Review for Test 3 - Anatomy & Physiology 2

1) Know term meaning a collection of cell bodies found outside the CNS
Ganglia (singular=ganglion)

2) Know inferior (caudal) structures associated with the spinal cord

1. conus medullaris (L1/L2) taping ending of the spinal cord
2. filum terminale
3. cauda equina or called (horses tail)

3) Order of the meningeal layers (superficial to deep, vice-versa)

1. Dural mater – (superficial) Outer
2. Arachnoid mater – middle
3. Pia mater – (deep)
4) Know area of spinal cord that contains cell bodies of the somatic and autonomic motor neurons
Somatic motor neurons= anterior grey horn
autonomic motor neurons= lateral grey horn

5) What is contained in the posterior (dorsal) root ganglion?

Cell bodies of the sensory neuron or Cell bodies of the previsual sensory nerve

6) What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?

Reflex are 5 components
3. Sensory receptor
4. Sensory nerve or sensory neuron
5. Integration center (integrative or integrated center)
6. Motor nerve or motor neuron
7. Effectors (muscle or gland)

7) What is the basic function of a sensory receptor?

sensory receptor: convert stimulus into a nerve impulse

8) Know the difference between the stretch, tendon, and flexor/crossed extensor reflexes.
Stretch reflex tendon reflex flexor/crossed extensor reflexes
Monosynaptic reflex Polysynaptic reflex Polysynaptic reflex
Segmental reflex Segmental reflex intersegmental reflex
Ipsilateral reflex Ipsilateral reflex Ipsilateral/ contralateral reflex
Muscle spindle tendon organ pain receptors
Prevent overstretching prevent tendon tension withdraw of limb from pain

9) How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the human body?
31 pairs of spinal nerves

10) Know the difference between the endoneurium, perineurium and the epineurium
Endoneurium –surrounds individual axons
Perineurium –surrounds fascicles (bundles) of axon
Epineurium –surrounds the entire nerve

11) Know the areas supplied by each ramus of the spinal nerve
1. Posterion Rami –supplies skin/deep back muscles
2. Anterior rami –supplies superficial muscles of the back, anterolateral
bodywall; limbs (upper/limbs)
 3. Meningeal branch –supplies Meninges other adjacent structure inside the
vertebrae column. Go back in and supply blood vessels by vertebrae column,
goes a little to the disks and such.
4. Rami communicantes –goes to Autonomic nerves system (ANS)
pre-ganglionic neuron
systemic pre-ganglionic neuron

12) Know the areas supplied by each plexus

1. Cervical plexus –C1-C4, C5
Supply back of head, neck, across top of shoulders
Phrenic nerve –(C3-C5) –supply the diaphragm
2. Brachial plexus –C5-T1
Supply entire upper limbs (entire upper limbs from shoulder joints down to your fingertips)
3. Lumber plexus –(L1-L4)
Supply part of lower limbs
Anterolateral abdominal wall
( boy, girl) exterior genitals
4. Sacral plexus –L4-S4
Supplies part of lower limb
Buttock
Perineum =region from genitals to anus
Part of lower limbs (primary down back of the leg)
5. Coccygeal plexus –(S4-S5-Co1) –skin, near coccyx

13) Define
Dermatome: constant specific area of skin innervated by a specific nerve (exception C1)

14) Know the 4 principle parts of the brain (with subdivisions).

4 principal parts
1. Brain stem –most primitive area
a. Medulla oblongata –inferior part
b. Pons
c. Midbrain –superior part subdivision
2. Cerebellum –posterior to brainstem
2nd largest part to brain
3. Diencephalon –located superior to midbrain
A. thalamus -80% subdivision
B. hypothalamus
4. cerebrum -7/8 of total brain site –largestest
2% of body weight –brain
25% uses of oxygen (good supply of blood)
15) Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced, and in what space does it circulate?
cerebrospinal fluid –produced by the choroid plexus located in the ventricles of the brain (150mL a day)

what space does it circulate

subarachnoid space

16) What is the principle source of energy for the brain cells?
glucose

17) Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located?

Medulla or medulla oblongata,
18) Know the cranial nerves (names, Roman numerals, and origins)
Roman numerals names oringins
Part CN of XII –hypoglossal nerves medulla oblongata or Medulla
Part CN of XI –acessory nerves medulla oblongata or Medulla
Part CN of X –vagus nerves medulla oblongata or Medulla
Part CN of IX –glossopharyngeal nerves medulla oblongata or Medulla
Part CN of VIII –vestibulocochlear nerves medulla oblongata or Medulla
(part of eight in Pons)
Part CN of VII –facial nerves pons
Part CN of VI –abducens nerves pons
Lateral rectus

Ophthalmic branch
Part CN of V –trigeminal nerves maxillary branch pons
mandibular branch
Part CN of IV –trochlear nerve midbrain
Part CN of III –oculomotor nerve midbrain
Part CN of II -optic eye
Part CN of I -olfactory nasel cavitey

19) What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

1. Control/coordinates the ANS
2. Thirst center
3. Body temperature
4. Secrete ADH, make oxytocin =2 hormones
5. Hunger/satisfy center
6. Sleeping /waking cycle
7. Feelings of rage and aggressive
8. Psychosomatic disorder
9. Intermediary (between) the endocrine nerve system

20) What are the deep & shallow grooves in the surface of the brain called?
Deep grooves =fissure
Shallow grooves =sulcus

21) Where are visual sensations identified?

