Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kinetic Theory and Diffusion
Kinetic Theory and Diffusion
X Y
cotton wool
soaked in
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid
Colourless
molecules are arranged in these three states.
(d)
(a) State the name given to the change of state labelled Ch
oo
(i) A.............................................................................................................. se
fro
(ii) B m
th
............................................................................................................... (iii) e
foll
C............................................................................................................... ow
[3] in
g
(b) Which one of the following best describes the movement of molecules in list
the liquid state? of
su
Tick one box. bs
ta
nc
The molecules are not moving from place to place. es
to
an
sw
er
th
e
The molecules are sliding over each other.
qu
es
tio
ns
be
lo
The molecules are moving freely. w.
brom
sod
[1]
.........................................................................................................................................
.
.....................................................................................................................................[2]
Name a substance which is
......................................................................................
....................................................................................
. ..................................................................................
[3] (e)
A
student set up the apparatus shown in the diagram below.
glass tube
X rubber bung
The white solid is formed because the molecules of hydrogen chloride gas and
ammonia gas move at random throughout the tube and eventually react with each other.
...................................................................................................................................
fumes of hydrogen chloride are given off by the hydrochloric acid. Colourless fumes of ammonia are
given off by the aqueous ammonia.
(a) After a few seconds, white fumes were seen at point X in the tube.
Name the compound formed at point X.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) The student repeated the experiment using a solution of methylamine, CH3NH2, in place
of ammonia, NH3.
The white fumes were seen at point Y in the tube, rather than at point X.
Explain this difference.
........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why the white solid is formed towards one end of the tube and not in the
middle.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(f) What type of chemical reaction takes place when ammonia reacts with hydrochloric
acid?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
1 The diagram shows models of various elements.
A B C
D E
[1]
(b) Which one of the models A to E represents a solid containing diatomic molecules?
[1]
and [1]
[1]
.. [1]
(e) Structure E is a metal. State three physical properties which are characteristic of all metals.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
Arrangement .............................................................................................................
Movement .............................................................................................................[2]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(f) The table below gives information about the electron arrangement of a sodium atom and a
chlorine atom.
sodium 2.8.1
chlorine 2.8.7
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
[2]
1 The diagram shows models of various structures,
A B C
D E F
(a) Which three of the structures A to F represent elements? Give a reason for your answer.
structures
reason [2]
(b) Which one of the structures A to F represents a gas containing single atoms?
[1]
(c) (i) Which one of the structures A to F represents a gas containing diatomic molecules?
[2]
(i) What is the name given to a mixture of metals with other elements?
[3]
[1]
(ii) Match up the metals in the boxes on the left with their uses on the right. The first
one has been done for you.
[4]
2 The table shows some properties of five substances, A, B, C, D and E.
A -7 59 no no
D -189 -186 no no
E 1610 2230 no no
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Which one of the substances A to E has the lowest melting point?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Which one of the following substances is structure E most likely to represent?
(i) Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in a molecule of hydrogen
chloride.
(ii) State the name of the type of bonding present in hydrogen chloride.
[1]
(iii) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form an acidic solution (hydrochloric acid).
Describe how you would use litmus paper to show that this solution is acidic.
[2]
(iv) Which one of the following values is most likely to represent the pH of a dilute
solution of hydrochloric acid?
[1]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Atomic structure & Bond)
argon
bromine
chlorine
iodine
potassium
[1]
(b) Put these five eIements in order of increasing reIative atomic mass.
[1]
(c) The orders of proton number and reIative atomic mass for these five eIements are
different. Which one of the foIIowing is the most IikeIy expIanation for this?
(h) Describe the change in the eIectronic structure of potassium and chIorine atoms when
they combine to make potassium chIoride.
clamp
After twenty hours the blue colour of the ink had spread throughout the water.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[1]
(e) (i) From the Iist, choose one eIement which has one eIectron in its outer sheII.
[1]
(ii) From the Iist, choose one eIement which has a fuII outer sheII of eIectrons.
[1]
(f) Which two of the foIIowing statements about argon are correct?
[2]
(g) Potassium chIoride can be made by reacting potassium with chIorine. The bonding in
potassium chIoride is ionic.
[1]
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 9]
(a) What method can he use to separate the solids from the solution?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The student takes a drop of the green solution and puts a spot of it onto a piece of
chromatography paper.
From the diagrams below choose the letter for the most suitable piece of apparatus for
this task.
A B C D
the solvent,
the original position of the spot of green solution,
the chromatography paper.
[3]
(ii) How many different pigments were present in the plant leaf?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The structure of some organic compounds found in plant leaves are shown below.
A B C D
H H H O H H O H H
C C H C C H C C C H C C O H
H H H O H H H O H H H
............................................................................................................................. [1]
test .............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
1 When Group I elements react with water, hydrogen gas is given off.
The diagram shows the reaction of lithium, potassium and sodium with water.
