Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bai Giảng Vat Ly Dai Cuong
Bai Giảng Vat Ly Dai Cuong
BI GING
HC PHN: VT L I CNG
DNH CHO SINH VIN BC CAO NG KHI NGNH K THUT
2
Chng 1 NG HC CHT IM
A/ Ni dung
1.1 Nhng khi nim m u
1.1.1 Chuyn ng v h qui chiu
Chuyn ng ca mt vt l s chuyn di v tr ca vt i vi cc vt khc
trong khng gian v thi gian
H vt m ta qui c l ng yn dng lm mc xc nh v tr ca cc vt
trong khng gian gi l h qui chiu
H qui chiu = H ta gn vi vt mc + ng h v gc thi gian
1.1.2 Cht im v h cht im
Cht im l mt vt c kch thc nh khng ng k so vi nhng khong
cch, nhng kch thc m ta ang kho st
V d: Xt chuyn ng ca vin n trong khng kh, ta c th coi vin n l
cht im
Mt tp hp cht im c gi l h cht im
V d: Khi kh ng trong mt chic cc (m 1; m2; m3.mn) l mt h cht
im
1.1.3 Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im
Khi cht im chuyn ng th ta x ca cht im bin i theo thi gian.
Phng trnh biu din s ph thuc ca ta x vo thi gian t x = f(t) gi l
phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im theo phng x
Nu bit phng trnh chuyn ng ca mt vt, ta c th m t y chuyn
ng ca vt
1.1.4 Qu o
Qu o ca cht im chuyn ng l ng to bi tp hp tt c cc v tr
ca n trong khng gian, trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng
1.1.5 Honh cong
Gi thit cht im M chuyn ng trn ng cong qu o (C). Trn (C) ta chn
mt im A c nh lm gc v mt chiu dng. Khi mi thi im t, v tr ca
im M trn (C) s c xc nh bi ln i s ca cung AM k hiu l
AM s ,
vi s gi l honh cong ca M. Khi M chuyn ng, s l hm ca thi gian t: s =s(t)
3
1.2 Vn tc
1.2.1 nh ngha vn tc
Vn tc ca cht im c gi tr bng o hm honh cong ca cht im i
vi thi gian
Vn tc c trng cho chiu v nhanh chm ca chuyn ng cht im
( Du ca v xc nh chiu chuyn ng: v >0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu
dng ca qu o; v <0 cht im chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li; Gi tr ln
i s ca v xc nh nhanh chm ca chuyn ng ti tng thi im )
1.2.2 Vect vn tc
Vect vn tc ti mt v tr M trn qu o l mt vect c phng nm trn tip
tuyn vi qu o ti M, c chiu theo chiu chuyn ng v c gi tr bng tr tuyt
ur
r ds
i ca v: v
dt
2 2 2
r 2 2 2 dx dy dz
ln vn tc c tnh theo cng thc: v vx v y vz
dt dt dt
1.3 Gia tc
1.3.1 nh ngha v biu thc ca vect gia tc
Vect gia tc trung bnh bng bin thin trung bnh ca vect vn tc trong mt
ur
uur v
n v thi gian : atb
t
ur
r dv
Vect gia tc tc thi bng o hm ca vect vn tc i vi thi gian: a
dt
4
dv x
2
d x
ax
dt
2 ;
dt
r dv y 2
d y
Vect gia tc trong h ta cc: a ay 2 ;
dt dt
2
dv z d z
az 2
dt dt
r 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 d x 2
d y d 2z
ln gia tc c tnh theo cng thc: a ax a y az 2 2 2
dt dt dt
1.3.2 Gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc php tuyn
Gia tc tip tuyn
Vect gia tc tip tuyn c trng cho s bin thin ca vect vn tc v gi tr;
vect ny:
- C phng trng vi tip tuyn ca qu o ti M
- C chiu l chiu chuyn ng khi v tng v chiu
ngc li khi v gim
- C ln bng o hm ln vn tc theo thi
dv
gian: at
dt
Kt lun
r ur uu
r
Ta c th phn tch vect gia tc ra hai thnh phn a at an
2 2 2
2 2 dv v
V ln a at an
dt R
Vect gia tc php tuyn c trng cho s bin thin ca vect vn tc v phng
Mt s trng hp c bit
an = 0 : vect vn tc khng thay i phng, cht im chuyn ng thng
at = 0 : vect vn tc khng thay i chiu v gi tr, cht im chuyn ng
cong u
a = 0 : vect vn tc khng i v phng, chiu v gi tr, cht im chuyn
ng thng u
B/ Sinh vin t c sch, nghin cu phn:
Mt s dng chuyn ng c c bit
Chuyn ng thng thay i u
Chuyn ng trn
Chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
- Ni trong chuyn ng trn, gia tc ca cht im l gia tc hng tm l ng hay
sai? Gii thch?
