HOUSES: PORCHES AND ENTRANCE HALLS | part in sheltering the entrance fal ther conditions. They should be 0ssible with the prevailing local wind direction taken into account. In addltion, they should be Visible from the strest or garden gate The key rooms withthe highest levels of circulation, an, in articular. stairways. should he i from the hall 2) ~ @. For instance, an effective design could have the hall providing a direct connection between the kitchen, stairs and WC » CORRIDORS Where a long corridor is necessary, the width is established according to its position, whether the doors are on one or both sides, the “arrangement. of the doors, and the anticipated volume of circulation, Appropriate corridor widths are shown in» &. possible all doors should open into the aeSTORAGE SPACE Comers behind doors and Spaces under stairs and sloping roots can all be used to provide storage space The easiest space to exploit is under the often room for large sliding cupboards. @) or even a fengure good insulation must be provided behing the units. Such cupboards should alse have air holes at the top and bottom, oF have louvre doors 03 ~ 08 ventilation. Oram © ragery 3 2 FI A HH z i rf 4 « e Hy ci 3 ry Fy s Fy 288. tengrhended brahimop © ero dais nt et © see reinment or onload tra wnt ine UTILITY ROOMS, In utility rooms there must be adequate cupboard space for storing cleaning materials and equipment, tools and laddore »<) ©. Each cupboard should, if possible, be no. less than 60em wide. In some circumstances, and particularly in multstorey housing units, chutes made of stainless steel or galvanised stoo| sheat can be used for discharging household waste fr rallarting laundry. QQ They will requir Ventilation shaft with a cross-section f 30-35% of the waste chute. For safety, chute insortion points can have ‘electrical doors so that only one load at a time can be dropped. Linen chutes are most likely to be worth considering in houses on sloping sites with utility roams in the basement Household waste should ideally be collected and transported in portable containers » 8 +9, the dimensions ‘of which need to be taken into account when planning the standing and movement areas required. These intermediate waste containers are made of steel sheet or polyethylene ‘and have capacities up to 110m? (11001). More common household dustbins of polyethylene or galvanised sheet steel are free-standing and have no wheels 1, They range {rom 50 t0 1101 capacity and can be contained in a purpose: built outhouse @ ene apna in von @ omains= | TT] eel © saya © samara © freemen" | Fat 120— $004 © done sides © Accornine tom usb UTILITY ROOMS, ‘The best position for utility rooms is facing north. They ‘should ideally be near the side or rear door and be adjacent 10 or accessible from the kitchen -(7)~ Usilty rooms ate used for a variety of purposes, including storage, laundry and ironing, sewing and possibly also for hobby activities. To be of real value, the length available for standing space or work surface should be a ‘minimum of 3 80m (preferably 4.60m) 2. The arrangement of the equipment should allow safe land convenient use: for example, an ironing board when Used standing needs to be at a different height than when seated 2 -@. PrITyCon rd a Ja i i i H i Mh 8 le 3 {1 =} lt i Leap @® Vata @ Being wren na (ey @ tapioca, soning machine ut int 249Cited 250 PANTRIES, LARDERS When planning houses oF flats, space should be allocated for rooms such a¢ larders, panties or cold stores, The most practical solution isto have a larder in or beside the kitchen, *@Q.-@. lt must be cool, well-ventilated and shaded trom the sun, Connections for a freezer unit and a drinks cooler should also be provided ifthe larder is of suficient size and storage shelves are best arranged right up to the ceiling In very large households, there may be a need for a cold store. These are supplied in madulat form in a range of sizes @) and include separate cooling snd freezer sections @ sentra A J \ © 2 @ ber acacane to We Larder by kitchen entrance STORAGE ‘Apart trom the eeliar ano ate rooms there should be at Teast one storeroom (11m? or more, with a minimum internal Width of 75cm and good ventilation) in the house. For larger dwollings at least 2% of the living area should be plann: 238 storage room. The space is needed for storing clean equipment and materials, tools, ironing board, shoppi baskets and bags, cases, stepladder etc. Doors should open ‘outwards to give more space and internal lighting must be piovideu, petliaps by # contact switel on the Jour A recess lose to kitchen for builtin cupboards is desirable 13 © Serpe totam Spbeardia entrance area ©) jichen aaa (] Srereeer in ontrenceKITCHENS ryt eedig E EA ™. & NR Sige for anit @ woute tor nt IL Py H 3 H Fy A F 4 H : H A Hy z Pa H H H H © doabie wa-mounted unit Bo" ST Ke eae ee Clr © irchon cnte @ outmeaner 252 KITCHENS Built-in and Fitted Units Doopite increasing standardisation, the dimensions and manufacturing ranges of kitchen fittings still vary considerably. Built-in units are generally available trom 20-120em (in Sem steps), usually with a height of Sem, In an architect designed kitchen, the various elements worktops and storage surfaces, possibly including an electric oven (with cut-outs for hotplates) and a continuous cover plate The materials used in kitchen units include, wood, plywood. chipboard and plastic. Exposed wood surfaces are \arnished or laminated with plastic. Shelves are of wood or plastc-coated chipboard: metal shelves are best for pots and pans. Sliding or folding doors are useful if space is restricted because they require no additional space when ‘opened, Floor units + () + @ ate for storing large, heavy or sseldom-used kitchen equipment. Wall-mounted cabinets -» @ +@ have a small deoth so that the worktops beneath them can be used without hindrance, They allow crockery 1ched without bending cupboards -- ) can be used for storing is, brooms ete. but