Primary visual area located in the occipital lobe
Visual association area

22) Where is the primary motor area of the brain located?

primary motor is located in the area of the brain called pre-central gyrus (which is part of the Frontal lobe)

23) What is the cerebellum's function?

Cerebellum –posterior to brainstem
2nd largest area
Gray matter –outside
White matter –inside
2 Cerebellum hemisphere –sepearate by the Vermis (constriction)
(Subconsiously control skeletal muscle involved in balance/equilibrium and posture)
25) Know where the different functional sensory and motor areas are located on the cerebral cortex.
Sensory
somatosensory area (touch)- post-central gyrus (parietal lobe)
Visual area (seeing) –occipital lobe
Auditory area (hearing) – temporal lobe
Olfactory area (Smell)-temporal lobe
Gustatory area (taste)–anterolateral parietal lobe

Wernicke's –speech/written word thought

Common integration sensory experience

Motor
motor area – precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)
Pre-motor complex learned motor skill
Frontal eyefield scanning eyeball movement
Broca's speech

26) Know tine functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Control - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretion

27) How does ANS differ from the somatic nervous system? (anatomically)
ANS-two motor neuron
SNS –one motor neuron

28) Know the location of the thoracolumbar and craniosacral divisions of the ANS. Which
is parasympathetic/sympathetic?
Thoracolumbar divisons:
located T1-L2

craniosacral divisions:
CN III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4

Which is parasympathetic/sympathetic?
Parasympathetic: craniosacral divisions

Sympathetic: Thoracolumbar divisons

29) Know the classification of all pre-ganglionic neurons (ANS)

Type –B fibers

30) Know the classification of all post-ganglionic neurons (ANS)

Type –C fibers

31) Know the name & locations of the 3 autonomic ganglia

1. Sympathetic truck ganglia -22 pairs, alongside the spinal column
2. Prevertebral ganglia-3 found anterior to spinal column
3. Terminal ganglia –close to, near to, or within the effectors

32) Know the different neuropeptides

Neuropeptides: modulate to pain response
Protein substances our brain makes
3 or 20amin acids loop together

Enkephalins: 200x’s more powerful than morphine

Endorphin /dynorphine: like natural opioids

Getting high
Substance P: enhanced pain perception
By spinal cord area

33) What plexus supplies the diaphragm?

Cervical plexus –C1-C4, C5
Supply back of head, neck, across top of shoulder
Phrenic nerve –(C3-C5) –supply the diaphragm

34) Which part of the brain links the nervous & endocrine system?
Hypothalamus

35) Understand how the destruction of different parts of the cerebral cortex would result in specific
losses of sensory perception or motor control
Sensory
somatosensory area (touch)- post-central gyrus (parietal lobe)
Visual area (seeing) –occipital lobe
Auditory area (hearing) – temporal lobe
Olfactory area (Smell)-temporal lobe
Gustatory area (taste)–anterolateral parietal lobe

Wernicke's –speech/written word thought

Common integration sensory experience

Motor
motor area – precentral gyrus (frontal lobe)
Pre-motor complex learned motor skill
Frontal eyefield scanning eyeball movement
Broca's speech

36) Where are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers located?

Apneustic centers
pneumotaxic centers located in the pons area (regulate respiration)

37) Know what a positive Babinski's reflex (sign) is & what is it indicative of in an adult?
Babinski reflex – (18 months baby is normal/above 18 months child is abnormal)
Positive test: Dorsiflexion of the first toe or the big toe.
See also a plantaflexion and plus a spreading apart of toe 2-5
Negative sign: if all the toes plantarflex and the person pull its foot away

what is it indicative
its simply tells us that somewhere in the central nerve system (brain or spinal cord, doesn’t tell us where)
there is a lesion (something is wrong)
a pathology in the Central nerve system or Central nerve system lesion
you have go in and find out what is wrong

KNOW THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA: also known as tic douloureux. Neuralgia of one or more branches
of Cranial Nerve V

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA): abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms due to the
destruction of brain tissue resulting from disorders in the blood vessels that supply the brain
ANALGESIA: absence of the sensation of pain [pain relief]

NEURALGIA: attacks of pain along the entire course or branch of a sensory nerve

NERVE BLOCK: loss of sensation in a region due to injection of a local anesthetic

SCIATICA: severe pain down the posterior and lateral aspect of the leg and the lateral aspect of the foot

AGNOSIA: inability to recognize the significance of sensory stimuli such as sounds, sights, smells tastes, and
touch.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: autoimmune disorder involving the progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths
of neurons in the CNS

PARESTHESIA: an abnormal sensation such as burning, pricking, tickling, or tingling resulting form a
disorder of a sensory nerve
SHINGLES: an acute infection of the peripheral nervous system caused by herpes zoster

AND THESE TERMS

TRACT: a bundle of ascending/descending neuron within CNS
EPINEURIUM: CT covering that surrounds the entire nerve

LATERAL GRAY HORN: portion of spinal cord containing the cell bodies of ANS motor neurons

GRAY MATTER: unmyelinated axons/cell bodies/dendrites in CNS

WHITE MATTER: myelinated axons within the CNS

ENDONEURIUM: CT covering found surrounding individual nerve fibers (axons)

PERINEURIUM: CT covering surrounding bundles (fascicles) of nerve fibers

NUCLEUS: collection of cell bodies within the CNS

POSTERIOR GRAY HORN: portion of spinal cord which receives sensory impulses

ANTERIOR GRAY HORN: portion of spinal cord containing the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons