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Eye
Eye
Eye
Inpractice,lightisrefractedatbothsurfacesofthelensbutfor
simplicitywedrawonlyonerefractionasifithappenedatthe
centreline
Convex
FOCUS
axis
F
PARALLELrays
fromdistantobject focallength
Convexlensesbringtheraystogether(converge)atafocus.
ConvexlensesareCONVERGINGLENSES
Concave
PARALLELrays
fromdistantobject
F F
FOCUS
(Virtual)
focallength
Concavelensesspreadtheraysout(diverge).
Theraysseemtocomefromavirtualfocusontheotherside.
ConcavelensesareDIVERGINGLENSES
Jumpbackto
Next raydiagrams
Raydiagrams
LightisreflectedoffALL
POINTSofanon
luminousobjectinLOTS
OFDIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS
Toworkoutwhatsortof
imagealenswillproduce,we
select2raysonlyfromthetop
pointoftheobject:
oneparalleltotheaxis
onetothecentreofthelens
Ray Diagrams for Converging Lenses
2F F F 2F
focallength
2xfocallength
1.Arayparalleltotheaxisisrefractedthroughthefocus
2.Araytothecentreofthelenspassesthroughundeflected
(3.Araythroughthefocusisrefractedparalleltotheaxis)
RAYDIAGRAMS:IMAGES
IfimageLARGERthanobject:MAGNIFIEDIf
imageSMALLERthanobject:DIMINSHED
2F MAGNIFICATION=IMAGEHEIGHT
F F 2F
OBJECTHEIGHT
Thisis:
MAGNIFIED
INVERTED IfimageSAMEWAYUPasobject:UPRIGHTIf
REAL imageUPSIDEDOWN:INVERTED
Mag=1.25
Ifrayspassthroughobject:REAL
Ifraysonlyseemtocomefromobject(see
diverginglens):VIRTUAL
1.OBJECTOUTSIDE2F
IMAGE:REAL,INVERTED,DIMINSHED
IMAGEPOSITION:betweenFand2F
Cameras,eyes
Backto
diagram
1.OBJECTOUTSIDE2F
2F F F 2F
IMAGE:REAL,INVERTED,DIMINSHED
uses
IMAGEPOSITION:betweenFand2F
nextdiagram
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
Draw a ray diagram for a convex lens with a focal length of
5cm and an object that is 15cm away.
u v
Object distance (u) > 2f: Image is real, smaller, and inverted
2.OBJECTAT2F
IMAGE:REAL,INVERTED,SAMESIZE
IMAGEPOSITION:at2F
Copyingcamera Backto
diagram
2.OBJECTAT2F
2F F F 2F
IMAGE:REAL,INVERTED,SAMESIZE
uses
IMAGEPOSITION:at2F
nextdiagram
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
Draw a ray diagram for a convex lens with a focal length of
5cm and an object that is 8cm away.
u v
Projectors
Backto
diagram
3.OBJECTBETWEENFAND2F
2F F F 2F
IMAGE:REAL,INVERTED,MAGNIFIED
uses
IMAGEPOSITION:outside2F
nextdiagram
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
4.OBJECTATF
IMAGE:NOIMAGEFORMED(raysdontmeet)
IMAGEPOSITION:none(oratinfinity)
Searchlights Backto
diagram
4.OBJECTATF
2F F F 2F
IMAGE:NOIMAGEFORMED(raysdontmeet)
uses
IMAGEPOSITION:none(oratinfinity)
nextdiagram
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
5.OBJECTINSIDEF
IMAGE:VIRTUAL,UPRIGHT,MAGNIFIED
IMAGEPOSITION:inside2F&SAMESIDEASOBJECT
Magnifying Backto
diagram
glass
5.OBJECTINSIDEF
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
uses
*VIRTUALImage:
LightdoesNOT endshow
actuallypassthroughit
cannotbeprojected
ontoascreen
2F F F 2F
IMAGE:VIRTUAL*,UPRIGHT,MAGNIFIED
IMAGEPOSITION:inside2F&SAMESIDEASOBJECT
Draw a ray diagram for a convex lens with a focal length of
5cm and an object that is 2cm away.
2F F F 2F
2.Drawanobjectoutside2Fatthepositionshownandatthesizeshown
3.Applytheraydiagramrulesanddrawintheimage
Classifytheimagebyfillinginthetablebelow.Repeatforotherpositions
Objectpos. Imagepos. mag/dim upright/Inverted real/virtual Uses
outside2F
at2F
betweenF&
atF
2F
insideF
Converging lens : summary
Image Image
DIMISHED MAGNIFIED
INVERTED UPRIGHT
REAL VIRTUAL
REALimagescanbePROJECTEDONASCREEN
VIRTUALimagescannotbeprojected
Now, for Diverging lenses
For a Diverging Lens:
endshow
2F F F 2F
Sametype
ofimagefor
allobject
positions
IMAGE:VIRTUAL,UPRIGHT,DIMINSHED
IMAGEPOSITION:INSIDEFSAMESIDEASOBJECT
STOP
Arrowkeytoanimateslide
Draw a ray diagram for a concave lens with a focal length of
5cm and an object that is 8cm away.
