Nama : ELVANDA VANDINA

ROMANDA 1
NIM : 131411133013

ACTIVITY 1: FIND THE GENERIC WORDS FROM THIS PARAGRAPH!!!

In fact there is some cross-linguistic contrastive research to suggest that the

foreigner is at a disadvantage. Even where the grammar and vocabulary may be
perfectly adequate, it seems to be the case that a non-native may tend to transfer
the discourse patterns of her native language to English. It has been suggested, for
example, that Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean have different
patterns of argument to English [3]. Thus one study found that those Korean
academics trained in the United States wrote in an English discourse style, while
their colleague who had trained and worked only in Korea, with a paper published in
the same anthology, wrote in a Korean style with no statement of purpose of the
article and a very loose and unstructured pattern from the English point of view [4].
More generally Hinds has put forward a widely discussed position that Japanese has
a different expectation as to the degree of involvement of the reader compared to
English, with Japanese giving more responsibility to the reader, English to the writer
[5]. It might be objected though that this is relevant only to languages and cultures
which differ greatly to English. However, research on German has shown that
German academic writing in the social sciences has a much less linear structure
than English, to the extent that the English translation of a German textbook was
criticized as haphazard or even chaotic by American reviewers, whereas the original
had received no such reviews on the European continent [6]. Academic
respectability in English is evidenced by the appropriate discourse structure but in
German by the appropriate level of abstraction [7]. Similarly, academic Finnish texts
have been shown to differ in the way they use connectors and previews and are
much less explicit than English in their drawing of conclusions. Spanish also has a
similar pattern [8]. English, therefore, would seem to be a more writer-responsible
language than at least some other European languages.

Answer Activity 1:
1. Fact 9. Involvement
2. Suggest 10. Relevant
3. Disadvantage 11. Culture
4. Case 12. Evidenced
5. Language 13. Criticize
6. Published 14. Original
7. Expectation 15. Translation
8. Appropriate 16. Conclusions

Paraphrase the paragraph above!

The fact that non-natives tend to transfer the discourse patterns of their native
languages to English in spite of their adequacy in grammar and vocabulary is
clearly a disadvantage. A study comparing papers written by Korean academics
trained in the United States and Korea showed that those who were trained in Korea
had a very poor and unstructured pattern compared to their western educated
fellows. There is a thought that languages that differ greatly to English have
different perspective about reader-writer involvement.Take Japanese as an example,
unlike English, it is giving more responsibility to the reader. However, language like
German still face smilar problem. English translation of a German textbook was
considered disorganized and slapdash by American critics, a problem that the
Nama : ELVANDA VANDINA
ROMANDA 2
NIM : 131411133013

original text never faced. It turns out that every languange has its own style.
German gains academic respectability by its level of abstracton, Spanish and
Finnish tend to be vaguer in drawing conclusions argument and so on. Compared to
all those languages, it can be concluded that English is somehow more writer-
responsible that other languages.

ACTIVITY 2 PARAPHRASING STRATEGY

Which paraphrasing strategy that had been used in these paraphrases?

Original:
Like drought, excess rainfall and flooding can also contribute to epidemics of
waterborne infectious diseases, in this case due to poor sanitation resulting from
runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the contamination of water by livestock.

(Source: Shuman, E., M.D. (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious
diseases. New England Journal of Medicine; 362, 12, 1061-1063. Retrieved from
nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 1:

An overabundance of rainfall can also be a factor in spreading infectious diseases

carried by water, usually as a result of overflowing sewers and pollution from farm
animals (Shuman, 2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was synonyms

Reasons of your answer:

Because in the text there are some words change into the other word, like excess
to overflowing , waterborne to water , livestock to farmanimals

Paraphrase 2:

When there is an overabundance of rainfall, two situations can occur: sewers can
overflow and water can become polluted by the presence of livestock, both of which
can lead tooutbreaks of waterborne diseases (Shuman, 2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was changed

sentences structure

Reasons of your answer:

In the paraphrase, clearly state in the opening paragraph about two situation
occured result of rainfall related the polution but in the original text the sitiation
state in the bottom of paragraph.
Nama : ELVANDA VANDINA
ROMANDA 3
NIM : 131411133013

Original:
Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other interest groups at
the expense of health: consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and
mass-produced processed foods, the tobacco revenue generated in countries with a
government-owned tobacco industry, industrial growth in the face of environmental
pollution, and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture.

(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23).
Global noncomunicable diseases where worlds meet. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 3:

Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth, industry is

often favored over health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture
and food production, contribute to tobacco consumption in nations where it owns
the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that pollute. (Venkat
Narayan et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was active voice
changed into passive voice.

Reason of your answer:

In the sentence industry is often favored over health: government may we can
see the form of a passive voice, that is Subject + to be + V 3, while in the original
article, they use an active voice.

Original:
The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow.
Chronic diseases account for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and 80% of these deaths
occur in low-or middle-income countries, where the toll is disproportionate during
the prime productive years of youth and middle age.

(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., , Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23).
Global noncomunicable diseases where worlds meet. The New England Journal of
Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 4:

The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that

show these diseases are responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in
countries where the population is primarily of low or middle income, the impact is
greatest, often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged (Venkat Narayan
et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was synonyms

Nama : ELVANDA VANDINA
ROMANDA 4
NIM : 131411133013

Reasons of your answer:

Because in the text there are some words, like worldwide to planet , account
to responsible