26/05/2017 WolfgangAmadeusMozartWikipedia

WolfgangAmadeusMozart
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

WolfgangAmadeusMozart(/wlfmdesmotsrt/
MOHTsart[1]German:[vlfaamadesmotsat]27January
17565December1791),baptisedasJohannesChrysostomus
WolfgangusTheophilusMozart,[2]wasaprolificandinfluential
composeroftheClassicalera.

BorninSalzburg,heshowedprodigiousabilityfromhisearliest
childhood.Alreadycompetentonkeyboardandviolin,he
composedfromtheageoffiveandperformedbeforeEuropean
royalty.At17,MozartwasengagedasamusicianattheSalzburg
court,butgrewrestlessandtraveledinsearchofabetterposition.
WhilevisitingViennain1781,hewasdismissedfromhisSalzburg
position.Hechosetostayinthecapital,whereheachievedfame
butlittlefinancialsecurity.DuringhisfinalyearsinVienna,he
composedmanyofhisbestknownsymphonies,concertos,and
operas,andportionsoftheRequiem,whichwaslargelyunfinished
atthetimeofhisdeath.

Thecircumstancesofhisearlydeathhavebeenmuch Mozartc.1780,detailfromportraitby
mythologized.HewassurvivedbyhiswifeConstanzeandtwo JohannNepomukdellaCroce
sons.

Hecomposedmorethan600works,manyacknowledgedas
pinnaclesofsymphonic,concertante,chamber,operatic,andchoral
music.Heisamongthemostenduringlypopularofclassical
composers,andhisinfluenceisprofoundonsubsequentWesternartmusic.LudwigvanBeethovencomposed
hisownearlyworksintheshadowofMozart,andJosephHaydnwrote:"posteritywillnotseesuchatalent
againin100years".[3]

Contents
1 Lifeandcareer
1.1 Earlylife
1.1.1 Familyandchildhood
1.1.2 176273:Travel
1.2 177377:EmploymentattheSalzburgcourt
1.3 177778:JourneytoParis
1.4 Vienna
1.4.1 1781:Departure
1.4.2 Earlyyears
1.4.3 Marriageandchildren
1.5 17821786
1.5.1 178687:Returntoopera
1.6 Lateryears
1.6.1 178890
1.6.2 1791
1.6.3 Finalillnessanddeath
2 Honours
3 Appearanceandcharacter
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4 Religiousviews
5 Works,musicalstyle,andinnovations
5.1 Style
5.2 Influence
5.3 Kchelcatalogue
6 Seealso
7 Notes
8 Bibliography
9 Furtherreading
10 Externallinks
10.1 Digitizeddocuments
10.1.1 Sheetmusic

Lifeandcareer
Earlylife

Familyandchildhood

WolfgangAmadeusMozartwasbornon27January1756toLeopoldMozart
(17191787)andAnnaMaria,nePertl(17201778),at9Getreidegassein
Salzburg.[4]ThiswasthecapitaloftheArchbishopricofSalzburg,an
ecclesiasticprincipalityinwhatisnowAustria,thenpartoftheHolyRoman
Empire.[5]Hewastheyoungestofsevenchildren,fiveofwhomdiedin
infancy.[6]HiseldersisterwasMariaAnnaMozart(17511829),nicknamed
"Nannerl".Mozartwasbaptizedthedayafterhisbirth,atSt.Rupert'sCathedral
inSalzburg.ThebaptismalrecordgiveshisnameinLatinizedform,asJoannes
ChrysostomusWolfgangusTheophilusMozart.Hegenerallycalledhimself
"WolfgangAmadMozart"[7]asanadult,buthisnamehadmanyvariants.

LeopoldMozart,anativeofAugsburg,[8]Germany,wasaminorcomposerand Anonymousportraitofthe
anexperiencedteacher.In1743,hewasappointedasfourthviolinistinthe childMozart,possiblyby
musicalestablishmentofCountLeopoldAntonvonFirmian,therulingPrince PietroAntonioLorenzoni
ArchbishopofSalzburg.[9]Fouryearslater,hemarriedAnnaMariainSalzburg. paintedin1763on
Leopoldbecametheorchestra'sdeputyKapellmeisterin1763.Duringtheyear commissionfromLeopold
ofhisson'sbirth,Leopoldpublishedaviolintextbook,Versucheiner Mozart
grndlichenViolinschule,whichachievedsuccess.[10]

WhenNannerlwas7,shebegankeyboardlessonswithherfather,whileherthreeyearoldbrotherlookedon.
Yearslater,afterherbrother'sdeath,shereminisced:

Heoftenspentmuchtimeattheclavier,pickingoutthirds,whichhewaseverstriking,andhis
pleasureshowedthatitsoundedgood....Inthefourthyearofhisagehisfather,foragameasit
were,begantoteachhimafewminuetsandpiecesattheclavier....Hecouldplayitfaultlesslyand
withthegreatestdelicacy,andkeepingexactlyintime....Attheageoffive,hewasalready
composinglittlepieces,whichheplayedtohisfatherwhowrotethemdown.[11]

Theseearlypieces,K.15,wererecordedintheNannerlNotenbuch.Thereissomescholarlydebateabout
whetherMozartwasfourorfiveyearsoldwhenhecreatedhisfirstmusicalcompositions,thoughthereislittle
doubtthatMozartcomposedhisfirstthreepiecesofmusicwithinafewweeksofeachother:K.1a,1b,and

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1c.[12]

Inhisearlyyears,Wolfgang'sfatherwashisonlyteacher.Alongwithmusic,
hetaughthischildrenlanguagesandacademicsubjects.[13]Solomonnotes
that,whileLeopoldwasadevotedteachertohischildren,thereisevidence
thatMozartwaskeentoprogressbeyondwhathewastaught.[13]Hisfirstink
spatteredcompositionandhisprecociouseffortswiththeviolinwereofhis
owninitiative,andcameasasurprisetoLeopold,[14]whoeventuallygaveup
composingwhenhisson'smusicaltalentsbecameevident.[15]

176273:Travel

WhileWolfgangwasyoung,hisfamilymadeseveralEuropeanjourneysin
whichheandNannerlperformedaschildprodigies.Thesebeganwithan
exhibitionin1762atthecourtofPrinceelectorMaximilianIIIofBavariain Mozart'sbirthplaceat
Munich,andattheImperialCourtsinViennaandPrague.Alongconcerttour Getreidegasse9,Salzburg
followed,spanningthreeandahalfyears,takingthefamilytothecourtsof
Munich,Mannheim,Paris,London,[16]TheHague,againtoParis,andback
homeviaZurich,Donaueschingen,andMunich.Duringthistrip,Wolfgangmetanumberofmusiciansand
acquaintedhimselfwiththeworksofothercomposers.AparticularlyimportantinfluencewasJohannChristian
Bach,whomhevisitedinLondonin1764and1765.ThefamilyagainwenttoViennainlate1767and
remainedthereuntilDecember1768.

Mozartwrotehisfirstsymphonywhenhewaseightyearsold.Itisprobablethathisfathertranscribedmostof
itforhim.[17]

Thefamilytripswereoftendifficult,andtravelconditionswereprimitive.[19]
Theyhadtowaitforinvitationsandreimbursementfromthenobility,andthey
enduredlong,nearfatalillnessesfarfromhome:firstLeopold(London,
summer1764),[20]thenbothchildren(TheHague,autumn1765).[21]

AfteroneyearinSalzburg,LeopoldandWolfgangsetoffforItaly,leaving
AnnaMariaandNannerlathome.ThistourlastedfromDecember1769to
March1771.Aswithearlierjourneys,Leopoldwantedtodisplayhisson's
abilitiesasaperformerandarapidlymaturingcomposer.WolfgangmetJosef
MysliveekandGiovanniBattistaMartiniinBologna,andwasacceptedasa
memberofthefamousAccademiaFilarmonica.InRome,heheardGregorio
Allegri'sMisereretwiceinperformance,intheSistineChapel,andwroteitout
frommemory,thusproducingthefirstunauthorizedcopyofthisclosely
guardedpropertyoftheVatican.[22][23]
TheMozartfamilyontour:
InMilan,MozartwrotetheoperaMitridate,rediPonto(1770),whichwas
Leopold,Wolfgang,and
performedwithsuccess.Thisledtofurtheroperacommissions.Hereturned
Nannerl.Watercolorby
withhisfathertwicetoMilan(AugustDecember1771October1772
Carmontelle,ca.1763[18] March1773)forthecompositionandpremieresofAscanioinAlba(1771)and
LucioSilla(1772).Leopoldhopedthatthesevisitswouldresultina
professionalappointmentforhisson,andindeedrulingArchdukeFerdinandcontemplatedhiringMozartbut
owingtohismotherEmpressMariaTheresa'sreluctancetoemploy"uselesspeople",thematterwasdropped
[24]andLeopold'shopeswereneverrealized.[25]

TowardtheendofthefinalItalianjourney,Mozartwrotethefirstofhisworkstobestillwidelyperformed
today,thesolomotetExsultate,jubilate,K.165.

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177377:EmploymentattheSalzburgcourt

AfterfinallyreturningwithhisfatherfromItalyon13March1773,Mozartwas
employedasacourtmusicianbytherulerofSalzburg,PrinceArchbishop
HieronymusColloredo.Thecomposerhadagreatnumberoffriendsand
admirersinSalzburg[26]andhadtheopportunitytoworkinmanygenres,
includingsymphonies,sonatas,stringquartets,masses,serenades,andafew
minoroperas.BetweenAprilandDecember1775,Mozartdevelopedan
enthusiasmforviolinconcertos,producingaseriesoffive(theonlyoneshe
everwrote),whichsteadilyincreasedintheirmusicalsophistication.Thelast
threeK.216,K.218,K.219arenowstaplesoftherepertoire.In1776,he
turnedhiseffortstopianoconcertos,culminatingintheEflatconcertoK.271
ofearly1777,consideredbycriticstobeabreakthroughwork.[27]

Despitetheseartisticsuccesses,Mozartgrewincreasinglydiscontentedwith
Salzburgandredoubledhiseffortstofindapositionelsewhere.Onereasonwas
hislowsalary,150florinsayear[28]Mozartlongedtocomposeoperas,and Tanzmeisterhaus,Salzburg,
Salzburgprovidedonlyrareoccasionsforthese.Thesituationworsenedin1775 Mozartfamilyresidence
whenthecourttheaterwasclosed,especiallysincetheothertheaterinSalzburg from1773reconstructed
waslargelyreservedforvisitingtroupes.[29] 1996

TwolongexpeditionsinsearchofworkinterruptedthislongSalzburgstay.
MozartandhisfathervisitedViennafrom14Julyto26September1773,andMunichfrom6December1774
toMarch1775.Neithervisitwassuccessful,thoughtheMunichjourneyresultedinapopularsuccesswiththe
premiereofMozart'soperaLafintagiardiniera.[30]

177778:JourneytoParis

InAugust1777,MozartresignedhispositionatSalzburg[32]andon23
Septemberventuredoutoncemoreinsearchofemployment,withvisitsto
Augsburg,Mannheim,Paris,andMunich.[33]

Mozartbecameacquaintedwithmembersofthefamousorchestrain
Mannheim,thebestinEuropeatthetime.HealsofellinlovewithAloysia
Weber,oneoffourdaughtersofamusicalfamily.Therewereprospectsof
employmentinMannheim,buttheycametonothing,[34]andMozartleftfor
Parison14March1778[35]tocontinuehissearch.OneofhislettersfromParis
hintsatapossiblepostasanorganistatVersailles,butMozartwasnot
interestedinsuchanappointment.[36]Hefellintodebtandtooktopawning PortraitofMozartwearing
valuables.[37]ThenadirofthevisitoccurredwhenMozart'smotherwastaken thebadgeoftheOrderofthe
illanddiedon3July1778.[38]Therehadbeendelaysincallingadoctor GoldenSpur,receivedin
probably,accordingtoHalliwell,becauseofalackoffunds.[39]Mozartstayed 1770fromPopeClement
withMelchiorGrimm,who,aspersonalsecretaryoftheDuked'Orlans,lived XIVinRome.Thepainting
isa1777copyofawork
inhismansion.[40]
nowlost. [31]
WhileMozartwasinParis,hisfatherwaspursuingopportunitiesof
employmentforhiminSalzburg.[41]Withthesupportofthelocalnobility,Mozartwasofferedapostascourt
organistandconcertmaster.Theannualsalarywas450florins,[42]buthewasreluctanttoaccept.[43]Bythat
time,relationsbetweenGrimmandMozarthadcooled,andMozartmovedout.AfterleavingParisin
September1778forStrasbourg,helingeredinMannheimandMunich,stillhopingtoobtainanappointment

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outsideSalzburg.InMunich,heagainencounteredAloysia,nowaverysuccessfulsinger,butshewasno
longerinterestedinhim.[44]MozartfinallyreturnedtoSalzburgon15January1779andtookuphisnew
appointment,buthisdiscontentmentwithSalzburgremainedundiminished.[45]

AmongthebetterknownworkswhichMozartwroteontheParisjourneyaretheAminorpianosonata,
K.310/300dandthe"Paris"Symphony(No.31),whichwereperformedinParison12and18June1778.[46]

Vienna

1781:Departure

InJanuary1781,Mozart'soperaIdomeneopremieredwith
"considerablesuccess"inMunich.[47]ThefollowingMarch,Mozartwas
summonedtoVienna,wherehisemployer,ArchbishopColloredo,was
attendingthecelebrationsfortheaccessionofJosephIItotheAustrian
throne.ForColloredo,thiswassimplyamatterofwantinghismusical
servanttobeathand(MozartindeedwasrequiredtodineinColloredo's
establishmentwiththevaletsandcooks.)[48]ButMozartwasplanninga
biggercareerevenashecontinuedinthearchbishop'sservice[49]for
TheMozartfamilyc.1780.The
example,tohisfatherhewrote:
portraitonthewallisofMozart's
mother.
Mymaingoalrightnowistomeettheemperorinsome
agreeablefashion,Iamabsolutelydeterminedheshouldget
toknowme.IwouldbesohappyifIcouldwhipthrough
myoperaforhimandthenplayafugueortwo,forthat's
whathelikes.[50]

MozartdidindeedsoonmeettheEmperor,whoeventuallywastosupporthiscareersubstantiallywith
commissionsandaparttimeposition.