The image is
always virtual
always (upright) erect
diminished
Lens equation and magnification
1 1 1
f v u
Therelationshipbetweentheobjectdistanceufromthelens,theimage
distancev,andthefocallengthf.
v
m Thelinear(transverse)magnificationmproducedbyalens
u isdefinedastheratioofheightofimage/heightofobject.
Sign conventions for Lenses
Si v
1 1 =
+ 1 m=
= So u
f u v
1 1 1 1
v 18 12 36 v 36cm
1
Power of the lens P
f
Physics of the eye
The eyeball is a kind of camera but
Two lenses (cornea and eye lens)
Focusing by accommodation
Accommodationistheprocessbywhichthevertebrateeye
changesopticalpowertomaintainaclearimageorfocusonan
objectasitsdistancevaries.Thisabilityisduetocontractions
andrelaxationoftheciliarymusclesattachedtotheeyelens.
Relaxed=thineyelens
Taut=thickeyelens
Inhumansaccommodationupto15Dbutdecreaseswithage
Physics of the eye
Inbrightlighteyepupilnarrowduetocontractionof
concentricfibresandrelaxationofradialfibres.
Indimlighteyepupilexpandsduetocontractionofradial
fibresandrelaxationofconcentricfibres(dilation)
Range:<1mmto10mm
By the fifth decade of life the accommodative
amplitude has declined so that the near point of the
eye is more remote than the reading distance. When
this occurs the patient is presbyopic. Once presbyopia
occurs, those who are emmetropic (do not require
optical correction for distance vision) will need an
optical aid for near vision; those who are myopic
(nearsighted and require an optical correction for
distance vision), will find that they see better at near
without their distance correction; and those who are
hyperopic (farsighted) will find that they may need a
correction for both distance and near vision.
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_%28eye%
29
Physics of the eye
Focusingyoureyeonanearby
thumbrequiresshorterfocallength
(morebulgy)eyelensthanfocusing largef
ontheProffaraway,sinceraysmust
bebentmoreforimagetofallon Prof.isinfocus
retina.
Thumbisinfocus
smallerf
Profisoutoffocus
Human Eye: Review of what we
learned about the Human Eye
Try in home
When we are looking at objects, the
image is formed
The retina is where the image falls
at the back of your eyeball
How are rods and cones
distributed in the retina? Fig.
Image falls on retina instead 5.12
of CCD. The fovea is the small region
Rods & cones packed into near the center of the retina
retina. Used for sharp, detailed viewing.
Sensitive to light like camera Has the most cones (precise, color
film vision)
Optic nerve Has no rods (used for low light,
less precise viewing).
Nerve fibers connect rods &
Looking at someone means their
cones to brain. (transform
light into electrical signals) image is on your fovea
If their image is not on your fovea
Blind spot is where optic you see them "out of the corner of
nerve leaves eyeball. Demo. your eye."
Eyeball moves to see a sharp
image
It scans to make all parts of an
image eventually fall on your
fovea
Therearenolightdetectingrodsandconeswheretheopticnerve
leavestheeye.Thisiscalledtheblindspot.
Adaptation of the rods and cones to
the dark: darkness adaptation
The retina is able to change its How does the lowering of your
sensitivity to light as the light detection threshold work?
intensity varies by a factor up to When you are outside the theater
you don't need to see very low light
1013. levels. Your detection threshold is
This is similar to a camera high
Outside in the sun you are mainly
(but the range is enormous) seeing by using your cones.
After you walk into a dark movie They enable you to see in full color.
This is called photoptic vision
theater your eyes gradually After you enter the theater your
"adjust" to the darkness detection threshold gradually goes
down
because your rods and cones After about 7 minutes you can no
can detect lower and lower longer see with your cones
intensities as time goes on! You switch to rods, which are more
sensitive
At any given time the Your rods don't allow you to see colors
minimum light intensity you This is called scotopic vision
Your rod sensitivity continues to
can just barely see (called improve in the dark for another 25
your detection threshold) gets minutes (detection threshold goes
lower and lower down)
Comparing eyes and camera
a diaphragm to control the amount of light that gets
through to the lens. This is the shutter in a camera,
and the pupil, at the center of the iris, in the human
eye.
a lens to focus the light and create an image. The
image is real and inverted.
a method of sensing the image. In a camera, film is
used to record the image; in the eye, the image is
focused on the retina, and a system of rods and cones
is the front end of an image-processing system that
converts the image to electrical impulses and sends
the information along the optic nerve to the brain.
Defectsoftheeyes
ShortsightMyopia LongsightHyperopia
Eyelenstoo Eyelenstoo
strong: weak:spectacle
spectaclelens lensconverges
divergeslightto lighttobring
bringbackinto backintofocus
focus
Reference