A B C
[1]
(b) (i) Balance the equation for the reaction of sodium with water by completing the left-
hand side.
......Na + ......H2O 2NaOH + H2
[1]
5 (a) The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases in terms of the
movement of particles.
Liquids and gases both take up the shape of the container but a gas always fills the
container. Explain this, using the ideas of the Kinetic Theory.
liquid gas
fills container
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(a) Enzymes called proteases can hydrolyse proteins to amino acids. The amino acids can
be separated and identified by chromatography. The diagram below shows a typical
chromatogram.
solvent front
A is B is
[2]
[1]
[1]
(iv) The synthetic polymer, nylon, has the same linkage as proteins. Draw the structural
formula of nylon.
[3]
(b) Enzymes called carbohydrases can hydrolyse complex carbohydrates to simple sugars
which can be represented as HO OH . Draw the structure of a complex
carbohydrate.
(ii) Which gas, carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide, would diffuse faster?
Explain your choice.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................[3]
(c) A 20 cm sample of butyne, C4H6, is burnt in 150 cm3 of oxygen. This is an excess of oxygen.
3
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) What is the total volume of gases left at the end of the reaction?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Calculate the mass of water formed when 9.0 g of butyne is burnt. The mass of one mole of
butyne is 54 g.
from the above equation, 1 mole of butyne forms 3 moles of water number of
(ii) Zymase catalyses the anaerobic respiration of glucose. Define the term respiration.
[2]
(iii) Suggest a reason why the reaction stops after a few days.
[1]
[1]
[1]
(ii) Apart from fizzing, describe two things that you would see when sodium
reacts with water.
[2]
(iii) After the sodium had reacted with the water, the solution was tested with red
litmus paper.
What colour did the litmus paper
turn? Give a reason for your
answer.
colour
reason [2]
[2]
(c) Rubidium also reacts with water. How does the speed of reaction of rubidium
with water compare with that of potassium with water?
[1]
(d) Sodium has only one stable isotope whereas potassium has several isotopes.
[1]
[1]
[1]
235
(iv) Uranium has many isotopes. One of these is uranium-235 ( U).
What is the main use of this isotope of uranium?
[1]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Periodic Table)
(a) The gas that occupies about 79% of the air by volume. ..............................................
(1)
(b) A dark grey solid that sublimes to form a violet vapour. .............................................
(1)
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) The gas that is given off when sodium is added to ethanol.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1) Q2
(Total 6 marks)
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET 4 (Making salts)
Temperature (C) 0 20 40 60 80
Solubility (g /100 g of water) 28.4 34.2 40.0 45.8 51.3
(a) Use the grid to plot the solubility curve for potassium chloride.
(2)
(b) What is the solubility of potassium chloride at 30 C?
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) Use the data in the table to calculate the mass of potassium chloride that crystallises when
a saturated solution in 100 g of water at 60 C cools to 20 C.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks) Q9
Creative Questions:
2.
3. In the table below, substances with their melting points and boiling points are listed.
Complete the table by classifying each substance as either a solid, liquid or gas at room
temperature (20oC). 10
Questions
IGCSE chemistry Set -1(Kinetic theory & diffusion)
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
2. a) Draw simple diagrams to show the arrangement of the particles in a solid, a liquid and a gas.
b) Describe the difference between the movement of the particles in a solid and a liquid. 3
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. 3
c) The change of state from a liquid to a gas can be either evaporation or boiling. Explain the difference
between evaporation and boiling.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. 3
d) Some liquids are stored in sealed bottles for a very long time decades or more. Explain why they dont
evaporate. 2
b) Which substance has the strongest attractions between its particles? Explain your answer. 2
c) Which substance has the weakest attractions between its particles? Explain your answer. 2
d) Which substance has the greatest distance between its particles at 20oC? Explain your answer. 2
f) Which liquid substance would evaporate most quickly in the open air at 20oC? Explain your answer. 2
glass tube
X rubber bung
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
b) If you heat a gas, what effects will this have on the movement of the particles?
2
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
c) In the light of your answer to (b), what difference would you find if you did this
experiment outside on a day when the temperature was 2oC instead of in a
warm lab at 25oC? Explain your answer. 2
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
d) Explain why the ring was formed nearer the hydrochloric acid end of the tube.
2
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
e) Suppose you replaced the concentrated hydrochloric acid by concentrated
hydrobromic acid. This releases the gas hydrogen bromide. Hydrogen bromide also
reacts with ammonia to from a white ring. 3
..............................................................................................................................
(ii) Hydrogen bromide particles are about twice as heavy as hydrogen chloride
particles. What effects do you think this would have on the experiment?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................