- Vit cng thc gia tc hng tm v ni r cc c trng ca vect gia tc
hng tm?
1/ Mt vt c th ri t cao H +h theo phng thng ng DD (D l chn
cao H + h). Cng lc mt vt th hai c nm ln t D theo phng thng ng
vi vn tc v0?
a/ Hi vn tc v0 phi bng bao nhiu hai vt gp nhau cao h?
b/ Tnh khong cch x gia hai vt trc lc gp nhau theo thi gian?
c/ Nu khng c vt th nht th vt th hai t cao ln nht bng bao nhiu?
2/ Mt cht im chuyn ng trn mt mt phng c cc phng trnh chuyn ng
l x = 3cos2t, y = 3sin2t, trong t l thi gian
a/ Tnh m un vn tc v ?
b/ Tm hng v m un ca vec t gia tc ?
c/ Chuyn ng ny l chuyn ng g?
3/ Mt hn c nm theo phng nm ngang vi vn tc v 0 = 15 m/s. Tnh gia tc
php tuyn v gia tc tip tuyn ca hn sau lc nm 1s ?
Chng 2 NG LC HC CHT IM
A. Ni dung
2.1 Cc nh lut Newton
2.1.1 nh lut Newton th nht
6
r ur
Lc tip tuyn F ma lc ny gy ra gia tc tip tuyn lm ln vn tc thay i
uu
r uu
r
Lc php tuyn Fn ma n lc ny gy ra gia tc php tuyn lm cho vn tc i hng
cho mt cht im chuyn ng cong, iu kin cn l phi tc dng ln n
2
v
mt lc hng tm c ln bng: Fn ma n m
R
r r
Hay: Tng hnh hc cc lc tng tc gia hai cht im bng khng FF'0
ur
Ch y: Hai lc v F ' l hai lc trc i (khng phi l hai lc cn bng) v
im t ca chng khc nhau
Tng qut: Tng cc ni lc ca mt h cht im c lp (cn gi l h kn)
bng khng
2.2 Cc nh l v ng lng
2.2.1 Thit lp cc nh l v ng lng
r ur
Ta bit ma F
r r r
dv r d ( mv ) r dK r
Mt khc, ta cng c th vit m F F F
dt dt dt
r uu r uu r t2 r
(hay tng hp cc lc) tc dng ln cht im : K K 2 K1 Fdt
t1
Cc lc lin kt
Mt th d kho st chuyn ng
- M ment ng lng
Mment ca mt vect i vi mt im
nh l v mment ng lng
Trng hp chuyn ng trn
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
- Vit phng trnh ca nh l v ng lng cho h c lp gm hai vt?
- Trong bng , khi ngi th mn bt mt qu bng st rt cng, ngi phi lm
ng tc ko di thi gian bng chm tay mnh (thu bng vo bng). Hy gii thch ti
sao?
1/ Th ri mt vt t cao h = 19,6m. Tnh:
a/ Qung ng m vt ri trong 0,1s u v 0,1 s cui ca thi gian ri?
b/ Thi gian cn thit vt i ht 1m u v 1m cui ca cao h?
2/ Ngi ta nm mt hn vi vn tc ban u v 0 = 10m/s theo phng hp vi mt
phng nm ngang mt gc 400. Gi s qu bng c nm i t mt t. Hi:
a/ cao ln nht m qu bng c th t c?
b/ Tm xa ca qu bng?
c/ Thi gian t lc nm bng n lc bng chm t?
3/T mt nh thp cao h =25m ngi ta nm mt hn ln pha trn vi vn tc v 0 =
15 m/s theo phng hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc 300. Xc nh:
a/ Thi gian chuyn ng ca hn ?
b/ Khong cch t chn thp n ch ri ca hn ?
c/ Vn tc ca hn lc chm t?
4/Mt vt c t trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang mt
gc 40. Hi:
a/ Gii hn ca h s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing vt c th trt xung
c trn mt phng nghing
b/ Nu h s ma st bng 0,03 th gia tc ca vt bng bao nhiu? Khi mun trt ht
qung ng s = 100m, vt phi mt thi gian bao lu?
c/ Trong iu kin cu hi b, vn tc ca vt cui qung ng 100m bng bao
nhiu?
5/ Mt tu in sau khi xut pht chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i a 1 = 0,6m/s2 . Sau
khi chuyn ng c 12s, ngi ta tt ng c v tu chuyn ng chm dn u cho
n khi dng hn. Trn ton b qung ng, h s ma st l k = 0,01. Tm:
a/ Vn tc ln nht ca tu? b/ Thi gian t lc xut pht
n khi dng hn?
c/ Gia tc ca tu trong chuyn ng chm dn u? d/ Qung ng tu i
c?
9
Chng 3 NG LC HC H CHT IM NG LC HC
VT RN
A/ Ni dung
3.1 Khi tm
3.1.1 nh ngha
10
Xc nh ta ca khi tm G i vi mt gc ta O no
uur uuur uuur
Ta c: OG OM i M i G (3.3)
n uuur
uur mi OM i
i 1
n n, ta c: OG n (3.4)
mi
i 1
uuur ur uuuur u
r
t OG R vi ba ta l X, Y, Z; OM i ri vi ba ta l xi, yi, zi
n r
r mi ri
i 1
vit li (3.4) : R n (3.5)
mi
i 1
n n n
mi xi mi yi mi zi
i 1 i 1 i 1
Hay chiu ln ba trc ta : X n ;Y n ;Z n (3.6)
mi mi mi
i 1 i 1 i 1
uu
r
uu
r dvi uu
r
mi dV ur ur
Ta c dV
i dt Hay ( mi ) mi ai Fi
i dt i i
dt mi
i
r ur
Hay ( mi ) a Fi (3.9)
i i
r r r r r
Hay dM (u v ) ( M dM )( v d v ) M v
r
Khai trin cc php tnh v b qua s hng v cng b bc hai dM .d v ta c
ur r
M dv udM
dM
Mdv udM dv u
M
M0
v, ta c: v u ln
M
13
M0
vi tn la) u phi ln v t s cng phi ln
M
3.3 Chuyn ng ca vt rn
3.3.1 Chuyn ng tnh tin
Khi mt vt rn chuyn ng tnh tin, mi cht im ca n chuyn ng theo
nhng qu o ging nhau
r ur
m1 a F1
r uu
r
m2 a F2
T phng trnh Newtn ta c: (3.14)
....
r ur
mi a Fi
r ur
Cng v theo v ca phng trnh (3.14) ta c ( mi ) a Fi
i i
(3.15)
2
d d
v cng gia tc gc 2
dt dt
r r r
v r
r r r
at r
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
1/Mt bnh xe quay chm dn u, sau 1 pht vn tc ca n gim t 300 vng/ pht
xung 180 vng/ pht. Tm gia tc gc ca bnh xe v s vng m bnh xe quay c
trong mt pht y?
2/ Mt bnh xe c bn knh R = 10cm lc u ng yn, sau quay xung quanh trc
ca n vi gia tc gc bng 3,14 rad/s2. Hi sau giy th nht:
a/ Vn tc gc v vn tc di ca mt im trn vnh bnh?
b/ Gia tc php tuyn, gia tc tip tuyn v gia tc ton phn ca mt im trn vnh
bnh?
3/ Mt bn g A c t trn mt phng nm ngang. Bn A c ni vi bn g B
khc bng mt si dy vt qua mt rng rc c nh. Khi lng ca rng rc v ca
dy coi nh khng ng k
a/ Tnh gia tc ca h thng nu cho m A = 200g; mB = 300g; h s ma st gia bn A
v mt phng nm ngang k = 0,25
b/ Tnh lc cng ca dy? Nu thay i v tr ca A v B th lc cng ca dy s bng
bao nhiu? Xem h s ma st vn nh c
4/ nh ca mt phng nghing hp vi mt phng nm ngang cc gc 30 0 v 450, c
gn mt rng rc khi lng khng ng k. Dng si dy vt qua rng rc, hai u
dy ni vi hai vt A v B t trn cc mt phng nghing. Khi lng ca cc vt A
v B u bng 1kg. B qua mi lc ma st. Tm gia tc ca h v lc cng dy?
5/ Ngi ta gn vo mp bn nm ngang mt rng rc c khi lng khng ng k.
Hai vt A v B c khi lng bng nhau m A = mB = 1kg c ni vi nhau bng mt
si dy vt qua rng rc. H s ma st gia vt B v mt bn bng 0,1. Tm: a/
Gia tc ca h b/ Lc cng ca dy. Coi ma st ca rng rc l
khng ng k
6/ Hai vt c khi lng m1 = 1kg, m2 = 2kg c ni vi nhau bng mt si dy v
c t trn mt bn nm ngang. Dng mt si dy khc vt qua mt rng rc, mt
u dy buc vo m2 v u kia buc vo mt vt th ba c khi lng m 3 = 3kg. Coi
ma st khng ng k. Tnh lc cng ca hai si dy?
7/ Mt vt c khi lng m = 200g, c treo u mt si dy di l = 40cm; vt
quay trong mt phng nm ngang vi vn tc khng i sao cho si dy vch mt mt
nn. Gi s khi dy to vi phng thng ng mt gc = 300. Tm vn tc gc
v lc cng dy
8/ Trn mt a nm ngang ang quay, ngi ta dt mt vt c khi lng m = 1kg
cch trc quay r = 50cm. H s ma st gia vt v a l 0,25s. Hi:
a/ Lc ma st phi c ln bng bao nhiu vt c gi trn a nu a quay vi
vn tc n = 12 vng/ pht
b/ Vi vn tc gc no th vt bt u trt khi a?
15
736mmHg= 9,81.104N/m2)
Nhit l i lng vt l c trng cho mc chuyn ng hn lon phn
t ca cc vt
o nhit bng nhit k (o nhit bng cch o mt i lng vt l bin
thin theo nhit v d nh cao ct thy ngn, sut in ng)
Nhit tuyt i (K-Kelvin), nhit Bch phn (C-Celsius): T0K = t0C
+ 273,16
Nhit Fahrenheit: T (F) = 9/5 t0C +320
4.2 Cc nh lut thc nghim v cht kh
4.2.1 nh lut Bil- Marit
Trong qu trnh ng nhit ca mt khi kh, th tch t l nghch vi p sut.
(4.3)
Hay: tch s ca th tch v p sut ca khi kh l mt hng s: PV= const
- ng vi cc nhit khc nhau ta c cc ng ng nhit khc nhau
- Nhit cng cao, ng ng nhit cng xa im gc
- Tp hp cc ng ng nhit gi l h ng ng nhit
4.2.2 Cc nh lut Gay- Luy-xc
P V
const (4.4) const (4.5)
T T
Trong qu trnh ng tch ca mt khi kh, p sut t l vi nhit tuyt i
Trong qu trnh ng p ca mt khi kh, th tch t l vi nhit tuyt i
P P0 V V0
Hay (V const) ( P const)
T T0 (4.6) T T0
(4.7)
17
'
p2 T1 T1
'
p2 p2
p dng nh lut Scl cho qu trnh ng tch 2 2, ta c: p2 T2 T2
Hay (4.11)
T1
Thay (4.11) vo (4.10) , ta c: p1V1 p2 V2
T2
p1V1 p2V2
Hay T1 T2 (4.12)
Phng trnh trng thi dng tng qut
4.3.2 Gi tr ca hng s kh R
(4.13)
Khi h thc hin mt qu trnh bin i v cng nh, biu thc cadU=
nguyn
A+ Q
l
th nht s c dng
Hay c th pht biu nh sau: Nhit truyn cho h trong mt qu trnh c gi tr