Inthesamelettertohisfatherjustquoted,Mozartoutlinedhisplanstoparticipateasasoloistintheconcertsof
theTonknstlerSociett,aprominentbenefitconcertseries[50]thisplanaswellcametopassafterthelocal
nobilityprevailedonColloredotodrophisopposition.[51]

Colloredo'swishtopreventMozartfromperformingoutsidehisownestablishmentwasinothercases,
however,carriedthrough,raisingthecomposer'sangeroneexamplewasachancetoperformbeforethe
EmperoratCountessThun'sforafeeequaltohalfofhisyearlySalzburgsalary.

ThequarrelwiththearchbishopcametoaheadinMay:Mozartattemptedtoresignandwasrefused.The
followingmonth,permissionwasgranted,butinagrosslyinsultingway:thecomposerwasdismissedliterally
"withakickinthearse",administeredbythearchbishop'ssteward,CountArco.Mozartdecidedtosettlein
Viennaasafreelanceperformerandcomposer.[52]

ThequarrelwiththearchbishopwentharderforMozartbecausehisfathersidedagainsthim.Hopingfervently
thathewouldobedientlyfollowColloredobacktoSalzburg,Mozart'sfatherexchangedintenseletterswithhis
son,urginghimtobereconciledwiththeiremployer.Mozartpassionatelydefendedhisintentiontopursuean
independentcareerinVienna.ThedebateendedwhenMozartwasdismissedbythearchbishop,freeinghimself
bothofhisemployerandhisfather'sdemandstoreturn.SolomoncharacterizesMozart'sresignationasa
"revolutionarystep",anditgreatlyalteredthecourseofhislife.[53]

Earlyyears

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Mozart'snewcareerinViennabeganwell.Heperformedoftenasapianist,notablyinacompetitionbeforethe
EmperorwithMuzioClemention24December1781,[52]andhesoon"hadestablishedhimselfasthefinest
keyboardplayerinVienna".[52]Healsoprosperedasacomposer,andin1782completedtheoperaDie
EntfhrungausdemSerail("TheAbductionfromtheSeraglio"),whichpremieredon16July1782and
achievedahugesuccess.Theworkwassoonbeingperformed"throughoutGermanspeakingEurope",[52]and
fullyestablishedMozart'sreputationasacomposer.

NeartheheightofhisquarrelswithColloredo,MozartmovedinwiththeWeber
family,whohadmovedtoViennafromMannheim.Thefather,Fridolin,had
died,andtheWeberswerenowtakinginlodgerstomakeendsmeet.[54]

Marriageandchildren

Aloysia,whohadearlierrejectedMozart'ssuit,wasnowmarriedtotheactor
andartistJosephLange.Mozart'sinterestshiftedtothethirdWeberdaughter,
Constanze.

Thecourtshipdidnotgoentirelysmoothlysurvivingcorrespondenceindicates
thatMozartandConstanzebrieflyseparatedinApril1782.[55]Mozartfaceda
verydifficulttaskingettinghisfather'spermissionforthemarriage.[56]The 1782portraitofConstanze
couplewerefinallymarriedon4August1782inSt.Stephen'sCathedral,the Mozartbyherbrotherin
lawJosephLange
daybeforehisfather'sconsentarrivedinthemail.[56]

Thecouplehadsixchildren,ofwhomonlytwosurvivedinfancy:

RaimundLeopold(17June19August1783)
KarlThomasMozart(21September178431October1858)
JohannThomasLeopold(18October15November1786)
TheresiaConstanziaAdelheidFriederickeMariaAnna(27December178729June1788)
AnnaMaria(diedsoonafterbirth,16November1789)[57]
FranzXaverWolfgangMozart(26July179129July1844)

17821786

Inthecourseof1782and1783,MozartbecameintimatelyacquaintedwiththeworkofJohannSebastianBach
andGeorgeFridericHandelasaresultoftheinfluenceofGottfriedvanSwieten,whoownedmanymanuscripts
oftheBaroquemasters.Mozart'sstudyofthesescoresinspiredcompositionsinBaroquestyleandlater
influencedhispersonalmusicallanguage,forexampleinfugalpassagesinDieZauberflte("TheMagic
Flute")andthefinaleofSymphonyNo.41.[9]

In1783,MozartandhiswifevisitedhisfamilyinSalzburg.Hisfatherandsisterwerecordiallypoliteto
Constanze,butthevisitpromptedthecompositionofoneofMozart'sgreatliturgicalpieces,theMassinC
minor.Thoughnotcompleted,itwaspremieredinSalzburg,withConstanzesingingasolopart.[58]

MozartmetJosephHaydninViennaaround1784,andthetwocomposersbecamefriends.WhenHaydnvisited
Vienna,theysometimesplayedtogetherinanimpromptustringquartet.Mozart'ssixquartetsdedicatedto
Haydn(K.387,K.421,K.428,K.458,K.464,andK.465)datefromtheperiod1782to1785,andarejudged
tobearesponsetoHaydn'sOpus33setfrom1781.[59]Haydnin1785toldMozart'sfather:"Itellyoubefore
God,andasanhonestman,yoursonisthegreatestcomposerknowntomebypersonandrepute,hehastaste
andwhatismorethegreatestskillincomposition."[60]

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From1782to1785Mozartmountedconcertswithhimselfassoloist,presentingthreeorfournewpiano
concertosineachseason.Sincespaceinthetheaterswasscarce,hebookedunconventionalvenues:alarge
roomintheTrattnerhof(anapartmentbuilding),andtheballroomoftheMehlgrube(arestaurant).[61]The
concertswereverypopular,andtheconcertoshepremieredatthemarestillfirmfixturesintherepertoire.
SolomonwritesthatduringthisperiodMozartcreated"aharmoniousconnectionbetweenaneagercomposer
performerandadelightedaudience,whichwasgiventheopportunityofwitnessingthetransformationand
perfectionofamajormusicalgenre".[61]

Withsubstantialreturnsfromhisconcertsandelsewhere,Mozartandhiswifeadoptedaratherplushlifestyle.
Theymovedtoanexpensiveapartment,withayearlyrentof460florins.[62]Mozartboughtafinefortepiano
fromAntonWalterforabout900florins,andabilliardtableforabout300.[62]TheMozartssenttheirsonKarl
Thomastoanexpensiveboardingschool,[63][64]andkeptservants.Savingwasthereforeimpossible,andthe
shortperiodoffinancialsuccessdidnothingtosoftenthehardshiptheMozartswerelatertoexperience.[65][66]

