Republic of the Philippines

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDIES
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
1st Semester, S.Y 2016-2017

Course Code: EDF 205

Course Title: Educational Management
Topic: Meanings and Definitions of Management
Emergence of Management
Professor: Dr. Virgilio M. Padlan
Discussant: Francis Louie D. Mendoza
Don Bien B. Peralta

Introduction

Management means many things to many people. To a layman management

means an impressive person occupying an air-condition chamber with an over staked
table and cushioned chair. Some people suggest management as commanding other. To
many others, management is nothing more than clerical work and putting fancy
signatures. But truly management is the process of planning, organizing, staffing,
directing, coordinating and controlling the activities of business enterprises. It is also
described as the technique of leadership, decision making and a mean of coordinating.

EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
(MEANINGS AND DEFINITIONS OF MANAGEMENT)

What is Management?
Etymology
The English verb "manage" comes from the Italian maneggiare (to
handle, especially tools or a horse), which derives from the two Latin
words manus (hand) and agere (to act).
The French word mesnagement (or mnagement) influenced the semantic
development of the English word management in the 17th and 18th
centuries.
Henry Fayol: to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to
coordinate and to control.
Donald J. Clough: Management is the art and science of decision making and
leadership.
 F.W.Taylor: Management is the art of knowing what you want to do and then
seeing that it is done in the best and cheapest way.
George R. Terry: Management as a process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish the objective
using people and resources.
A distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling
and evaluating to accomplish the predetermined objectives of an institution
through the coordinated use of human and material resources.
is the accomplishment of results through the efforts of other people

What is Education?
The provision of series of learning experiences to learners for acquiring
knowledge, values, attitudes and skills for them to become more valuable and
productive as an individual and to the society.

Educational Management
Field of study and practice concerned with the operation of educational functions
and organizations
School management, as a body of educational doctrine, comprises several
principles and precepts relating primarily to the technique of classroom
procedure and derived largely from the practice of successful teachers. The
writers in this field have interpreted these principles and precepts in various
ways, usually by reference to larger and more fundamental principles of
psychology, sociology and ethics. Paul Monore
Theory and practice of the organisation and administration of existing
educational establishments and systems. G. Terrypage and J.B. Thomas
management implies an orderly way of thinking. It describes in operational terms
what is to be done, how it is to be done and how we know what we have done.
Management is a method of operation and good management should result in an
orderly integration of education and society. Shelly Umana

Educational Management as a process

is the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the
activities of an institution by utilizing human and material resources so as
 to effectively and efficiently accomplish functions of education (i.e.
teaching, extension work and research)

Educational Management as an art
The art of employing necessary skills, experiences, intuition, in
educational activities

Educational Management as a science

Technique of applying principles and facts to make sure that educational
goals are achieved through observation, experimentation and research for
decision-making.

Educational Management as a discipline

Substantive body of knowledge of concepts, theories and principles and
their practical applications to achieving goals of educational system and
institutions.

Why Manage Education?

Every school is established in order to achieve certain goals.
An educated society is a progressive society
Education is an important means to national development

EMERGENCE OF MANAGEMENT

ANCIENT PERIOD
Historians detect management-like-thoughts during ancient times (e.g.
household management, building of pyramids/great wall/etc, slave-
owning, governance, arrangement of social classes etc.)

PRE-INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
enterprises are not yet compelled to face issues of management
systematically
innovations such as the spread of Hindu numerals (5th to 15th centuries)
and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools
for management assessment, planning and control.

NICHOLO MACHIAVELLI
 Machiavelli wrote about how to make organizations efficient and
effective. The principles that Machiavelli set forth in Discourses (1531)
can be adapted to apply the management of organizations today:
An organization is more stable if members have the right to
express their differences and solve their conflicts within it.
While one person can begin an organization, "it is lasting when it
is left in the care of many and when many desires to maintain it.
A weak manager can follow a strong one, but not another weak
one, and maintain authority.
A manager seeking to change an established organization "should
retain at least a shadow of the ancient customs."

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
With the rise of the industrial revolution, along with the new means of
production, organizations gained scale. To coordinate these larger
organizations, owners needed to depend on others, which economists call
agents and the rest of us call managers. The focus was wholly on
execution of mass production, and managerial solutions such as
specialization of labor, standardized processes, quality control, workflow
planning, and rudimentary accounting were brought to bear.

1900s - PRESENT
By the early 1900s, the term management was in wide use, and Adam
Smiths ideas came into their own. Others such as Frederick Winslow
Taylor, Frank and Lillian Galbreth, Herbert R. Townes, and Henry L.
Gantt developed theories that emphasized efficiency, lack of variation,
consistency of production, and predictability. The goal was to optimize
the outputs that could be generated from a specific set of inputs.
The origin of the development of educational management as a field of
study began in the United States in the early part of the twentieth century.
Development in the United Kingdom came as late as the 1960s.
Educational management, as the name implies, operates in educational
organizations or institutions.
CONCLUSION:
 The emergence of Management lead to the birth of Educational management is a
comprehensive effort intended to achieve some specific educational objectives. It is
concerned with both human and material resources which are essential. Because the
degree of success of the educational management of any educational program depends
upon the degree of co-ordination and organization of these resources. With these, we can
help not just our schools or our children but also our society to achieve progress and
development.

THE MANAGER AND THE MANAGEMENT

The manager and their work
The manager sets goals for the group, and decides what work needs to be done to
meet those goals
The manager divides the work into manageable activities, and selects people to
accomplish the tasks that need to be done.

Organization
A deliberate arrangement of people brought together to accomplish some specific
purpose. Such us uni, football teams.

Common Characteristics of Organizations

Distinct purpose expressed in a goal or a set of goals
People working together to achieve the orgs goal through a set of decisions and
work activities.
A deliberate system.
The 5S Method

JAPANESE ENGLISH FILIPINO

Seire Sort Suriin
Seiton Systematize Sinupin
Seiso Sweep Simutin
Seiketsu Standardize Siguraduhin
Shitsuke Self discipline Sariling kusa

How Are Managers Different from Nonmanagerial Employees?

Nonmanagerial Employees
 - People who work directly on a job or task and have no responsibility for overseeing
the work of others. Examples, associates, team members
Managers
- Individuals in organizations who direct and oversee the activities of others.
Managers do work directly on tasks such as servicing some costumers.

What Titles Do Managers Have?

-Top Managers Responsible for making decisions about the direction of the organization
and establishing policies and philosophies that affect all organizational members.
Examples; President, Chief Executive Officer, Vice-President
-Middle Managers (btw the lowest and top levels) Manage the activities of other
managers and non-managerial employees and translating the goals set by top
managers to specific details that lower managers can understand.
Examples; District Manager, Division Manager
-First-line Managers Responsible for directing the day to day activities of non-managerial
employees
Examples; Supervisor, Team Leader
What Is Management?

- The process of getting things done effectively and efficiently, with and through
people
- A process refers to a set of ongoing and interrelated activities.

Efficiency vs. Effectiveness

Efficiency
- Doing things right, and getting the most output from the least amount of input
(minimizing the coast).

Effectiveness
- Doing those works tasks that help the org to reach its goals. Efficiency is concerned
with the means of getting things done while effectiveness is concerned with the
ends.
Four Management Functions (Henri Fayol)

1. Planning - Defining the organizational purpose and ways to achieve it ex,

defining goals, developing plans and sup plans to coordinate the activities, and
establishing the strategy.
2. Organizing - Arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals
ex who reports to whom and dividing work on employees.
3. Leading - Directing the work activities of others ex resolving conflicts,
motivating employees, chosen the most effective channel to communicate.
4. Controlling - Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work performance ex
evaluation

What Roles Do Managers Play?

Henry Mintzberg observed that a managers job can be described by ten roles performed
by managers in three general categories:

Interpersonal Roles (ones that involve subordinates and persons outside the
org) and other duties that are ceremonial & symbolic in nature) Figurehead,
Leader, and Liaison
Informational Roles (collecting, receiving and analyzing info) Monitor,
Disseminator and Spokesperson
Decisional roles (making decision and consider choices) Entrepreneur,
Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator and Negotiator

What Skills Do Managers Need?

Robert Katz and others describe four critical skills in managing

Conceptual Skills - Used to analyze and diagnose complex situations, help

managers see how things fit together and facilitate making good decision.
Interpersonal Skills - working well with other people both individually and
groups,so managers must have good skills to communicate, motivate, mentor and
delegate.
 Technical Skills - Based on specialized knowledge required for work (lower and
middle managers knowing of the job they are performing, top managers knowing
of the industry and a general understanding of the orgs process and products.
Political Skills - Used to build a power base and establish connections.

Is the Managers Job Universal?

All manager plan, organize, lead, and control but how they do them and how much they
do them vary according to several dimensions:
- Top level managers do more planning and less direct oversees of others than
supervisors. -All managers make decisions, planning .but the amount they delegate
to each of them is different. -Therefore, the difference is not on the activity or
function itself but on the degree, emphasis, and time that been given to each activity.
- Profit vs. Non-profit -Managers job is the same in both profit and non-profit org.
All of them make decisions, set goals, and motivate their employees.
- The only difference is in the (performance measurement): -Profit organizations
measure their performance by the amount of profit they achieve.
- There are no specific measurements to measure the success of non-profit org. -The
financial side is still important in non- profit org.
- Size of the Organization -Small businesses have fewer than 500 employees and
which doesnt often engage in any new innovative practices managers in this kind
of org do the role of spokesperson and spend most of their time in doing outwardly
directed action ex meeting with costumers. -Large business is the contrast of the
above.
- National Borders (Geographic location) -It is not a good idea to make the manager
and management concept universal because each country is greatly differ in its
economic, political, social, and cultural environment.
Why Study Management
All of us have a vested interest in improving the way organizations are managed,
by studying management you can know (what good manager should be going and what
poor management are)
The causes of studying management are:
- Organizations that are well managed find ways to prosper even in challenging
economic times
- After graduation most students become managers or are managed.
What Can Students of Management Learn from Other Courses?

Philosophy - Inquiries into the nature of things, particularly values and ethics
Political Science - The study of behavior and groups within a political
environment -Form of government will shape the type, policies of the
organization. -E.g.: in democracy, people have the right to private property, and
freedom in contracting.
Psychology - The science that seeks to measure, explain and sometimes change
the behavior of humans -Today, we are facing: diverse customers and employees,
so knowing this science could help: -Understand culture diversities. -How to
motivate, lead , select, train, and evaluate employees.
Sociology -The study of people in relationship to their fellow human beings

What Factors Are Reshaping and Redefining Management?

- Changing workplaces
- Ethical and trust issue
- Changing technologies

Two areas of critical importance of managers are:

1. Delivering high- quality customer service
2. Encouraging innovative efforts.

Why Are Customers Important to the Managers Job?

- Without customers most organizations would face difficulties to exist. E.g.

-Today were discovering that employee attitudes and behaviors play a big part
in customer satisfaction -For managers to survive and success in todays
competitive environment, they must create a customer responsive where
employees are friendly, knowledgeable, responsive to customer needs

Why Is Innovation Important to the Managers Job?

 - Nothing is riskier than not innovating -Innovation: is doing things differently,
by taking risks. -Innovation isnt just important for high technology companies
but essential in all types of organizations

Resources are very limited in supply. All resources are to be managed by human.
However, human have unlimited wants. Therefore, there are liomited resources and
unlimited wants and desires. Complete satisfaction is very necessary for better
functioning of every aspect of the society. Therefore, for complete satisfaction in life
resources are to be managed properly in such way that human achieve complete utility
and benefit simuktaneously. Thus, to manage all resources available in such a way that it
gives complete satisfaction to human beings is the theoretical meaning of management.

To go on a deeper level, management can be defined as art and skill of getting

things done through others is called management. More elaboration is given by George
R. Terry. According to him, management is the distinct process consisting of planning,
organizing, activating, and controlling activities performed to determine and
accomplishes the objectives by the use of people and resources. If we give our attention
towards the definiy=tion we find that Terry perceives the management as a process and
systematic way of doing things. The four activities are included under the process and
they are planning, organizing, activating, and contriolling.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF MANAGEMENT

1. Functional Concept
Management basically is the task of planning, coordinating, motivating and controlling
the efforts of other towards the goals and objectives of the organization. According to
this concept, management is what a manager does (planning, executing, and
controlling).

2. Human Relation Concept

According to this concept, management is the art of getting things done through and
with people in organized groups. It is the art of creating an environment in which people
can perform and individuals could cooperate towards attaining of groups goals. It is an
art of removing blanks to such performance a way of optimizing efficiency in reaching
goals.

3. Leadership and Decision-Making Concept

According to this concept, management is the art and science of preparong, organizing,
directing human efforts applied to control the forces utilize the materials of nature for
the benefits to man.

4. Productive Concept
According to this concept, management may be defines as the art of seuring maximum
prosperity with a minimum prosperity and happiness for both employer and employee
and provide best services thereby.

5. Integration Concept
According to this concept, management is the coordination of human and material
resources towrads the achievement of organizational objectives as well as the
organization of the productive functions essential for achieving stated or accepted
economic goal.
REFERENCES:

http://notes.tyrocity.com/concept-and-meaning-of-management/
http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/6?e=fwk-127512-ch01_s01#fwk-
127512-ch01_s03
https://www.ft.com/content/1858250a-0b6f-11e4-9e55-00144feabdc0
http://www.preservearticles.com/2011122018637/what-is-educational-management.html
https://www.thebalance.com/management-101-2275142