are are also suitable for housing refrigerators, ovens, or microwaves at a convenient height. Sinks and draining boards should be fited into floor units, which may also include a waste bin, dishwasher and disposal units (and, if necessary, an electric water heater). ‘Spocial equipment, such as retractable breadbins with ‘universal cutting Board, equipment cupboards with special pull-out or hinged compartments, retractable kitchen scales, spice drawers, pull-out towel rails etc, save time and effort, ‘An extractor above the cooker is recommended © and texracior hoods are most sulrable for this task, There is a differentiation to be made between air extraction and recirculation systems. Extractor systems require a vent to the outside but are more effective than recirculation systems and so are the preferred typeKITCHENS HOUSES AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS @ sanurpon stew 253< oO gee tna eC, arr Ss rey = ( @ KITCHENS ichens should face north-east or northwest and be adjacent to any vegetable/herb garden and cellar. ideally the kitchen should [ook out on the garden gate, house door, children’s play area and the patio ~(). They should be well located internally with respect to the pantry, dining room ‘and utility room. Although the kitchen is primarily a workplace within the iis-a room in wiveh the householder may spend long periods so careful design is important. The kitchen is ‘also often a meeting point for the family i it contains a dining or snack area ~ ©. When fitting out the kitchen arrange the units in 2 way Uso follows the sequence of tasks to reduce the amount of walking required, and ensure there is sufficient room for froe movernant. Where possible, sek to reduce the amount ‘of work done standing and ensure no activity requires an unfavourable body posture by matching working heights to body sizes. Good lighting of the work surlaces is nother ‘essential provision (- p. 251) ‘An appropriate arrangement to ease work inthe kitchen would be, from sight to left. storaye surface, Look, preparation area, sink, draining surface» @)~@). (Note that left-handed people often prefer to work trom let to right.) A ‘width of 120m between the sides is essential for free movement and using appliances and fitings. With a depth 2.40m > The minimum atoa for a cooking recess is 6-6 for normal kitchens it is 8-10m?, and 12-14m? for normal kitchens with dining or snack areas ~-@)- For planning. purposes, tha following width requirements for fittings and equipment may be used: ‘cooker 60cm, twin sinks and draining surface (including dishwasher) 150cm, refrigerator 60cm, freezer 60cm, ‘cupboards (provisions, cleaning materiais, crockery and appliances) 170cm. With a worktop surface width of 200cm, this gives a total requirement of 700em of standing area, 254 ® seman wm erat wan wattoo So 0 os {es 28 18k weore re 256 @ Menem bese wat mccuponsrontee ©) Sietacguag eet G er ft a 1 © reed ste gq pty FD Pio. q_p}* seis yc we, FL oe = ee hs jcjof'P ® © me swthimore tan fe Minima sie ose dinars (3) Mon comfarubl seating wrangeman in ing room for 12 nro tble ecole (ith saben © erm room tapout sename DINING AREAS Wis often desirable to have space ine chen fr eating the dising room for: main meals only. This can be provided by including a Fetractable table, with a height ‘movement area of {em ie needed tothe left and right of tho table. If sufficient space is avaliable fixed table ‘gninst 0 foe standing unit can be used @) Another attornative i the broskfat bar arrangement» @. This Fequies less depth than the fixed table, ever though the surface is’ also" 4Dem deep, because of its elevation but this algo means that special ‘soos are required. Depending fon their design, full dining areas require far more space but they can obviate the need for an adctional dining room SD + @ Awana seat od ining table take up te least amount af space -@: Tels useful to be able to extend “the dining room throuah wide doors oF a folding wall for special occasions {+ (9. To eat comfortably an. Indivisual 60 40cm. strip of 20cm is reedea in the centre of the forcing rooms ara shown in 8-3BEDROOMS To ensure comfort while sleeping, the bed length Should be 250m longer than the individva's height, Based on average heights. beds are produced in a range of standard sizes: 800 1000 « 2000 mm, 1600 » 2000 mm and 2000 x 2000 mm. The bedroom layout should give at least {600.mm, preferably 750mm around the bed ~(). This is important to allow the bed 10 be made easily and also, it there is a cupboard standing parallel to the bed, to give enough space for movement even if the runhoaedl doors are open. ‘There should always be ‘a bedside cabinet to the eft and right of double beds fand a headboard, onto which one can fx clip lights {or reading, Is also useful @, Bedside lamps. should be provided in addition to ‘general lighting About Im of cupboard length should be planned per person. If there is not fenough room in the bed. oom, then space. can be found in the corridor» ‘Atleast one mirror, n which fone ean see oneself from head to toe, shoul be fitted ina bedroom: mirrored cupboard fronts are even Pi H : 2 A H HI Hy H H A H Hy Hy ci 3 H H H H © sensgecar : i ik @ same @ mm. @ wore 257BEDROOMS ‘Types of Bed kee Hiogeanmioging folding Oman @ 258BEDROOMS Bed Positions ‘The position of the bed within a room can have a significant effect on a person's feelings of well-being: @ Aowia sn a ® wan nt to wat ‘A selfassured person is happy to slaep anywhere in the room whereas to sleep next toa wall a @ mee ot som ‘with an anxious disposition may preter cecoration ana 198, @restTulatmospnere also depends on we urlentatun UF the LeU! dread Lest ‘North, position with respect to the light (looking away from window) and the door (looking towards door). Where there is more than one bed their position with respect to each other is important © Frio @ satan @® eromars @ owerts Different arrangements of beds may be desirable i