On14December1784,MozartbecameaFreemason,admittedtothelodgeZurWohlttigkeit
("Beneficence").[67]FreemasonryplayedanimportantroleintheremainderofMozart'slife:heattended
meetings,anumberofhisfriendswereMasons,andonvariousoccasionshecomposedMasonicmusic,e.g.
theMaurerischeTrauermusik.[68]

178687:Returntoopera

DespitethegreatsuccessofDieEntfhrungausdemSerail,Mozartdidlittleoperaticwritingforthenextfour
years,producingonlytwounfinishedworksandtheoneactDerSchauspieldirektor.Hefocusedinsteadonhis
careerasapianosoloistandwriterofconcertos.Aroundtheendof1785,Mozartmovedawayfromkeyboard
writing[69]andbeganhisfamousoperaticcollaborationwiththelibrettistLorenzoDaPonte.1786sawthe
successfulpremiereofTheMarriageofFigaroinVienna.ItsreceptioninPraguelaterintheyearwaseven
warmer,andthisledtoasecondcollaborationwithDaPonte:theoperaDonGiovanni,whichpremieredin
October1787toacclaiminPrague,butlesssuccessinViennain1788.[70]ThetwoareamongMozart'smost
importantworksandaremainstaysoftheoperaticrepertoiretoday,thoughattheirpremierestheirmusical
complexitycauseddifficultyforbothlistenersandperformers.Thesedevelopmentswerenotwitnessedby
Mozart'sfather,whohaddiedon28May1787.[71]

InDecember1787,Mozartfinallyobtainedasteadypostunderaristocraticpatronage.EmperorJosephII
appointedhimashis"chambercomposer",apostthathadfallenvacantthepreviousmonthonthedeathof
Gluck.Itwasaparttimeappointment,payingjust800florinsperyear,andrequiredMozartonlytocompose
dancesfortheannualballsintheRedoutensaal(seeMozartanddance).Thismodestincomebecameimportant
toMozartwhenhardtimesarrived.CourtrecordsshowthatJoseph'saimwastokeeptheesteemedcomposer
fromleavingViennainpursuitofbetterprospects.[72]

In1787,theyoungLudwigvanBeethovenspentseveralweeksinVienna,hopingtostudywithMozart.[73]No
reliablerecordssurvivetoindicatewhetherthetwocomposersevermet.

Lateryears

178890

Towardtheendofthedecade,Mozart'scircumstancesworsened.Around1786hehadceasedtoappear
frequentlyinpublicconcerts,andhisincomeshrank.[74]ThiswasadifficulttimeformusiciansinVienna
becauseoftheAustroTurkishWar:boththegenerallevelofprosperityandtheabilityofthearistocracyto
supportmusichaddeclined.[69]

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Bymid1788,MozartandhisfamilyhadmovedfromcentralViennatothe
suburbofAlsergrund.[74]AlthoughithasbeensuggestedthatMozart'saimwas
toreducehisrentalexpenses,researchshowsthatbymovingtothesuburb,
Mozarthadnotinfactreducedhisexpenses(asclaimedinhisletterto
Puchberg),butmerelyincreasedthehousingspaceathisdisposal.[75]Mozart
begantoborrowmoney,mostoftenfromhisfriendandfellowMasonMichael
Puchberg"apitifulsequenceofletterspleadingforloans"survives.[76]
MaynardSolomonandothershavesuggestedthatMozartwassufferingfrom
depression,anditseemsthathisoutputslowed.[77]Majorworksoftheperiod
includethelastthreesymphonies(Nos.39,40,and41,allfrom1788),andthe
lastofthethreeDaPonteoperas,Cosfantutte,premieredin1790. DrawingofMozartin
silverpoint,madebyDora
Aroundthistime,Mozartmadesomelongjourneyshopingtoimprovehis StockduringMozart'svisit
fortunes:toLeipzig,Dresden,andBerlininthespringof1789,andto toDresden,April1789
Frankfurt,Mannheim,andotherGermancitiesin1790.Thetripsproducedonly
isolatedsuccessanddidnotrelievethefamily'sfinancialdistress.

1791

Mozart'slastyearwas,untilhisfinalillnessstruck,atimeofgreatproductivityandbysomeaccounts,oneof
personalrecovery.[78]Hecomposedagreatdeal,includingsomeofhismostadmiredworks:theoperaThe
MagicFlutethefinalpianoconcerto(K.595inBflat)theClarinetConcertoK.622thelastinhisgreat
seriesofstringquintets(K.614inEflat)themotetAveverumcorpusK.618andtheunfinishedRequiem
K.626.

Mozart'sfinancialsituation,asourceofanxietyin1790,finallybegantoimprove.Althoughtheevidenceis
inconclusive,[79]itappearsthatwealthypatronsinHungaryandAmsterdampledgedannuitiestoMozartin
returnfortheoccasionalcomposition.Heisthoughttohavebenefitedfromthesaleofdancemusicwrittenin
hisroleasImperialchambercomposer.[79]MozartnolongerborrowedlargesumsfromPuchberg,andmadea
startonpayingoffhisdebts.[79]

Heexperiencedgreatsatisfactioninthepublicsuccessofsomeofhisworks,notablyTheMagicFlute(which
wasperformedseveraltimesintheshortperiodbetweenitspremiereandMozart'sdeath)[80]andtheLittle
MasonicCantataK.623,premieredon17November1791.[81]

Finalillnessanddeath

MozartfellillwhileinPragueforthe6September1791premiereofhisoperaLaclemenzadiTito,writtenin
thatsameyearoncommissionfortheEmperor'scoronationfestivities.[82]Hecontinuedhisprofessional
functionsforsometimeandconductedthepremiereofTheMagicFluteon30September.Hishealth
deterioratedon20November,atwhichpointhebecamebedridden,sufferingfromswelling,pain,and
vomiting.[83]

Mozartwasnursedinhisfinalillnessbyhiswifeandheryoungestsister,andwasattendedbythefamily
doctor,ThomasFranzClosset.HewasmentallyoccupiedwiththetaskoffinishinghisRequiem,butthe
evidencethatheactuallydictatedpassagestohisstudentFranzXaverSssmayrisminimal.[84]

Mozartdiedinhishomeon5December1791(aged35)at1:00am.TheNewGrovedescribeshisfuneral:

Mozartwasinterredinacommongrave,inaccordancewith
contemporaryViennesecustom,attheSt.MarxCemeteryoutside
thecityon7December.If,aslaterreportssay,nomourners
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attended,thattooisconsistentwithVienneseburialcustomsatthe
timelaterJahn(1856)wrotethatSalieri,Sssmayr,vanSwieten
andtwoothermusicianswerepresent.Thetaleofastormand
snowisfalsethedaywascalmandmild.[85]

Theexpression"commongrave"referstoneitheracommunalgravenora
pauper'sgrave,buttoanindividualgraveforamemberofthecommonpeople
(i.e.,notthearistocracy).Commongravesweresubjecttoexcavationafterten
yearsthegravesofaristocratswerenot.[86]

Posthumouspaintingby
BarbaraKrafftin1819
ThecauseofMozart'sdeathcannotbeknownwithcertainty.Theofficialrecord
hasitashitzigesFrieselfieber("severemiliaryfever",referringtoarashthat
lookslikemilletseeds),moreadescriptionofthesymptomsthanadiagnosis.
Researchershavepositedatleast118causesofdeath,includingacuterheumatic
fever,[87][88]streptococcalinfection,[89][90]trichinosis,[91][92]influenza,mercury
poisoning,andararekidneyailment.[87]

Mozart'smodestfuneraldidnotreflecthisstandingwiththepublicasacomposermemorialservicesand
concertsinViennaandPraguewerewellattended.Indeed,intheperiodimmediatelyafterhisdeath,his
reputationrosesubstantially.Solomondescribesan"unprecedentedwaveofenthusiasm"[93]forhiswork
biographieswerewritten(firstbySchlichtegroll,Niemetschek,andNissen)andpublishersviedtoproduce
completeeditionsofhisworks.[93]

Honours
1777:KnightoftheOrderoftheGoldenSpur,byPontificalDecreeofPopeClementXIV.[94]

Appearanceandcharacter
Mozart'sphysicalappearancewasdescribedbytenorMichaelKelly,in
hisReminiscences:"aremarkablysmallman,verythinandpale,witha
profusionoffine,fairhairofwhichhewasrathervain".Hisearly
biographerNiemetschekwrote,"therewasnothingspecialabout[his]
physique.[...]Hewassmallandhiscountenance,exceptforhislarge
intenseeyes,gavenosignsofhisgenius."Hisfacialcomplexionwas
pitted,areminderofhischildhoodcaseofsmallpox.Helovedelegant
clothing.Kellyrememberedhimatarehearsal:"[He]wasonthestage
withhiscrimsonpelisseandgoldlacedcockedhat,givingthetimeof
themusictotheorchestra."Ofhisvoicehiswifelaterwrotethatit"was
atenor,rathersoftinspeakinganddelicateinsinging,butwhen
anythingexcitedhim,oritbecamenecessarytoexertit,itwasboth
powerfulandenergetic".[96] Incompletelyenlarged[95]portraitof
MozartbyhisbrotherinlawJoseph
Mozartusuallyworkedlongandhard,finishingcompositionsata Lange
tremendouspaceasdeadlinesapproached.Heoftenmadesketchesand
draftsunlikeBeethoven'sthesearemostlynotpreserved,ashiswife
soughttodestroythemafterhisdeath.[97]

MozartlivedatthecenteroftheViennesemusicalworld,andknewagreatnumberandvarietyofpeople:
fellowmusicians,theatricalperformers,fellowSalzburgers,andaristocrats,includingsomeacquaintancewith
theEmperorJosephII.SolomonconsidershisthreeclosestfriendstohavebeenGottfriedvonJacquin,Count

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AugustHatzfeld,andSigmundBarisaniothersincludedhisoldercolleagueJosephHaydn,singersFranz
XaverGerlandBenediktSchack,andthehornplayerJosephLeutgeb.LeutgebandMozartcarriedonacurious
kindoffriendlymockery,oftenwithLeutgebasthebuttofMozart'spracticaljokes.[98]

Heenjoyedbilliardsanddancing,andkeptpets:acanary,astarling,adog,andahorseforrecreational
riding.[99]Hehadastartlingfondnessforscatologicalhumor,whichispreservedinhissurvivingletters,
notablythosewrittentohiscousinMariaAnnaTheklaMozartaround17771778,andinhiscorrespondence
withhissisterandparents.[100]Mozartalsowrotescatologicalmusic,aseriesofcanonsthathesangwithhis
friends.[101]

Religiousviews
MozartwasraisedaRomanCatholicandremainedadevoutmemberofthechurchthroughouthislife.[102][103]

Works,musicalstyle,andinnovations
Style

Mozart'smusic,likeHaydn's,standsasanarchetypeofthe
SymphonieNr.40gmoll,K.550.
Classicalstyle.Atthetimehebegancomposing,European Movement:1.Moltoallegro
musicwasdominatedbythestylegalant,areactionagainst MENU
0:00
thehighlyevolvedintricacyoftheBaroque.Progressively,
andinlargepartatthehandsofMozarthimself,the
OverturetoDonGiovanni
contrapuntalcomplexitiesofthelateBaroqueemergedonce
0:00 MENU
more,moderatedanddisciplinedbynewforms,andadapted
toanewaestheticandsocialmilieu.Mozartwasaversatile BothperformedbytheFulda
SymphonicOrchestra,Conductor:
composer,andwroteineverymajorgenre,including SimonSchindler
symphony,opera,thesoloconcerto,chambermusic
includingstringquartetandstringquintet,andthepiano Problemsplayingthesefiles?Seemediahelp.
sonata.Theseformswerenotnew,butMozartadvanced
theirtechnicalsophisticationandemotionalreach.Healmostsinglehandedlydevelopedandpopularizedthe
Classicalpianoconcerto.Hewroteagreatdealofreligiousmusic,includinglargescalemasses,aswellas
dances,divertimenti,serenades,andotherformsoflightentertainment.

ThecentraltraitsoftheClassicalstyleareallpresentinMozart'smusic.Clarity,balance,andtransparencyare
thehallmarksofhiswork,butsimplisticnotionsofitsdelicacymasktheexceptionalpowerofhisfinest
masterpieces,suchasthePianoConcertoNo.24inCminor,K.491theSymphonyNo.40inGminor,K.550
andtheoperaDonGiovanni.CharlesRosenmakesthepointforcefully:

ItisonlythroughrecognizingtheviolenceandsensualityatthecenterofMozart'sworkthatwe
canmakeastarttowardsacomprehensionofhisstructuresandaninsightintohismagnificence.In
aparadoxicalway,Schumann'ssuperficialcharacterizationoftheGminorSymphonycanhelpus
toseeMozart'sdaemonmoresteadily.InallofMozart'ssupremeexpressionsofsufferingand
terror,thereissomethingshockinglyvoluptuous.[104]

Duringhislastdecade,Mozartfrequentlyexploitedchromaticharmony.AnotableinstanceishisString
QuartetinCmajor,K.465(1785),whoseintroductionaboundsinchromaticsuspensions,givingrisetothe
work'snickname,the"Dissonance"quartet.