bng bin thin ni nng ca h v cng do h sinh ra trong qu trnh Q=U+A'
Qui c
A, Q >0 l cng v nhit m h nhn c
A = -A; Q = -Q l cng v nhit m h sinh ra
Ngha l h nhn cng v nhit t bn ngoi lm cho ni nng ca h tng (A,Q,U)>0
(A,Q,U)<0
Ngha l h sinh cng v ta nhit ra bn ngoi, lc ny ni nng ca h gim
4.5.2 H qu
A=Q 0 U=0 U=const
H qu 1 i vi h c lp ta c
Q Q1 Q2 0 Q1 Q2
Vy, ni nng ca mt h c lp c bo ton:
Nu Q1 < 0 (vt 1 ta nhit) th Q2 > 0 (vt 2 thu nhit) v ngc li
Vy, trong mt h c lp gm hai vt ch trao i nhit, nhit lng do vt ny ta ra
bng nhit lng do vt kia thu vo
H qu 2 i vi h l mt my lm vic tun hon, bin i trng thi theo mt chu
U 0 A=-Q
trnh, th sau mt chu trnh
Vy, trong mt chu trnh cng m h nhn c c gi tr bng nhit do h ta
ra bn ngoi hay cng do h sinh ra c gi tr bng nhit m h nhn vo t bn ngoi
4.5.3 ngha ca nguyn l th nht
Nguyn l th nht l mt quy lut tuyt i ca thin nhin
Khng th no ch to c ng c vnh cu loi mt
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
Ni nng l g? N ph thuc vo nhng thng s no ca h? Nu cc cch lm bin
i ni nng?
Ti sao c th ni rng nguyn l th nht ca NLH l s vn dng nh lut bo ton
v chuyn ha nng lng vo cc hin tng nhit?
Sau qu trnh thun v qu trnh nghch, cng ca trng lc sinh ra bng khng.
Kt qu l mi trng xung quanh khng b bin i
Xt qu trnh nn, gin kh on nhit v cng chm
Nu nn khi kh v cng chm t V 2 n V1 (qu trnh nghch), khi kh s i
qua cc trng thi cn bng trung gian nh trong qu trnh gin (qu trnh thun). Cng
m khi kh nhn c trong qu trnh nn bng cng do kh sinh ra trong qu trnh
gin. Kt qu l sau khi tr v trng thi ban u, khi kh khng trao i cng vi bn
ngoi v mi trng xung quanh khng b bin i
V qu trnh khng thun nghch:
+ Cc qu trnh xy ra c ma st
Do c ma st, mt phn cng trong qu trnh thun bin thnh nhit; nu tin
hnh qu trnh nghch th mt phn cng na bin thnh nhit. Kt qu l mt phn
cng bin thnh nhit, nhit lm nng cc vt khc v lm mi trng xung quanh
b bin i
+ Qu trnh truyn nhit t vt nng sang vt lnh
Sau khi vt nng truyn nhit cho vt lnh v ly nhit t vt lnh tr li cho vt
nng hai vt tr v trng thi ban u th mi trng xung quanh b bin i
ngha ca vic nghin cu cc qu trnh thun nghch v khng thun
nghch
C vai tr rt quan trng trong cng trnh xy dng nguyn l th hai ca nhit
ng hc
5.3 Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng hc
5.3.1 My nhit
L mt h hot ng tun hon bin cng thnh nhit v bin nhit thnh cng
ng c nhit: l loi my nhit bin nhit thnh cng
VD: my hi nc
My lm lnh: l loi my tiu th cng vn chuyn nhit t ngun lnh
sang ngun nng
VD: my lm lnh dng kh p
5.3.2 Pht biu nguyn l th hai
Pht biu ca Claodiut: Nhit khng th t ng truyn t vt lnh sang vt nng hn
24
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
- Hy cho bit y ngha ca nh l Ccn
- Nguyn l II NLH lin quan n hin tng g trong t nhin? Mi quan h gia
n vi nguyn l I NLH nh th no?