friend, sisters, brothers or guests sleepin one room: @ ott et sna matons (Z) Beale de mataner (Two Dee. se ny tte (@) Bank arrangement The arrangement of double beds (and single beds placed side by side or as bunks) has more to do with personal preference than space. Separate beds have now become common forcouples whereas an enclosed double bed was customary inthe past @ antes Forpontar bos ® conony bet The last example is formed lke a basilica and ft by 2 special ceiling ight when the curtains are closed. These last four examples show how the room and furniture decoration has depended stvongly on the customs afte ea 259BEDROOMS 1d Alcoves and Wardrobes ‘overhaed eupboard | ‘@ « 3 Hy Ey 3 2 2 Hy Fy i 4 ry i cf 2 Hy < s rH FH s z Orr OeBEDROOMS Storage requirements When planning storage areas in bearooms the tollBATHROOMS: FittingsBATHROOMS 1. Wallmounted units are preferable for hygiene Feasons and for eae of cleaning, Deep-flush WCs reduce odours. & dates 2. In contrast to showers, baths may be used medicinally (e.g. muscle felaxation) as well as for washing mist ® pry eT e feeenene os @ pees £8 3. Bath tubs are usually installed ‘as. builtin units fand-may have convection heating inside. 4. Usinals @ ~@ are often found in today’s households. yi [fh Should be of a suitable size ‘and have ample surround: ing flat storage surfaces. Flush-mounted fitings save space and are easy to clean Mixer taps save water and energy. Note that 120m wide double washbasins do not really provide enough free_arm movement when washing: better is @ layout with two basins, towel rails in between and storage to the sides ~ p. 262 8, aa ®Soret BATHROOM Cubicles Tiauitival wet room installations usually invaive substantial expenditure and a lot of time, Because the requirements are largely standardised, prefabrication is, desirable, especially for terraced and multifamily housing with accessories. Prefabricated compact cubicles are ‘supplied in a range of fixed dimensions. Prefabricated with wooden frame and chipboard or fibre-cement panels They use aluminium, moulded stainless steel or glass-fibre reinforced plastic to match the units and accessories. wy C5 Eo == @ Sampath ® oats we caiceBATHROOMS Location ‘The most convenient location for the bathroom is adjacent ‘ether iLL os. to the bedrooms and the WC if itis not incorporated in the : bathroom itsel. Although showers are compact and often we i prefered by younger people, baths are generally more L Suitable forthe elderly ~'T 7 ir tne nouse aso ULNy room and a small xxtcnen ar spaces and connections can be provided inthe bsthroom for washing machines and laundry baskets © sete natn at he tine ry 3 H Fy Fy a P H A 4 . Hy = ry ry ci i i Fy & 4 © satemomere — @ tee ie 265Seem ater ct with) ~ TT © voice re ‘rouped © Richer Samo aa we 266 BATHROOMS Location Bathrooms with WCs ate self-contained rooms which are ‘equipped with all of the fitings necessary to meet al the sanitary needs of the occupants. Howaver, the plan should ideally include two separate lockable rooms for the bathroom and WC and this is essential in dwellings for ‘more than five people. A bathroom with WC can be directly ‘accessible from the bedroom as long as another WC can be reached from the cortidor ~ 2) + 6. ‘A bathtub andlor shower tray plus a wash-basin are installed in the bathroom, while @ flushing toilet, bidet and han washing basin are installed in the WC. For cost efficiency and technical reasons the bathroom, WC and kitchen should be planned such that they can share the same service ducts + @) + @, D ~ @. In multstorey homes, an arrangement such thatthe utility walls for the bathrooms and WCs are directly above one another helps to keep installation costs and the necessary sound insulation measures as low a8 possible. However, adjacent bathrooms in two different flats must not be connected to @ single supply or discharge pipe system. The bathroom and WC should be orientated towards. the north, and should normally be naturally lit and for internal rooms. For comfort, a bathroom temperature of 22 to 24°C is about right. A temperature of 20°C is suitable for WCs in homes. This is higher than that encountered in office buildings, where 15 to 17°C is the Bathrooms are particularly susceptible to damp so appropriate sealing must be provided. Surfaces must be easy to clean because of high air humidity and condensation, and the wall an ceiling plaster must be able to withstand the conditions, Choose lip resistant floor coverings. Consider the required noise insulation: the noise levels, from domestic systems and appliances heard in neighbouring flats or adjoining rooms must not exceed 35, DIA {A least one sealed electrical socket should be provided: at a height of 1.30m beside the mirvor for electrical ‘equipment. Itis also necessary to consider the following for the bathroomMWVC: cupboards for towels, cleaning items, medicines and toileties (possibly lockable}, minvor and lighting, hot water supply, supplementary heater, towel rails, drier, handles above the bathtub, toilet paper holder ‘within easy reaen, toothbrush nolder, soap cantainer ana storage surfaces. @ ‘prctoe bnoroom @ semen sn nnBATHROOMS Planning Exampleserrr re erty © corer wn erro 268 CARPORTS Covered parking spaces (preferably with a solid wall on the ‘weather side) provide an economical and space-saving way of providing adequate weather protection for vohicioa, ‘A combination of carport and lockable store (fr bicycles tc. is recommended + @ Carports are delivered as complete building kits, 1chors,iconmongery and screws, as well as ‘and design of houses with covered parking bays are shown ~ @)~ @ Sommonsoe oe @ Insividua carport tne @ oon corponePriiiktie kik HOLIDAY HOMES Caravans and campers 269SHEDS/SUMMER HOUSES Factors to take into account when assessing a plot are natural local materials {stone or wood). For security reasons, furnishings should be secured and entrances fitted with lockable shutters to protect