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Mozartalwayshadagiftforabsorbingandadaptingvaluablefeaturesofothers'music.Histravelshelpedinthe
forgingofauniquecompositionallanguage.[105]InLondonasachild,hemetJ.C.Bachandheardhismusic.
InParis,Mannheim,andViennahemetwithothercompositionalinfluences,aswellastheavantgarde
capabilitiesoftheMannheimorchestra.InItalyheencounteredtheItalianovertureandoperabuffa,bothof
whichdeeplyaffectedtheevolutionofhisownpractice.InLondonandItaly,thegalantstylewasinthe
ascendent:simple,lightmusicwithamaniaforcadencinganemphasisontonic,dominant,andsubdominant
totheexclusionofotherharmoniessymmetricalphrasesandclearlyarticulatedpartitionsintheoverallform
ofmovements.[106]SomeofMozart'searlysymphoniesareItalianovertures,withthreemovementsrunning
intoeachothermanyarehomotonal(allthreemovementshavingthesamekeysignature,withtheslowmiddle
movementbeingintherelativeminor).OthersmimictheworksofJ.C.Bach,andothersshowthesimple
roundedbinaryformsturnedoutbyViennesecomposers.

AsMozartmatured,heprogressivelyincorporatedmorefeatures
adaptedfromtheBaroque.Forexample,theSymphonyNo.29inA
majorK.201hasacontrapuntalmainthemeinitsfirstmovement,and
experimentationwithirregularphraselengths.Someofhisquartets
from1773havefugalfinales,probablyinfluencedbyHaydn,whohad
includedthreesuchfinalesinhisrecentlypublishedOpus20set.The
influenceoftheSturmundDrang("StormandStress")periodinmusic,
withitsbriefforeshadowingoftheRomanticera,isevidentinthemusic
ofbothcomposersatthattime.Mozart'sSymphonyNo.25inGminor
K.183isanotherexcellentexample.
Afacsimilesheetofmusicfromthe
Mozartwouldsometimesswitchhisfocusbetweenoperasand DiesIraemovementoftheRequiem
instrumentalmusic.Heproducedoperasineachoftheprevailingstyles: MassinDminor(K.626)in
operabuffa,suchasTheMarriageofFigaro,DonGiovanni,andCos Mozart'sownhandwriting.Itis
fantutteoperaseria,suchasIdomeneoandSingspiel,ofwhichDie locatedattheMozarthausinVienna.
Zauberflteisthemostfamousexamplebyanycomposer.Inhislater
operasheemployedsubtlechangesininstrumentation,orchestraltexture,andtonecolor,foremotionaldepth
andtomarkdramaticshifts.Herehisadvancesinoperaandinstrumentalcomposinginteracted:his
increasinglysophisticateduseoftheorchestrainthesymphoniesandconcertosinfluencedhisoperatic
orchestration,andhisdevelopingsubtletyinusingtheorchestratopsychologicaleffectinhisoperaswasin
turnreflectedinhislaternonoperaticcompositions.[107]

Influence

Mozart'smostfamouspupil,whomtheMozartstookintotheirViennahomefortwoyearsasachild,was
probablyJohannNepomukHummel,atransitionalfigurebetweenClassicalandRomanticeras.[108]More
importantistheinfluenceMozarthadoncomposersoflatergenerations.Eversincethesurgeinhisreputation
afterhisdeath,studyinghisscoreshasbeenastandardpartofclassicalmusicians'training.

LudwigvanBeethoven,Mozart'sjuniorbyfifteenyears,wasdeeplyinfluencedbyhiswork,withwhichhewas
acquaintedasateenager.[109]HeisthoughttohaveperformedMozart'soperaswhileplayinginthecourt
orchestraatBonn,[110]andtraveledtoViennain1787hopingtostudywiththeoldercomposer.Someof
Beethoven'sworkshavedirectmodelsincomparableworksbyMozart,andhewrotecadenzas(WoO58)to
Mozart'sDminorpianoconcertoK.466.ForfurtherdetailsseeMozartandBeethoven.

ComposershavepaidhomagetoMozartbywritingsetsofvariationsonhisthemes.Beethovenwrotefoursuch
sets(Op.66,WoO28,WoO40,WoO46).OthersincludeFernandoSor'sIntroductionandVariationsona
ThemebyMozart(1821),MikhailGlinka'sVariationsonaThemefromMozart'sOpera"DieZauberflte"
(1822),FrdricChopin'sVariationson"Lcidaremlamano"fromDonGiovanni(1827),andMaxReger's
VariationsandFugueonaThemebyMozart(1914),basedonthevariationthemeinthepianosonata
K.331[111]

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PyotrIlyichTchaikovskywrotehisOrchestralSuiteNo.4inG,Mozartiana(1887),asatributetoMozart.

Kchelcatalogue

ForunambiguousidentificationofworksbyMozart,aKchelcataloguenumberisused.Thisisaunique
numberassigned,inregularchronologicalorder,toeveryoneofhisknownworks.Aworkisreferencedbythe
abbreviation"K."or"KV"followedbythisnumber.Thefirsteditionofthecataloguewascompletedin1862
byLudwigvonKchel.Ithassincebeenrepeatedlyupdated,asscholarlyresearchimprovesknowledgeofthe
datesandauthenticityofindividualworks.

Seealso
WolfgangAmadeusMozartWikipediabook
WolfgangAmadeusMozartinpopularculture
MozarteumUniversityofSalzburg
SociologicalandculturalaspectsofTourettesyndromefordiscussionofthediscreditedviewthat
MozarthadTourettesyndrome

Notes
1.SourcesvaryinhowMozart'snameshouldbe
pronouncedinEnglish.Fradkin(1996),aguidefor
radioannouncers,stronglyrecommends[ts]forletter
z,butotherwiseconsidersEnglishlikepronunciation
fullyacceptablethus
/wlfmdesmotsrt/.
2.Mozart'sexactnameinvolvedmanycomplications
fordetailsseeMozart'sname.
3.Landon1990,p.171
4.Rosemarie.,Arnold,Robert,,Taylor,Rainer,,
Eisenschmid,(20090101).Austria(https://www.wo
rldcat.org/oclc/416424772).Baedeker.
ISBN9783829766135.OCLC416424772(https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/416424772).
5.Source:Wilson(1999,2).Themanychangesof
EuropeanpoliticalborderssinceMozart'stimemake
itdifficulttoassignhimanunambiguousnationality
fordiscussionseeMozart'snationality.
6.Rauglaudre,Danielde."MariaAnnaPertl"(http://rog
lo.eu/roglo?lang=eni=2063090).roglo.eu(GeneWeb
genealogicaldatabase).Retrieved14June2012.
7.Deutsch1965,p.9
8.Solomon1995,p.21
9.Eisen
10.Solomon(1995,32)
11.Deutsch1965,p.455
12.AndanteinCmajor,K.1a,AllegroinCmajor,K.
1b,AllegroinFmajor,K.1c:Scoresatthe
InternationalMusicScoreLibraryProject
13.Solomon1995,pp.3940
14.Deutsch1965,p.453
15.Solomon1995,p.33
16."Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus(17561791)"(http://w
ww.englishheritage.org.uk/visit/blueplaques/mozart
wolfgangamadeus17561791).English
heritage.org.uk.Retrieved23October2016.
17.Meerdter,Joe(2009)."MozartBiography"(http://mid
iworld.com/mozart1.htm).midiworld.com.Retrieved
20December2014.
18.Solomon1995,p.44
19.Halliwell1998,pp.51,53
20.Halliwell1998,pp.8283
21.Halliwell1998,pp.99102
22.Gutman(2000:271).Fordetailsofthestory,see
Miserere(Allegri)andMozart'scompositional
method.
23.Chrissochoidis,Ilias(Summer2010)."London
Mozartiana:Wolfgang'sdisputedage&early
performancesofAllegri'sMiserere".TheMusical
Times.151(1911).pp.8389.Providesnew
informationonthisepisode.
24.Eisen,CliffKeefe,SimonP,eds.(2006).The
CambridgeMozartEncyclopedia.Cambridge
UniversityPress,p.268."Youaskmetotakethe
youngSalzburgerintoyourservice.Idonotknow
why,notbelievingthatyouhaveneedforacomposer
orofuselesspeople.[...]WhatIsayisintendedonly
topreventyouburdeningyourselfwithuselesspeople
andgivingtitlestopeopleofthatsort.Inaddition,if
theyareatyourservice,itdegradesthatservicewhen
thesepeoplegoabouttheworldlikebeggars."
25.Halliwell1998,pp.172,183185
26.Solomon1995,p.106
27.Solomon1995,p.103
28.Solomon1995,p.98
29.Solomon1995,p.107
30.Solomon1995,p.109
31.Vatican1770
32.Halliwell1998,p.225.ArchbishopColloredo
respondedtotherequestbydismissingbothMozart
andhisfather,thoughthedismissalofthelatterwas
notactuallycarriedout.
33.Sadie1998