1/ Mt ng c nhit lm vic theo chu trnh Cacno gia hai ngun nhit T 1 = 9273 K
v T2 = 273K, cng sut ca ng c l: P = 106W. Tnh:
a/ Hiu sut ca ng c?
b/ Nhit lng tc nhn nhn c t ngun nng v nhit lng m tc nhn nh ra
t ngun lnh trong mt giy?
q1q2 1 q1q2
F k
r2 4 0 r 2
r
r q r 1 q
E 2 E 2
4 0 r r 4 0 r
Vect cm ng in
r r
- nh ngha: D 0 E
- n v: C/m2 r
r q r q
D 3 D
- Vect cm ng in gy bi mt in tch im 4 r 4 r
2
ur
in trng u v S D : e DS
dScos dS n
nhn din tch dS l i lng d 2 hay d 2
r r
dScos
d
(S ) (S ) 2
r
r
Nu chn chiu n hng ra ngoi mt S, th 4 ; ngc li th 4
6.3.2.2 in thng xut pht t mt in tch im q
Cho mt in tch im q t ti v tr O c nh; trong khong khng gian xung
quanh q tn ti in trng ca q.
r
Xt mt din tch vi phn dS v gi n l vect php tuyn dng ca dS, c
ur
chiu hng ra ngoi O. Ti mt im M ca dS (OM =r) vect cm ng in D c
30
uuuu
r r
phng nm theo OM r , c chiu t O i ra nu q >0, i vo O nu q <0 v c
1 q
ln: D 2
4 r
q dScos
in thng qua din tch vi phn dS cho bi d 0 DdScos = 2
4 r
q
Hay theo nh ngha ca gc khi: d e d
4
q
d l gc khi t O nhn dS; ta c th vit de d
4
V d dng nghim li rng ng thc trn ng trong c hai trng hp q >0 v q <0.
q
Ta tnh in thng i qua mt mt kn S bao quanh q: S d e d
S 4 S
q
e d
4 S
d d d
tng hai tch phn: S S1 S2
kn S
uur
Chn chiu dS lun hng ra ngoi mt S
6.3.2.4 Dng vi phn ca nh l -G. Phng trnh Poatxng
Nu in tch trong th tch V c phn b lin tc th ta c th biu din nh
l -G di mt dng khc (dng vi phn)
ur
Biu thc: divD l mt in tch khi
Hay cn gi l phng trnh Poatxng (c dng tnh cng in trng
ti mt im bt k trong in trng nu bit hm phn b in tch)
Chng minh nh l trong trng hp n gin
ur uur
e D.dS D.dS D dS
S S S
q
e 4 r 2 q
4 r 2
in trng gia hai mt phng song song v hn tch in u, tri du, c cng
mt
32
D ;E
0
ur
in trng u: D 2 bn, hng t bn dng sang bn
m
Hnh 6.9 in trng gia hai mt phng song song v hn tch in u, tri du,
c cng mt
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
1/ Hai qu cu nh ging nhau, cng khi lng m, bn knh r, in tch q c treo
bng hai si dy mnh c cng chiu di l vo cng mt im. Do lc tng tc
Coulomb, mi dy lch mt gc so vi ng thng ng. Nhng hai qu cu vo
du c 2 ngi ta thy gc lch mi dy vn l . Tnh khi lng ring D ca qu
cu, bit khi lng ring ca du l D0 = 0,8.103kg.m3
2/ Cho ba in tch cng ln q t ba nh ca mt tam gic du cnh a trong
khng kh. Xc nh lc tc dng ca hai in tch ln in tch th ba. Bit c mt
in tch tri du vi hai in tch kia
3/ Hai in tch dng q 1 = q v q2 = 4q t cch nhau mt on d trong khng kh.
Phi t in tch q0 u, bng bao nhiu q0 nm cn bng?
4/ Mt vng trn lm bng mt dy dn mnh bn knh R mang in tch q >0 phn b
u trn dy. Xc nh cng in trng ti:
a/ Mt im M nm trn trc vng dy, cch tm mt on h
b/ Tm O ca vng dy
5/ Xc nh cng in trng gy bi 1 si dy thng, mnh, di v hn tch in
u vi mt in di ti im M cch si dy mt on R?