against theftTIMBER HOUSES ‘Tho oldest form of timber housing consisted of prepared logs oF blocks placed one upon the other and structurally connected by rebated corner joints. Today. the most common form is tumper tamed housing (also balloon framed or halt timbered constuction). Vertcat loads are transmitted to the ugh structural ® Potato attra aaa Hit anere 22 HOUSE ORIENTATION fon wales aad i Vigase a ee i evourbie Omms a, ay Optimal residential sites Asa rule, sites to the west and south of towns and cities are preferred for residential development in areas where te prevailing winds aro generally southerlos or westorlos [e.g. many parts of western Europe). This means the houses receive fresh air from the countryside while urban pollution is dissipated to the north and east. These latter areas, therefore, are not desirable for housing and should instead be considered for industrial buildings. Note that in mountainous areas or by lakes the wind behaviour escribed above may be different. For example, sunwy Southern and eastern slopes in the north and west of a cty located in @ valley basin could be sought-after locations for the construction of private hommes. Plots located on mountain slopes Plote lovatad on tha lower eide of mountain rode ara particularly favourable because they offer the possibilty of Giving directly up to the house, where a garage can 20 located, ond leave a tranquil reer garden. with an Uninterrupted view and sun. On the upper side ofthe stre2t, this is far harder to provide and walle and conerete ditches are usually necessary behind the house to guard against falling rocks and collect rainwater tunning off the mountan, Plots located by water The potential nuisance from mosquitoes and fooay conditions make it inadvisable to build too close to rivers and lakes. Orientation relative to the street For separate nouses with boundary walls, the mest favourable plots are usuely situated south of the street so that all auxiliary rooms, together withthe entrance, ae than automatically positioned facing the street. This solves any privacy problems because it leaves the main living and Sleeping areas located on the quiet, sunny side (east-south ‘west, facing away from the street and overlooking te garden. If the plot has sufficient width, large French windows, terraces and balconies can be used to good effect.» Plots are generally narrow and deap in order to keep the streot side as short as possible. If the plot is situated to the north of the street, the building should be located towards the rear, despite the extra costs of a longer access. This sin ‘order 10 take advantage of the sunny front garden area Buildings on such plots can be impressive when seen from the street. » @ Plots on the east of streets running north-south » @)are the most favourable in areas with westerly prevailing winds because aardens and living aroas then face east, which is the most sheltered. Additionally, itis less likely that there will be neighbouring buildings close enough to obstruct low sun in the east. To take advantage of winter sun (low in the southern skyi, the buildings must be situated close to the northern boundary s0 a large area of terrace can be south-facing. Plots on the west of a north-south street should be planned in a way that maximises the amount of southern sunlight received and gives an unobstructed view from the terrace. This might require the house to be built on the rear boundary.» @. The most favourable plots for houses in streets running in other directions are shown in © Pots adjacent to existing houses built on the sunny side have the advantage thatthe position and ground-plan of the new house ean be designed in a way that ensures the sun ‘will not be obstructed at anytime inthe futur. Room orientation Whenever possible. all living and sleeping areas should face towards the garden on the sunny side of the house, with the utility areas on the opposite side -+ @. This allows, rooms that are occupied for the most time to take advantage of natural solar heating. Use of a local sun diagram (op. 164 and 165) wil indicate when the sun will shine into'a room, or a part thereof, at a particular hour for ‘ny season. This information may also be used to decide which way the building should be orientated and where it should be placed to avoid being shaded by neighbouring buildings, trees and the like,HOUSING TYPES © ‘ensansip vena swstig an pot © Pern nd impact oe tin of tag planCrim kkeld © remain ot nina sncen Undulatng ground: building on oper ®Examples of Typical Designs HOUSING TYPES 1) Semisetached housing Frequently employed by developers and based on the use of identical dasigns, Also used on single-plot projects but rarely are the two halves individually ports are often included on the side boundaries, © tine mousing Usually used only by deve: fopers “undertaking. large: scale residential projects The groups of houses are i uniform plans. and designs and can be layad out in compact or spacious configurations, Garages or parking spaces can be incorporated in the individual plots ora separate oarkina area }) provides. © Houses with courtyard evden Can be planned as individual buildings oF as groups with ated design. Groups considered only for large developments. Include individual garages ‘ra communal parking area © renent hous AA shared building form that ives rows of identical (or lightly varied) houses. Parking 1s usually on-stret or in communal car parks houses that contain a matching variety fof designs. Parking space may be on the plot, on street, or in communel car parks. As with all these examples, design co ments are necessary. eure wus usewzeuUh ‘100 9uq Lednj2{01A 92406- ation and regulatory agree. ments are necessary.Examples of Typical Designs HOUSING TYPES © Semi aetncned housing Frequently employed by developers and based 0% the use of identical designs Also used on single-plot projects but rarely are the two halves individually lwesigne. Garages oF