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34.Drebes,Gerald(1992).'MannheimerSchule'ein 72.Solomon1995,pp.423424.Amorerecentview,
ZentrumdervorklassischenMusikundMozart(htt Wolff(2012),isthatMozart'spositionwasamore
p://www.geralddrebes.ch/page8.html).Die. substantialonethanistraditionallymaintained,and
Heidelberg. thatsomeofMozart'schambermusicfromthistime
35.Deutsch1965,p.174 waswrittenaspartofhisimperialduties.
36.Solomon1995,p.149 73.Haberl2006,pp.21555
37.Halliwell1998,pp.304305 74.Sadie1998,6
38.Abert2007,p.509 75.Lorenz2010
39.Halliwell1998,p.305 76.Sadie1980,vol.12,p.710
40.PiotrNapieraa."BAROQUECOMPOSERS(Piotr 77.Steptoe1990,p.208
Napieraa)"(http://baroquecomposers.blogspot.nl/201 78.Solomon1995,30.Morerecently,Wolff(2012)has
1/02/17781779mozartlettersfromparis.html). forcefullyadvocatedaviewofMozart'scareeratthe
baroquecomposers.blogspot.nl.Retrieved29January endofhislifeasbeingontherise,interruptedbyhis
2015. suddendeath.
41.Halliwell1998,chs.1819 79.Solomon1995,p.477
42.Solomon1995,p.157 80.Solomon1995,p.487
43.Halliwell1998,p.322 81.Andnotaspreviouslystatedon15Novembersee
44.Sadie1998,3 Abert2007,p.1307,fn9
45.JeanMassinBrigitteMassin,eds.(1983).Histoire 82.Freeman2013,pp.14877
delamusiqueoccidentale.Paris:Fayard.p.613."He 83.Solomon1995,p.491.
wroteduringthatperiodthat,wheneverheor 84.Solomon1995,pp.493,588.
someoneelseplayedoneofhiscompositions,itwas 85.Sadie1980,vol.12,p.716
asifthetableandthechairsweretheonlylisteners" 86.Brauneis,Walther.Diesirae,diesillaDayof
46.Deutsch1965,p.176 wrath,dayofwailing:Notesonthecommissioning,
47.Sadie1980,vol.12,p.700 originandcompletionofMozart'sRequiem(KV626)
48.Mozartcomplainsofthisinalettertohisfather, (https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071543/http://
dated24March1781seeSpaethling(2000:235). www.aproposmozart.com/Brauneis%20%20Dies%2
49.See,e.g.,Spaethling(2000:238) 0irae.rev.Index.pdf)(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal
50.TranslationbySpaethling(2000:237)theletterdates on7April2014.
from24March1781. 87.Wakin2010
51.Spaethling(2000:238239) 88.Crawford,Franklin(14February2000)."Foulplay
52.Sadie1998,4 ruledoutindeathofWolfgangAmadeusMozart"(htt
53.Solomon1995,p.247 p://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/200002/CUNS
54.Solomon1995,p.253 Fpro1402100.php).EurekAlert!.American
55.Solomon1995,p.259 AssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.
56.Solomon1995,p.258 Retrieved26April2014.
57."MozartDaybyDay1789"(http://www.mozarteum. 89.Becker,Sander(20August2009)."Voorlopigis
at/en/mozartlifeandwork/mozartscalender.html?id= Mozartbezwekenaanstreptokok("Forthetimebeing
449&suche=&seite=4&jahr=1789).Mozarteum. Mozartsuccumbedtostreptococcus")"(http://www.tr
58.Solomon1995,p.270 ouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1152870/2009/
59.Barry2000.Fordetaileddiscussionoftheinfluence 08/20/VoorlopigisMozartbezwekenaanstreptokok.
ofOpus33onthe"Haydn"quartets. dhtml).Trouw.Retrieved25April2014..
60.Mozart&Mozart1966,p.1331.Leopold'sletterto 90.Bakalar,Nicholas(17August2009)."WhatReally
hisdaughterNannerl,1416May1785. KilledMozart?MaybeStrep"(https://www.nytimes.c
61.Solomon1995,p.293 om/2009/08/18/health/18mozart.html).TheNewYork
62.Solomon1995,p.298 Times.Retrieved24April2014.
63.Solomon1995,p.430 91.Hirschmann,JanV.,MD(11June2001)."Special
64.Solomon1995,p.578 Article:WhatReallyKilledMozart?"(http://archinte.j
65.Solomon1995,27 amanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=648393).
66.Solomon1995,p.431 JAMAInternalMedicine.
67.Solomon1995,p.321 92.DupouyCamet,Jean,MD,PhD(22April2002).
68.Rushton,Julian(2005).Mozart:AnExtraordinary "Editor'sCorrespondence:TrichinellosisIsUnlikely
Life.AssociatedBoardoftheRoyalSchoolofMusic. toBeResponsibleforMozart'sDeath"(http://archint
p.67. e.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=211378).
69.Solomon1995 JAMAInternalMedicine.Criticalcommentandreply.
70.Freeman2013,pp.104130 93.Solomon1995,p.499
71.Palmer,Willard(2006).W.A.Mozart:An 94.WolfgangAmadeusMozart,Mozart'sLetters,
IntroductiontoHisKeyboardWorks(https://books.go Mozart'sLife:SelectedLetters,transl.Robert
ogle.com/books?id=Bs0cSyGLaNMC&pg=PA4). Spaethling,(W.W.Norton&CompanyInc.,2000),
AlfredMusicPublishing.p.4. 17.

