The swing continues until
the hips are above the head and the arms are pulling the pole close to the chest;
from there the vaulter shoots his legs up over the cross bar while keeping the
pole close.
Extension
The extension refers to the extension of the hips upward with outstretched legs as the shoulders drive down, causing
the vaulter to be positioned upside down. This position is often referred to as "inversion". While this phase is
executed, the pole begins to recoil, propelling t he vaulter quickly upward. The hands of the vaulter remain close to
his body as they move from the shins back to the region around the hips and upper torso the arms down
Turn

The turn is executed immediately after or even during the end of the rockback. As the
name implies, the vaulter turns 180 toward the pole while extending past the head and
shoulders. Typically the vaulter will begin to angle his body toward the bar as the turn
is ex ecuted, although ideally the vaulter will remain as vertical as possible. A more
accurate description of this phase of the vault may be "the spin" because the vaulter
spins around an imaginary axis from head to toe.

Fly-away
This is often highly emphasized by spectators and novice vaulters, but it is arguably
the easiest phase of the vault and is a result of proper execution of previous phases.
This phase mainly consists of the vaulter pushing off the pole and releasing it so it
falls away from the bar and mats. As his/her body goes over and around the bar,
the vaulter is facing the bar. Rotation of the body over the bar occurs naturally,
and the vaulter's main concern is making sure that his/her arms, face and any other
appendages do not knock the bar off as he/she goes over. The vaulter should
land near the middle of the foam landing mats, or pits, face up.

Similarities between High Jump and Pole Vault

They are both horizontal jumps.

There is a certain height to go over.

A bar is always present with mats beneath it.