cat ports are often included on the side boundaries. © Wed roving Usually used only by devel: fopers “undertaking. large scale residential projects ‘The groups of houses are built with uniform plans and designs and can be spacious configurations Garages or parking spaces can be incorporated in the © smn tn cord Can be planned as individual buildings oF as groups with coordinated design. Groups are usually considered only for large developments. Include individual garages fora communal parking area © reece outs A shared building form that ‘ives rows of identical tor slightly varied) houses. Parking is usually on strect fr in communal car parks, © ronn howsee Another shared. building form resulting in rows of houses that are identical or contain @ matching vatiety fof designs. Parking spece may be on the plot, on: street, or in communal car parks. As with all these examples, design coordin ments are necessary 275DETACHED HOUSES @ suction ety @ Ground toar + 62-1 GD) Upper oor @ suction ee ee @ Arve neor @um@ secon HOUSES WITH CONSERVATORIES Conservatories are not simple glass buildings, but compiex systems that must bbe designed with technical precision. Depending on the different uses of the conservatory, the glass shading must be harmon ised in order to make it work satisfactorily ‘A conservatory provides 2 butter zone between the outside climate and. the interior of the house. Glass structures work as solar energy collectors and. in favourable climatic circum stances the potential energy savings forthe whole house canbe sbout 26%. A westward orientation ofthe conservatory can substan tially raise the environ mental quality of the habitat It's recommended that ‘lass doors are incorporates in the transition area bbotween the house and the conservatory in order to separate both spaces from 3 heating point of view and for Feasons of comfort within the house and energy efficiencyA Ff 4 Hy Fy H HY & A H 1 Hy Ei Hi FH Hy 3 Hy 284 ECOLOGICAL BUILDING oon The timber house is the 1 epitome of natural tract- tonal and healthy living. This form of construction conforms to many clients ecological, biological and, 4 ‘not least, economical, i selected solid timbers, natural insulation materials (eg. cotton, woo! or cork, natural materials for the roofing (e49. elay tiles), ond plant-based paints for decoration, all leading to a high standard of eco: P friendliness Usually, only the slow growing timbers from northern countrios are used {or this type of construction Unlimited life and low maintenance are the rule: for example, red cedar, as itis commoniy known, contains tannin ‘which ate ac. Natural wood preservative, making impregnation. un necessary. Deeply over. hanging roofs are used to shelter the facades, Manufacturers offer several types of external wall construction. Double-block construction consists usually of two identical leafs containing an insulation layer between. Single-leaf log walls produce the typical traditional atmosphere of the log cabin. The purchaser ngs the enolee of rouna 1ogs or squared blocks. Many timber houses can be freely planned to meet the client's. requirements, ‘The clint also has @ choice ‘of which type of timber to © ever ‘chic Be or & May use (spruce, larch, cedar) J Many suppliers offer seit build options together with ee assistance from the firm's =| construction specialistsHOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLESHOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLES Erik keee ed 286HOUSE TYPES: EXAMPLES ° 3 § FI 5 ry H A 2 rH = ry 2 ci 4 rH 3 s Ey ® section 287HOUSES ON SLOPESLARGE HOUSES Pye @ Moun a Bovey Hi, atria: ele 1500INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES Sr keke ® round toor, house inthe USA 63 290INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLESCito ee © terete deepens wh © Print ocks 292 MULTISTOREY HOUSING (1) Blocks ‘A compact, layered building form (either single buildings oF in groupe! that gives high ozcupaney densities. The external spaces within and around the building. are clearly differentiated in relation to form and function. (2) Lines ent A spacious building configuration: either groups of identical block types or of Buildings of completely different designs There is litle or no differentiation of the external spaces around the buildings (3) Slab-blocks This building form is often used in an isolated configuration. itean be extended both in length and height but allows little scope for variety among the room layouts Differentiation ofthe surrounding ateas is dificult. spments fonnecting slab buildings to create ut over a wide area it is possible to develop large tracts Differentiation between spaces defined by the buildings is almost impuseible tu athieve (5) Point-blocks distinctive individual buildings, often standing ‘open spaces. A ‘dominant element’ in town planning, this building type is frequently designed in ‘combination with low-rise developments. Oc eeMULTISTOREY HOUSING Py H H H Fi H 5 5 z A H H | H A Fy HI py 2 H . H Hi © Bp ation pr toor @ rowr auating pr torerect etsy MULTISTOREY HOUSING Developments with only one dwelling per floor» (D {the basic form for town houses) are often uneconomical. Four ‘storey bullgings without its are tne usual form, Housing with two dwellings per floor around a central core + 2 provides a good balance between living quality ‘and economy, allowing a variety of plans with satisfactory solar orientation and flats with different numbers af rooms. those with five or more requite a lift. For fats over a height (of 22m, high-rise building conditions apply Having three dwellings per floor and a central staircase + @ again offers a good mix of economy and living quality, land this form ie euitable for building oorner units, Two three- and four-roomed dwellings can be considered Housing with four dwellings per floor and a shared staircase -- @ requires appropriate planning to provide a satisfactory relationship between econamy and living ‘quality. Differnat types of flat an each floor are possible. With point-blocks ~» © the theee-dimensional design is ‘determined by the plan form. © ‘wee ating ear, saree seen ¢ « © rimstec 294 © Wine oko ateBALCONIES Balcones offer an fective means of improving te attractiveness of domestic accommodation unts. They also give an extended work Typical uses Include relaxation, sunbathing, sleeping, reading, eating ee In adtion to the required functional ving space an ares for plant boxes shouldbe proviced wherever possible =(@) =. ‘Corner balconies (P afer privacy and good shelter and are referable 19 open boleonvez Open balconies require & +2. @. © comer aeony © oven becony mith screen privacy and protection from the weath ‘whieh ae offset in tei plan tsyout onthe ther hand offer axcatlont ‘brivaey and shelter» ‘Ding planning speci + good orientation in relation tothe the pth ofthe sun andthe propriate locaton with respect to neighbouring fats ana houses rete @ Baer gree itn abe ‘wooden Balter it “The balcony frame is best made trom light steel prot with a good anchorage in the masonry. Balcony balusters made ‘3 rame) td they neon covered oy ‘Fiero matt. Dvghts en ezrin the iterate spaces between parapets andaheconerete sia) 301 tend the parapet down inion ft boy iba hve a sla pra Thunb meer vatonesogaan —_@) ofa bacon tore ito character andthore must be estes Boxes possible @. . Ae Oarneseonen matina me @ om brpoolepeerete ©) coi cot ant pram 2a en f © mctmng ones @ senting sound tion @ rateoy poate @ eons eyoute 295296 @ set cometons ACCESS CORRIDORS/DECKS An alternative to the contraised layout (i.e. buildings with ‘dwellings on each floor around a central staircase 0° lit) is to have the dwellings accessed from an internal corridor fr a covered external walkway. This 's more economical in large housing projects. Each level ie served by one of mare vertical connection points {lifts and/or stats) which ‘also lead to the main entrance to the building. In addition {o stairways ana ins, vertieal systems or service smarts are needed and there should be a clear differentiation of built: in, added and free-standing constructions. . @) Dwellings on either side of an interior corridor have @ single orientation and this makes it desirable to employ a design that uses two or more levels @. A similar arrangement can be exploited in buildings with an access ‘deck running along the exterior + @ + @, Note that open access decks can cause problems in harsh climates. It is considerably better if the dwelling is on two or more lavale bacause it allowe the functional requiremante ta be met more satisfactorily and halfstorey split levels, for example, can be stacked easily» @. Dwellings on only tone level are partioulerly auitable a2 studio fata ~ To improve the realtionship between circulation and dwalling areas the gos! should be to minimise the length of horizontal access routes, Planning corridors on alternate floors provides the best arrangement for larger by siting the deck access on alternate sides. The number fof corridors can also be teduced with a mirrored staggering of maisonettes or similar arcangement of splivtevel awelings.STEPPED HOUSING Plots on steep slopes are highly” suitable” for the housing. The rake ofthe front ofthe building (ato of storey height to terrace depth) can vary widely (eg. 8-40") Gepending ‘on the slope Where the terraces re large (ie. above 32m deep) the buildings are usually south facing and enjoy uninterrupted have special regulations governing stepped nousing Stepped houses offer O meme Oo © mom Orme MBB ‘ae neal anne conventional house with a ‘garden, Plants on the terrace ft 434 © Peer comaantins for wracoe v4 3 3 HH ry z q 4 H 4 H H i r u i H H H Hy Saturna pease ios Sty, Tes edvantnges ; fovea to epee hows q being buon fara tro let fone 7 invite "the, Cy Stepped housing = ©. roc Some Hen Privacy can be improves by using an overhang») a or progressively setting © rm @ eaetion Back tach floor However the key factor can be the width of the terrace wall, which ean be calculates Using the following equation le-n @® ‘wrens nosing, wore oor ® section tough «convention contrePerens ty 298 © ese one ape Epssuouses @ shar ewraen BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE {An environment for disabled people needs to be designed to accommodate wheelchairs and allow sufficient space for moving around in safety (see (1)-(4) and @)-(@ for dimensions. and area requirements). Example door and corridor widths are given in (@)-(. All switches, handles, window fittings, telephone points, paper roll or towel holders, lift controls, ete, must be within reach of an outstretched arm ()-(@. Ine layout ot the WL, In particular, requires careful planning: assess how many doors, light switches etc. are needed. Consider technical aids (e.g. magnetic catches on doors and remote controls). ‘Access paths to the building should be 1.20-2.00m wide and be as short as possible. Ramps should Weally be ‘straight, with a maximum ineline of 5-7%, and should be na longer than 6m @). The ramp width between the handrails should be 1.20m. Corridors should be st least 130m {preferably 200m) wide; clear opening of doors, 0.95m: height of light switches and electrical sockets, 1.00-1.05 m {use switches and control devices which have large buttons or surfaces) During urban planning, consideration should also be ‘lven to providing wheelchair users with easy access to ‘general amenities such as supermarkets, restaurants, post offices, pharmacies, doctors’ surgeries, car parks, public transport etc @ see windowv reat aE 1 Aq) ieee | 7B E| mina Ea warial @ piegwe or sotee I Lvingtining room (62 pete 237000) BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE Houses and Apartments Accessibilty: In tne rented residential sector, access ia corridors is the most common layout. This enables large fnumbers of angles and corners to be avoided: a straight main cortdor is preferable. The entrance area