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26/05/2017 WolfgangAmadeusMozartWikipedia

95.MichaelLorenz,"JosephLange'sMozartPortrait"(ht 103.Abert2007,p.743(https://books.google.com/books?i
tp://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2012/09/josephlange d=l6I6BwTMJ3sC&pg=PA743)
smozartportrait.html),Vienna2012 104.Rosen1998,p.324
96.Solomon1995,p.308 105.Solomon1995,ch.8.Discussionofthesourcesof
97.Solomon1995,p.310 styleaswellashisearlyimitativeability.
98.Solomon1995,20 106.Heartz2003
99.Solomon1995,p.319 107.Einstein1965
100.Solomon1995,p.169 108.Solomon1995,p.574
101.AlistofthecanonsmaybefoundatMozartand 109.Jahn,OttoTownsend,PaulineD.Grove,George
scatology#Inmusic (18820101).LifeofMozart(http://archive.org/detail
102.Goldstein,Jack(2013).101AmazingMozartFacts. s/lifeofmozart03jahn).London,Novello,Ewer&Co.
AndrewsUKLImited. 110.Raptus
111.March,Greenfield&Layton2005

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tican.va/en/doc/1770.htm).VaticanSecretArchives.4July1770.Retrieved27September2010.
Wakin,DanielJ.(24August2010)."AfterMozart'sDeath,anEndlessCoda"(https://www.nytimes.com/
2010/08/25/arts/music/25death.html).TheNewYorkTimes.ISSN03624331(https://www.worldcat.org/i
ssn/03624331).
Wilson,PeterHamish(1999)TheHolyRomanEmpire,14951806.London:MacMillanPress.
Wolff,Christoph(2012)MozartattheGatewaytoHisFortune:ServingtheEmperor,17881791.New
York:Norton.ISBN9780393050707

Furtherreading
Cairns,David(2006).MozartandHisOperas.Berkeley,California:UniversityofCaliforniaPress.
ISBN0520228987.OCLC62290645(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62290645).
Eisen,CliffKeefe,SimonP,eds.(2006).TheCambridgeMozartEncyclopedia.Cambridge:Cambridge
UniversityPress.ISBN0521856590.OCLC60245611(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60245611).
Gutman,Robert(2000).Mozart:ACulturalBiography.London:HarcourtBrace.ISBN978015
6011716.OCLC45485135(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45485135).
Holmes,Edward(2005).TheLifeofMozart.NewYork:CosimoClassics.ISBN1596051477.
OCLC62790104(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62790104).
Kallen,StuartA.(2000).GreatComposers.SanDiego:Lucent.ISBN9781560066699.
Mozart,Wolfgang(1972).Mersmann,Hans,ed.LettersofWolfgangAmadeusMozart.NewYork:Dover
Publications.ISBN0486228592.OCLC753483(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753483).
"NewMozartPiecesUnveiled(Video)"(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/newmozartpieces
unveile_n_249532.html).TheHuffingtonPost.8February2009.Retrieved29September2010.
Till,Nicholas(1995).MozartandtheEnlightenment:Truth,VirtueandBeautyinMozart'sOperas.New
YorkCity:W.W.Norton&Company.ISBN0393313956.OCLC469628809(https://www.worldcat.o
rg/oclc/469628809).

Externallinks
WolfgangAmadeusMozart(https://musopen.org/composer/wolfg
WikimediaCommonshas
angamadeusmozart/)attheMusopenproject
mediarelatedtoWolfgang
SalzburgMozarteumFoundation(http://www.mozarteum.at/en.ht AmadeusMozart.
ml)
ChronologicalThematicCatalog(http://www.mozartproject.org/c
Wikiquotehasquotations
ompositions/index.html) relatedto:Wolfgang
"WolfgangAmadeusMozartmaterial"(http://bbc.co.uk/mozart). AmadeusMozart
BBCRadio3archives.
WolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0003 Wikisourcehasoriginal
665/)attheInternetMovieDatabase workswrittenbyorabout:
ListofworksbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://www.classica WolfgangAmadeus
lmusicdb.com/composers/view/7)withcertificationratingatthe Mozart
ClassicalMusicDB

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26/05/2017 WolfgangAmadeusMozartWikipedia

Digitizeddocuments

WorksbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart(https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Mozart,+Wolfgang+Amadeus)
atProjectGutenberg
WorksbyoraboutWolfgangAmadeusMozart(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Mozart%29)
atInternetArchive
WorksbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://librivox.org/author/6286)atLibriVox(publicdomain
audiobooks)
"Mozart"Titles(https://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=10&lr=&as_brr=3&btnG=Google+Searc
h&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&lr=&as_vt=Mozart+%7C++Mozarts&as_
auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1700&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy
_is=1940&as_isbn=&as_issn=)Mozartasauthor(https://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=3&q=in
author%3AMozart+inauthor%3A%22J.+Mozart%22&btnG=Search+Books&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_i
s=0&as_miny_is=1756&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1930)atGoogleBooks
DigitalMozartEdition(http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/main/index.php?l=2)(InternationaleStiftung
Mozarteum)
(French)"Mozart"titles(http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?q=Mozart&p=1&lang=en&ArianeWireRechercheH
aut=palette)fromGallica
FromtheBritishLibrary
Mozart'sThematicCatalogue(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mozart/accessible/introduction.ht
ml)(viewwith"TurningthePages"(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/detect.html?acces
sfolder=mozart))
Mozart'sMusicalDiary(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html)
BackgroundinformationonMozartandtheThematicCatalogue(http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/o
nlineex/musicmanu/mozart/index.html)
(German)LettersofLeopoldMozartundWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://www.blbkarlsruhe.de/virt_
bib/mozart/)(BadischeLandesbibliothek)

Sheetmusic

Completesheetmusic(scores)(http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/start.php?l=2)fromtheNeueMozart
Ausgabe(InternationaleStiftungMozarteum)
"Mozart"Titles(http://www.digitalcollections.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Mozart%2C+
Wolfgang+Amadeus)fromtheMunichDigitisationCentre(MDZ)
"Mozart"Titles(https://urresearch.rochester.edu/viewContributorPage.action?personNameId=664)from
theUniversityofRochester
FreescoresbyWolfgangAmadeusMozartattheInternationalMusicScoreLibraryProject
FreescoresbyWolfgangAmadeusMozartintheChoralPublicDomainLibrary(ChoralWiki)
Freetypesetsheetmusic(http://cantorion.org/musicsearch/composer/mozart/)ofMozart'sworksfrom
Cantorion.org
TheMutopiaProjecthascompositionsbyWolfgangAmadeusMozart(http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cg
ibin/maketable.cgi?Composer=MozartWA)

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart&oldid=781194835"

Categories: WolfgangAmadeusMozart 1756births 1791deaths 18thcenturyAustrianpeople

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