33
uur u
r r
uur uur 0 I 0 dl0 ( I dl r )
chn khng l mt vect dF0 vi dF0 3
4 r
u
r r
- C phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t I 0 .dl 0 v php tuyn n
uu
r r uuur
- C chiu sao cho ba vect dl 0 ; n v dF0 , theo th t , hp thnh mt tam din
thun
Idl sin I 0 dl0 sin
- V c ln bng dF0 k 2
r
- Gc ti im M
uu
r
- Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha phn t dng in I dl v im M
uu
rr uur
- Chiu sao cho ba vect dl ; r v dB theo th t ny hp thnh mt tam din thun
(qui tc vn nt chai)
0 Idl sin
- ln dB c xc nh bi cng thc dB 2
4 r
I 0 IS
Dng in thng: B cos 1 cos 2 Dng in trn: B
4R
2 R 2 h 2 3/ 2
0 I
B 1 0; 2 1800 0 IS I
2R B 0
2R 3 2R
Tp hp cc ng cm ng t hp thnh t ph
ur
Dng vi phn: divB 0
ngha:
- ng sc t l ng khp kn, khng c im xut pht v im kt thc
- Khng tn ti cc phn t t c bn (t tch) ging nh cc in tch
37
Sini1: sin gc ti; sini2: sin gc khc x; n21: chit sut t i ca mi trng 2
i vi mi trng 1
8.2 Quang c: Knh lp, knh ngm, ng chun trc v knh quang trc
8.2.1 Knh lp: Knh lp l mt dng c quang hc b tr cho mt trong vic quan st
cc vt nh. N c tc dng lm tng gc trng nh bng cch to ra mt nh o ln
hn vt v nm trong gii hn nhn r ca mt
Knh lp n gin nht l mt thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn
8.2.2 Knh ngm, ng chun trc v knh quang trc
Vy ri ca din tch dS l:
B/ Sinh vin t c sch, nghin cu phn: Quang sai, knh hin vi, knh thin vn
C/ Cu hi v bi tp
- Chit sut t i l g? Chit sut tuyt i l g? Nu h thc gia hai loi chit sut
?
- Nu cu to v cch ngm chng nh ca mt vt qua knh lp, knh ngm, ng
chun trc v knh quang trc
HNG DN GII:
9/ a/ Ti I: sini = nsinr
Gc ti ti J l r: nsinr = sini .... suy ra i= i. Vy tia l song song vi tia ti SI
b/ V thm tia ti SH thng gc vi mt bn. Tia ny i thng qua bn. im ct nhau
S ca hai tia l JR v HR l nh ca S cho bi bn.
Ta c SS = IK = IP KP = e KP; Mt khc, JP = IP tanr = IP r = er;
Suy ra: KP = JP/ tani = er/ i; Suy ra: SS = e KP = e (1-
r/i)
M i== nr hay r/i = 1/n; Vy, ta c SS = e. (n-1)/n
c/ Bn mt song song v S trong nc c chit sut n . Chng minh nh cub/
nhng thay n bng chit sut t i ca bn i vi mi trng bn ngoi: n n/n.
Vy, ta c: SS = e. (1- r/i) = e (1- n/n). Hay SS = e. (n- n)/n
10/ Coi mt l vt. nh sng t O qua mt phn cch khng kh- nc cho nh l O 1.
Ta c: HI =HOtani=HO1tanr
K cho nh r nt l nh HO1/HO = Tani/tanr = i/r
Mt khc sini = nsinr nn: sini/ sinr = i/r = n
Vy, ta c: HO1/ HO = n ; Suy ra: HO1 = n.HO = 4/3.21 = 28cm.
nh O1 l vt i vi gng phng, cho nh l O2 i xng vi O1 qua gng. Ta c:
KO2 = KO1 = KH + HO1; KO2 = 16cm + 28cm = 44cm
O2 cch mt thong ca nc l: HO2 = KO2 + HK = 44cm + 16cm = 60cm
Chm tia phn x t y chu i qua mt phn cch nc khng kh cho nh cui
cng l O3.
HM = HO3 tani = HO2 tanr; HO3 = HO2 tanr/tani
Suy ra, HO3 = 1/n HO2 = 3/4. 60 = 45cm
Vy nh O3 cch mt l: OO3 = OH + HO3 = 21cm + 45cm = 66cm