should be of an ‘propriate Size, with shelves ond coat hooks planned in. The ‘m for a porch with @ singleeat door. (t should be noted, however, that minimum commended gimensions are ofan nat very generous and in practice ean prove to be too small) For blind residents itis impartant to nave an intercom system atthe ‘apartment door and the building's main entrance, Living area: Living rooms should allow adequate tree movement for wheelchair users and have sutfiient space fortwo ‘or three more visitors’ wheelchairs. Fr blind people, addtional ‘pace should be provided for their iterature and tape equipment: Bale books and newspapers are roughly three times bulkier than their printed equivalents. Single disabled people need more space than those in. shared households. In. apartments Fecommended minimum areas for livina rooms with @ dining {area are: 22 m# for one person; 24m for two to four people: 26m for five; and 281m! for sx. The minimum room width is '3.75m for a one- or two-person home + (6) If an adaltional study aea isto be incorporated, the lor area must be increased by at least 2 ‘tenon: Ergonomic planning is of great importance in the kitchen to allow disabled people to utilise their capabilities tothe ful, The arrangement of the storage, preparation, cooking and washing areas should be convenient and streamlined. The coor, main worksurface and taps should be placed as close together a5 possible. Storage spaces must be accessible 10 whoeichaie users (Le. no high cupboards. The reach of the arm is roughly 600mm horizontally and between 400 and 1400mm Verically: The optimal working height must be adopted to suit ‘each cisabled person, within the range 750-900 mm, so iis desirabie to have a simple adjustment mechanism. Single-family houses: The single-storey family Howse with ‘garden is often the preferred form of residence for disabled People, Ther requirements can be satisfied easily in ths type of es0mmodation i.e. no step a the entrance and no diflerence in Tever oeteen me inaiviaua rooms anaie garden OOM can Oe connected without doors and eustom dosigned to best suit the residents, However, two-storey family houses can also be ‘ultable, even for wheelchair users 2 eutable means of moving between floors (vertical elevator or stair lit is incorporated. -Munt-apantment dwellings: The grouping of apartments in muttiple occupancy dwellings is a housing solution that offers ‘disabled people an environment which ie both sociable and ‘supportive. In économie terms, 1s rarely Possible to convert ‘ordinary apartments into adequate homes for the severely Lisabled so they need 1o be included atthe preinnary panning ‘stage. It ie once again preferable to situate apartments for tsabled people at grourdloor level to avoid the necessity of instaling lita/levators o ual Cees 299& Gl eee | [ © pee crn ian ea can ® ster coneion eo 300 @ Threeroem spartan 95 BUILDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE Conversions ‘ne needs of aiseled people are ohen not taken into account conver existing residential units into appropriate apartments, rmoasures, such 36 the instalation of ramps, Miz and additonal electrical equipment tation shoul also be poi o access rom the Srret any too coverings which fequtecnanging al ne creation ot ‘car poking space with ample allowances fr whesicha vrs, The Fesiderts andthe specie etvty within te apartment. As 3 result the conversion measures wil Ren be specited in conjurtion wth the aeabied person and tailored to his or her needs, Prior to commencing conversion work the plan and structure of the exiting apartment should be examined carefull. Ground Noor ‘apartments of an adequate size are particularly stable becouse ‘deivonal services (passing through the basement) can be installed Extent ofthe conversion work Three grouse of disabled people ean be idem, each with coresponding eciiements: +” Disobied members of omy husbands, wives, ehidren who ‘90 10 work or school outise the name Alterations in uch provision of sufcent taedom of mavernent inthe living and ‘looping areas, and specially adapted feities in the bathroomanc ‘Severely dlsabled petaona wh are only pataly independ ‘Watall and thus require permanent cate. Extra Space must be provided for menoering wheelchairs and faites to ad the ‘work of cares should be added. Note that sel propliad Comparison of sizes of ving area: While apariments for the ery are na larger in area thar standard epartentslany changes Eansisting only of adusting door widtns and tailoring the functional Bsreasi, living areas for disabled people need to be incroxeed sperope ulaty for wheeler users and the visually Inmpaved. Reguations often requve addtional rooms in these spariments a well az» modified bathroom with WC for wheelchair @ example apariont eee bnoretircomaron oS a a aree hel«| fe] f= = 1 cooowo | ry ry Hy Ey S Hy A 5 s 3 = 2 Hy ci 4 8 Fy s z orm \ / ey © Famerions ina od poops contre © Lgremnsmannssem ©) oyun samen wn? 302 OLD PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION Depending on the dograe of support required, there are three ‘main types of accommodation and care forthe elderly: 1) old people's neucing, 2 od people's homes ond (3) aursing homes, In the United Kingdom, depending. inter ali, on type of ‘dwelling and facies provided, housing fr elderly people can be classified into: category one housing, category ‘wo housing, sheltered housing, vary sheltered housing, retirement housina, extro-eare housina, residential care homes. nursing care homes, and dual registration homes: In the United States, although similar building types have been developed, the terminology differs. The building types that house elderiy people in the United States can be described a independent Fetirement housing units, congregate housing, personal care housing, skilled nursing home, and ine care commutes ld people's housing ~ @ ~@ consists of sel contained flats or apartments which eater for the needs of the elderly 20 that they ean avoid moving into an old people's home for a8 long as possible. Such housing is usually scattered around ‘residential areas, with a deneity of 210%. Fate for one porgan are 25-35m:; for two people 45-55m?. Sheltered balconies Dam ‘Sheltered housing is generally a group of fate (each »20m2) in one building, with common rooms and a tea kitchen. A good solution is to build these facies close to nursing nome for the elderly which offers meals, leisure, reation and various therapies. Provide one ca" parking space per 5-8 residents. Note that heating coste willbe 2% higher than normal ‘1d people’ homes offer residential care facilities and ‘must conform fo regulations on planning, licensing, The large amount of ancillary space requited means the most economic Size is about 120 places, Meals, entertainment and therapies are provided and an integrated nursing section for short-term are. General design features: stairs 107300m without open Fiser; edges of steps defined with a colour; handrails on both ‘sides of stairs and in corridors; where necessary, lifts for moving patients on stetchers or in folding chairs. The buildings should all be adapted forthe disabled and have ‘open spaces with benches, Homes should be sited close tothe infrastructure af a town 6r village and to public anspor. The inclusion of a dayeare centre should be considered to provide opportunities for ‘people living independenty to make contact and receive non: ‘residential care (approximately one daycare centre is needed per 1600 elderly people) © Sern tor ot ea win, toon@® one ed musing roome © ‘ote ming rome ~ ca © rum too, ot popte's nome and nuring home OLD PEOPLE’S ACCOMMODATION Nursing homes for the elderly provide care for people who are chronically il and in newt of medics! attonton. The residential area consists of a 50:50 spit of single and double rooms @ It must be clearly administration and office areas frequently split ito groups consist ‘may also be eaten ‘wo groups. Central faciities are best grouped together on ground floor. Rooms are required for administration, consultation, ‘occupational therapy, physiotherapy, chirapody, In addition, rooms for entertainment. ‘common rooms, cafeteria and hairdressing should be provided ©. Provide one treatment room per design 19 building layout, measures will be Fequired to reduen the risk of erose-infection. Changes in level are best avoided but if this is not possible, ramps must be provided inside and outside building. Circulation listancos for residents chould be kopt to minima a al main routes will need handrails. Corridors must be wide {enough to allow two people in wheelchairs or walking with frames to pass each other comfortably. Careful interior design is necessary. Doors must not Festrict the residents’ ahilay 1 get eraunds automatic ‘opening may be required. Furniture and fittings must be suitable for older people. Consistent temperatures are required and contingency plans for providing heating in the event of power falures should be considered. The ability to contral temperature {and sunlight penetration, particularly in bedrooms and sitting rooms, is important to residents, Hot pipes end heaters must be protected: the maximum acceptable surface temperature is around 43°C. Hot water systems must be designed to eesist infection such as that causing Legionnaires disease. 2 Et 303OLD PEOPLE'S ACCOMMODATION © Feet moor + © erent aod popes home Matai 308@ site ven ©) taro automatic washing @ seven -® LAUNDRIES The following figures may be was to estimate the amount of washing arcing por week in Ka of dy laundry {Broportion for roning approx 40%) Hotels: approx. 20kgmes (Wodeothes and hand towels changed dail) pron Y213kgbed tppron 8-10 kgioed (change of bedcothes 2-3 timesweck) tppron Skgibed (tourist hotel, change of bedclothes oncenwent) ‘The values given include restaurants Guvst houses: epprox. Bkabed Restaurants approx 15-2 0kgs0at ‘The proportion of ironing ie about 75% fr hotels, guesthouses nd (te peoples’ homes: Residential’ approx. 3 kg/bed Nursing nome: approx Bkged Incontinent: approx. 25kgtbed Chiktren'shome: approx. éxgibea {or babies: approx. 10-12kghbed Trad Mosica! nursing homes: 29pr0%. 4 kobad Incontinent s9pr0% 25hgibed The proportion of ironing is about 80% forthe shove homes; Hospitals and clinics (upto abou 200 bad General hospital 12-1Skg/bed Gyntecotosical materi unit. approx. igibeo Chileon’ cline: approx 1Bkaibed ‘The proportion of ironing is about 70% for hospitals. Nursing stati approx 3.5 kaprson Required washing capacity ~ Amount of washingiweok Washing dayatweek = number of woshesiday Example calculations: 1) Hotel with 80 beds utlisation6O% = 48 beds Four changes of bedcotheswweek and daly change of hand towels «approx. 12egibed these at 12 kg lundry - Table and kitchen weshing, approx Ta agweok = 15549 por wesh equtreo washing eapacty = $82, 2) Hote wth 10 beds: uiisation 60% = 90 beds Dally enenges of begcomes an hand towels = Z04g/Ded 80.beds at 204g launary "00 kg week Table and ktchan waching, aprox 200 igen 2000 ka weok Requires washing capacity = 299 = 57189 perwash 3) 04 poople's and nursing heme: 50 residential beds, 70 nursing bode Srursng bes tka clothes = _—edtginenk coped of ting neta) Aeasired wasting capscty = 2-33.19 er wash ~ ax ve $0 1d eoplo's baat 34g andy’ = gO ghesk Tale ana bichon washing appron, —”- yokpweet igi Required washing capacity = 280 = ¢.34g per mash - Bx6 ‘9 Pes 208re erty LAUNDRIES. Some laundries may have to be separated into ‘clean’ and ‘soiled’ sections (0g. hospitals) each with is own entry point ~ 0-0 © ‘On the soiled sie, the floors, walle and surfaces ofall installed equipment must be sutable for wet cleaning and sisintection Walkways between the soiled and clean areas hand isinfeetion and spece for protective clo {doors in th airlock system must be linked such that only one door can be opened at atime. ts alalaleiale Io mangreaing AM concer el oc me rust mek A So A 306